黄姑鱼异质雌核发育子代的遗传分析

为了解黄姑鱼（Nibea albiflora）异质雌核发育子代的基因纯合情况,利用微卫星标记（SSR）和扩增片段长度多态性标记（AFLP）对黄姑鱼异质雌核发育家系进行遗传鉴定和分析。结果显示：（1）雌核发育家系在4个SSR位点和5对AFLP引物组合扩增出的位点均未发现父本特异性等位条带,表明雌核发育体比率为100%。（2）用于遗传分析的7个SSR位点在雌核发育家系和正常交配家系中均未见完全纯合的情况,雌核发育家系7个SSR位点的平均纯合度为0.382,是正常交配家系（0.161）的2.37倍。雌核发育家系各个体的纯合位点数为0~6个,纯合位点所占比例为0~85.7%。（3）5对AFLP引物共扩增出182条清晰的扩增条带,其中有21条父本特异性条带和16条母本特异性条带。16条母本特异性条带中有7个条带在雌核发育家系中显著偏分离（P<0.05）。雌核发育家系和正常交配家系多态性条带比例分别为14.7%和20.3%。（4）雌核发育家系与母本的遗传相似度高于与正常交配家系的遗传相似度,正常交配家系同父本和母本的遗传距离大致相同。研究结果表明,黄姑鱼异质雌核发育二倍体家系的遗传纯合度显著高于正常交配家系,人工诱导雌核发育是促进基因纯合的一个有效途径,它不仅可以加速有利基因的纯合固定,还可以加速有害基因的淘汰,从而有效提高育种效率。     

Genetic identification of a newly synthetic allopolyploid strain with 206 chromosomes in polyploid gibel carp

A newly synthetic allopolyploid strain (SAS) was selected and established from gynogenetic offspring of gibel carp clone A⁺ with 156 chromosomes induced by common carp sperm with 50 chromosomes. In this study, the allopolyploid strain was detected to contain 206 chromosomes, and the growth trait was evaluated to have 25.15% growth faster than that of clone A⁺. Genetic marker analyses of transferrin (Tf) alleles, ITS1 sequences and mtDNA D‐loop sequences indicated that the allopolyploid strain was synthetized from maternal gibel carp clone A⁺ and paternal common carp, and the synthetic chromosome sets were further confirmed by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and chromosome localization of 45S rDNA. Significantly, the synthetic allopolyploid strain has tended to be stable by five successive generations of gynogenesis, because it still keeps unisexual reproduction mode of gynogenesis. Therefore, it will become a novel variety for gibel carp aquaculture in future.     

Microsatellite–centromere mapping in bighead carp ( Aristichthys nobilis) using gynogenetic diploid families

Gene–centromere mapping using half‐tetrad analysis is a powerful tool for understanding chromosomal behaviour and determining the position of centromeres in relation to genes or markers in fish. In this study, eight gynogenetic diploid families induced by inhibiting of the second meiotic division were genotyped at 66 microsatellite loci for microsatellite–centromere (M‐C) mapping in bighead carp ( Aristichthys nobilis). The absence of paternal alleles verified the success of gynogenetic development in all gynogenetic families. All loci were consistent with Mendelian segregation in control families. The estimated recombination frequency (y) ranged from 0.057 to 0.875 with an average of 0.477 ± 0.222. Seventeen loci (25.76%) showed high M‐C recombination frequencies of over 0.667. M‐C distances ranged from 2.85 to 43.75 cM under the assumption of complete interference. Thus, these loci are distributed from the centromeres to the telomeres of their respective chromosomes, while mainly in the intermediate region. Information on centromere mapping could serve as a starting point to consolidate the genetic linkage groups in bighead carp.     

