林火对土壤氮含量的扰动作用

通过对大兴安岭地区新林林业局 2 0a内不同年份间隔的 11块火烧迹地土壤进行调查取样和室内实验分析 ,发现火烧后不同年限、不同强度的火烧迹地 ,土壤全