Ploidy polymorphism and morphological variation among reciprocal hybrids of Pseudosciaena crocea (♀) × Miichthys miiuy (♂)

Diploid and triploid hybrids of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea, Pc) and Miiuy croaker (Miichthys miiuy, Mm) were produced by interspecific hybridization. The result showed that Pc (♀) and Mm (♂) can be successfully crossed and hybrid offspring of normal hatch rate were produced. In contrast, a lower fertilize and hatch rate were produced for hybrids of Pc (♂) and Mm (♀), and the offspring died day 19 after hatching. To confirm the ploidy of hybrid offspring, we examined the karyotypes of offspring. The result of DNA relative content investigation and genetic relationship analysis demonstrated that the major hybrid offspring were hybrid diploid. In addition, a small number of hybrid were triploid and gynogenesis diploid. Morphological analysis based on the measurable traits data indicated the success of the interspecific crosses. The natural gynogenetic diploid large yellow croaker (PP), diploid hybrids (PM) and triploid hybrids (PPM) were closer to maternal parent (Pc) than paternal parent (Mm). This study provided genetic evidences of the chromosome, DNA content and morphological levels to support the successful establishment of the polyploidy hybrids of Pc (♀) and Mm (♂).     

雌核发育草鱼的遗传结构分析和微卫星鉴别方法的建立

采用微卫星标记检测草鱼群体的遗传多样性,并根据纯合度的变化建立了雌核发育草鱼的鉴别技术。结果显示,8个位点共扩增出33个等位基因;在普通草鱼中,平均纯合度和PIC分别为0.203 1和0.552 8;在雌核发育群体中,则为0.716 1和0.357 2;2个群体间遗传相似度为0.873 3。其中,5个位点在雌核发育草鱼中纯合度明显提高,雌核发育草鱼在这5个位点的扩增总条带数为5~7个,普通草鱼则为8~10个,由此可100%区分2个草鱼群体。通过概率计算,理论鉴别概率达到99.92%。研究表明,雌核发育技术对草鱼的群体遗传结构改变较大,是快速建立纯系、固定优良性状的有效手段;根据群体遗传纯合度的改变、扩增条带数目差异,应用多态性微卫星分子标记可以简单、有效地区分雌核发育群体(或与之相似的高度近交群体)与普通群体。     

Induction of meiotic gynogenesis in the stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) and evidence for female homogamety

This study reports the results on induced meiotic diploid gynogenesis and female homogametic nature in the Indian catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. The eggs of H. fossilis were inseminated with conspecific sperm. The sperm suspension was diluted to 1 × 10⁷ sperm mL⁻¹ in Hanks balanced salt solution. Sperm were irradiated under UV light, with the exposure time ranging from 15 to 360 s (7500 ergs mm⁻² for 60 s). The genetic inactivation of paternal chromosomes was confirmed by chromosome counting from the larval cells and the larvae also had a characteristic haploid syndrome. A typical ‘Hertwig effect’ in the yield of hatched larvae was observed with doses of UV exposure >75 s (9375 ergs mm²). Larvae resulting from sperm UV irradiated above 120 s (15 000 ergs mm²) were 100% haploids. Application of heat shock to the activated eggs was effective in suppressing the release of the second polar body (meiotic gynogenesis) and resulted in diploid gynogenetic larvae morphologically identical to those of the control. The best yield of diploid gynogens (49.3% with respect to the control) was found to be at 6 min after egg activation and the heat shock at 41 °C for a 1-min duration, at an ambient water temperature of 27 °C. A total of 113 diploid gynogenetic fry from seven different female fish were reared and subjected to sexing. All gynogenetic fish were female in contrast to the control, which had a mean sex ratio of 56.7% females (which was not significantly different from 50% female). From these results, the sex determination mechanism in H. fossilis was presumed to be female homogamety.     

Induced diploid gynogenesis and polyploidy in crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch), x common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., hybrids.

Abstract. Results of a 16 year (1977–1992) study of hybrids obtained from crossing two cyprinid fish, crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch) (bisexual form), and common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., are presented. The ability to produce diploid eggs in F₁ females (resulting from chromosome endoreduplication in early oogenesis) was responsible for the high yield of spontaneous diploids in gynogenetic progenies of F₁ females and for triploidy in hybrids from back-crosses of F₁ females with males of the parent species. Different types of hybrids, including diploid and triploid gynogenetic, tetraploid (amphidiploid) and androgenetic progenies, were obtained. Diploid and some triploid hybrids (females only) were reproduced inter se by induced gynogenesis in several subsequent gynogenetic generations. Amphidiploid hybrids were obtained by crossing triploid F₈ females with diploid common carp males or by crossing diploid gynogenetic females with diploid inverted hybrid males producing diploid sperm. Results of cytogenetic investigations and fish culture properties in hybrids are presented. The scientific and practical significance of the data obtained are discussed.     

微卫星分离模式显示雄性三倍体鲫产生非整倍体精子

三倍体鲫(Carassius auratus)行天然雌核发育,其自然种群中却有较高比例的雄性个体,这些雄性个体的性腺发育正常,能产生有活力的精子。而且其精子的DNA含量约为体细胞的一半,显示三倍体鲫精子发生过程中可能经历了均等的减数分裂。流式细胞术虽然能够较准确地测定细胞群的平均DNA含量,但是却很难检测到单个精子中的个别染色体增减,要明确回答雄性三倍体鲫产生的精子是否为整倍体需要定量地检测单个精子的遗传组成。本研究用微卫星标记检测以雌性鲤(Cyprinus carpio)与雄性三倍体鲫为亲本构建的杂种家系的基因型,结果发现母本鲤的多态位点在子代中呈孟德尔分离,父本三倍体鲫具有三套鲫基因组,其等位基因在子代中呈随机分离。上述研究结果提示:三倍体鲫起源于二倍体鲫的同源加倍,而非二倍体鲫和鲤的种间杂交;三倍体鲫通过染色体的随机分离产生非整倍体的精子,其精子发生过程中没有均等的减数分裂。三倍体鲫行雌核发育生殖,却可能并非起源于种间杂交且群体中的雄性个体可育,因而是单性生殖鱼类中的一个特例。     

异源四倍体鲫鲤及其原始亲本遗传变异的RAPD分析

在优化RAPD检测条件的基础上，从100个随机引物中筛选出60个扩增较好的引物对异源四倍体鲫鲤及其原始亲本红鲫和湘江野鲤相互间扩增DNA片段的异同性进行比较研究。结果显示，60个引物共产生1554条带，单一引物扩增的DNA片段数在6～20条之间，片段大小在200～3500bp之间。遗传相似率分析表明，异源四倍体鲫鲤与其原始母本红鲫的相似率为69．41％，与其原始父本野鲤的相似率为64．47％，说明异源四倍体鲫鲤接受原始母本红鲫的遗传物质要多一些；而红鲫和野鲤之间的相似率为42．18％，说明两者的基因组成有较大的相似性，从分子水平证实了红鲫和野鲤的远缘杂交具有较大的亲和性。在分析中，还发现异源四倍体鲫鲤有4条非亲本带，非亲本带谱率达0．72％，这些非亲本带可以作为异源四倍体鲫鲤特异性的分子标记。     

Genetic characterization of the progeny of a pair of the tetraploid silver crucian carp Carassius auratus langsdorfii

Silver crucian carp Carassius auratus langsdorfii comprises a diploid-polyploid complex in wild Japanese populations. Bisexually reproducing diploids are sympatrically distributed with gynogenetically developing triploids and tetraploids. Triploid and tetraploid males are very rare among Japanese silver crucian carp due to their gynogenetic reproduction. We examined the genetic characteristics of progeny that arose in a tank by natural spawning of a tetraploid silver crucian carp pair. The ploidy status of 120 samples randomly collected from these progeny was determined to be tetraploid by DNA content flow cytometry. DNA fingerprints from a random amplified polymorphic DNA assay indicated that almost all the progeny examined had genotypes identical to the maternal tetraploid female with no paternally derived fragments. Selected specimens’ cytogenetic analyses revealed that the progeny examined had tetraploid chromosome numbers, categorized into 40 metacentric, 80 submetacentric, and 80 subtelocentric or telocentric chromosomes, which were arranged into quartets and six supernumerary microchromosomes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization signals were detected in four homologous chromosomes in all analyzed metaphases prepared from diploid goldfish specimens. Contrary, tetraploid silver crucian carp gave eight rDNA signals. These results suggest that gynogenetic development in eggs spawned by tetraploid females should be triggered by tetraploid males’ homospecific sperm.     

ENU诱变草鱼及其雌核发育后代的微卫星遗传分析

为了获得雌核发育ENU诱变草鱼(Cetpharyngodon idellus)群体的相关遗传参数,实验采用Partec Cy Flow倍性分析仪测定ENU诱变草鱼群体(Q群体)和雌核发育ENU诱变草鱼群体(E群体)相对DNA含量分别为24.02和23.80,二者的DNA含量接近,均为二倍体。选取28个微卫星标记对Q群体和E群体多样性进行了检测。结果表明,E群体和Q群体的平均等位基因分别为3.7143、5.1786,平均有效等位基因分别为2.1857、4.0028,平均期望纯合度分别为0.5122、0.2814,平均期望杂合度分别为0.4878、0.7186,多态信息含量(PIC)平均值分别为0.4282、0.6606。从个体在微卫星位点的纯合率分析,在E群体中,每个个体的纯合度均小于1.00,说明没有完全纯合的个体。从每个微卫星位点在群体的纯合率分析,除了微卫星位点5476,HLJC118和HLJC81外,其他位点的纯合度以不同的速率得到明显的提高。综上所述,经过减数雌核发育方法,ENU诱变草鱼群体的各微卫星位点的纯合度以不同的速率得到提升,遗传多样性明显降低,此方法可以获得纯合度较高的雌核发育ENU诱变草鱼个体,为ENU诱变草鱼良种选育提供了重要的遗传数据资料。     

Chromosome set manipulation and sex control in common carp: a review

The development of techniques for production of gynogenetic, androgenetic, polyploid, and monosex progenies in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is described from a chronological perspective. Gynogenetic progenies were obtained either by suppression of the second meiotic division in eggs (meiotic gynogenesis) or by suppression of the first mitotic division in haploid embryos (mitotic gynogenesis). As a rule, gynogenetic progenies of common carp were all-female, revealing female homogamety (females—XX, males—XY) in this species. Induced gynogenesis results in increased homozygosity; the rate of increase depends on the type of gynogenesis. Inbreeding coefficient (F) for one generation of meiotic gynogenesis in common carp is about 0.6, while diploids obtained by mitotic gynogenesis are homozygous for all genes (F = 1.0). Mitotic gynogenesis was used for production of clones in common carp. In androgenetic progenies of common carp, YY males were identified, that after crossing with normal females (XX) produced all-male progenies. Triploids of common carp are characterized by a significant reduction in gonad development (especially ovaries). However, the reduction in gonad development did not result in an increase of somatic growth rate of fish. The procedure for androgen treatment to induce phenotypic sex reversal in genotypic females (XX) was elaborated. All-female progenies of common carp were produced on a large scale by crossing normal females (XX) with hormonally sex-reversed males (XX). Rearing of all-female progenies in conditions when fish normally reach sexual maturity before reaching of market size increased production yield by 7–8%. In a few cases distant hybridization resulted in polyploidy of fish without application of any physical treatment. The ability of hybrid females between crucian carp (Carassius auratus) and common carp to produce diploid (with unreduced chromosome number) gametes resulted in opportunities to produce triploid and tetraploid hybrid progenies.     

Study of sex determination system in ship sturgeon, Acipenser nudiventris using meiotic gynogenesis

The sex ratios and sex determination mechanism of gynogenetic diploids of ship sturgeon, Acipenser nudiventris, have been investigated to verify the possibilities of sex control by chromosome manipulation in this species. Meiotic gynogenesis was induced in a female ship sturgeon using cold shock after egg activation with UV-irradiated sperm of a male Siberian sturgeon. Microsatellite DNA analysis was applied for verification of uniparental inheritance in the gynogenetic diploid group of fish. All the analyzed gynogenetic diploids possessed only maternal genotype in the examined experimental group of fish. In this study, a minimum of two distinctly selected diagnostic loci in the offspring was used to confirm exclusively maternal contribution. Also, these fish were analyzed for sex diagnostic. Histological analysis of gonads from gynogenetic diploids, obtained from one family, showed 73.3 % of females and 27.7 % of males. The observed sex ratio has suggested that the ship sturgeon have a female heterogametic sex determination system. Gynogenesis in this species with female heterogametic sex determination system will have important role in breeding program and reclamation of its natural population to produce both female and male progeny, while this species has been introduced in the red list of IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources).     

人工雌核发育鲢近交F_2微卫星DNA变异分析

采用17对鲢微卫星引物,以野生鲢、养殖鲢、雄鲤作对照对人工雌核发育鲢近交F2及其亲本进行了微卫星分析。结果表明:人工雌核发育鲢近交F2、养殖鲢和野生鲢群体的平均等位基因数范围为2.1～4.0;平均观测杂合度范围为0.2762～0.9588;期望杂合度范围为0.2774～0.7360;遗传多样性指数范围为0.4500～1.2258,人工雌核鲢近交F2为0.4500,显著低于养殖鲢(1.0273)和野生鲢(1.2258),揭示人工雌核发育鲢近交F2遗传多样性水平较低,纯合度较高。从遗传距离来看,人工雌核发育鲢近交F2与对照群体之间的遗传距离都要大于野生鲢与养殖鲢群体之间遗传距离,表明人工雌核发育鲢近交F2发生了一定程度的遗传分化。     

Fast development of genetically uniform strains by gynogenesis in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

The Japanese flounder is a major species in both aquaculture and research. Inbred strains of Japanese flounder were developed efficiently in our laboratory by meiotic and mitotic gynogenetic reproduction techniques. To determine the induction efficiency of gynogenesis and the rate at which full homozygosity is produced, six meiotic gynogenetic females (G1–G6) that had experienced meiotic gynogenesis once and three common females (C1–C3) were selected for production of mitotic gynogenesis in our experiments. Of the nine adult females, all six gynogenetic fish successfully produced viable offspring. However, only one of the three common fish did. Using microsatellite markers, we estimated the homozygosity of gynogenetic fish induced by mitotic gynogenesis. We found that the homozygosity of seven lines (C1, G1–G6) increased quickly, individually from 43%, 72%, 69%, 71%, 78%, 69% and 58% to 100%, 100%, 100%, 90%, 100%, 100% and 90% offspring complete homozygosity. Under mitotic gynogenesis, individuals with higher homozygosity had a higher induction rate. The G4 line showed the highest induction rate, achieving 44.59% convert hatching rate and 29.28% convert normality rate. We conclude that meiotic gynogenesis may be a feasible method to produce DH genetic material in Japanese flounder.     

Induction of gynogenesis in stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus Pallas, 1771) and its verification using microsatellite markers

Normal egg fertilization was carried out in stellate sturgeon Acipenser stellatus sperm by 60‐, 90‐ and 120‐s ultraviolet irradiation, and a cold shock was carried out afterwards. The treatments included haploids, diploid gynogens, triploid and control groups. Fertilization, hatching and survival rate at the 60‐s irradiation time were significantly greater than those in the 90‐s and 120‐s irradiation and control groups. Two pairs of microsatellite markers were used to find gynogenesis in comparison with the parental and offspring genome in one locus. The results showed all maternal genomes among gynogen offspring with no paternal genome. The markers also showed the maximum gynogenesis induction in the Gy60 treatment.     

Artificial gynogenesis in Cynoglossus semilaevis with homologous sperm and its verification using microsatellite markers

Effective methods for induction of gynogenetic diploids in Cynoglossus semilaevis are needed to initiate monosex culture. An effective protocol to induce half‐smooth tongue sole gynogenesis using homologous sperm was developed in this study. A UV dose of 50 mJ cm^?2 was found to be the most effective for genetic inactivation of tongue sole sperm. Treatment optima for cold shocks were 5 °C for 20–23 min at 5 min after fertilization and the hatching rate of gynogenetic diploids was 10.0%. Microsatellite analysis at locus Csou 6 revealed that there was no genetic contribution from the paternal genome in 24 progenies of a meiotic gynogenetic family. Polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that only four individuals of 24 meiotic gynogenetic diploids produced the female‐specific band of about 205 bp. The female/male ratio of gynogenetic diploids was significantly different from the theoretical ratio of 1:1. It is possible that there are some recessive lethal genes in W chromosome.     

RAPD and microsatellite analysis of diploid gynogens from allotetraploid hybrids of red crucian carp (Carassius auratus)×common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Genetic variation was comparatively analyzed between the artificially induced diploid gynogen population from F₁₀ allotetraploid hybrids of red crucian carp (♀) (Carassius auratus red var., 2n=100)×common carp (♂) (Cyprinus carpio L., 2n=100) and the normal F₁₀ allotetraploid hybrid population used as the control, using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay and microsatellite analysis. The specific 600-bp fragment for diploid gynogen population was detected by S45 and the specific 900-bp fragment for allotetraploid F₁₀ hybrid population was detected by S134. The results from RAPD assay and microsatellite analysis were in agreement with each other, that is to say, the diploid gynogens presented lower level of polymorphism than allotetraploid F₁₀ hybrids. Furthermore, as expected, microsatellite analysis revealed more detailed information on genetic diversity than RAPD assay. The mean percentage of polymorphic loci (12.71%) and Shannon's index of phenotypic diversity (0.25) from RAPD data for diploid gynogen population were significantly lower than those (30.69% and 0.63, respectively) for F₁₀ allotetraploid hybrid population. The mean number of alleles per microsatellite locus (1.73) in diploid gynogen population was considerably lower than that (2.55) in F₁₀ allotetraploid hybrid population. The average observed (0.36) and expected heterozygosity (0.26) in diploid gynogen population were lower than those (0.58 and 0.40, respectively) in F₁₀ allotetraploid hybrid population, indicating that the diploid gynogens presented lower genetic diversity than the allotetraploids. In addition, the mean effective number of alleles at 11 microsatellite loci (1.60) in diploid gynogen population was lower than that (1.88) in F₁₀ allotetraploid hybrid population. The significant differences between two populations in the average observed and expected heterozygosity, mean number of alleles and effective number of alleles, suggested that the effect of gynogenesis resulted in rather higher genetic homogeneity in diploid gynogens. The comparative RAPD analysis of diploid gynogens and their parents was performed with 34 primers. The identical RAPD pattern was detected between diploid gynogens and their female parent, however, some clear specific RAPD bands were detected between diploid gynogens and their male parents, but not detected in their female parent. The result indicated that heterologous genetic material had incorporated into diploid gynogenetic fish (G₁).     

鳙异源雌核发育子代的形态学研究

本研究在已成功利用鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)(♀)×兴国红鲤(Cyprinus carpio Var.Xingguo)(♂)远缘杂交诱导鳙异源雌核发育的基础上,测定了鳙异源雌核发育子代及其母本鳙和父本兴国红鲤3组实验鱼的7项可量性状,计算其框架系数,并采用单因素方差分析、判别分析、主成分分析和聚类分析对三组鱼框架系数的差异和距离进行了分析。结果显示3组鱼多项框架系数间均具显著差异,雌核发育子代较母本表现为体型更高,头更长。判别分析能将3组鱼明显判别分为3个区域,其中雌核发育子代和兴国红鲤的判别准确率均为100%,母本鳙群体判别准确率为94.4%,总判别准确率为97.9%。主成分分析结果显示,可提取2个主成分,其中主成分1能解释64.504%的变异,主成分2能解释21.292%的变异,二者合并能解释85.796%的变异。聚类分析表明雌核发育子代形态学可量性状指标更接近于母本鳙,与父本兴国红鲤距离较远。本研究结果表明雌核发育后,鳙异源雌核发育子代主要可量性状与双亲产生显著差异,但更接近于母本。     

七彩鲑雌核发育及其倍性研究

利用紫外线照射对七彩鲑(Salvelinus fontinalis)精子进行灭活处理,使其遗传物质失活,作为同源精子诱导源,与七彩鲑卵子进行受精,采用冷休克方法诱导雌核发育。结果表明:同源精子可以诱导七彩鲑的雌核发育,紫外照射强度为72 m J/cm2;距离为8 cm;冷休克温度为20℃。七彩鲑减数分裂雌核发育倍性测定以鸡(Gallus sp.)红细胞DNA含量(2.5 pg/N)为标准、七彩鲑普通育苗子一代为参照,采用流式细胞术和微卫星标记技术对30尾七彩鲑减数分裂雌核发育鱼苗进行分析,证明了雌核发育鱼苗为雌核发育二倍体。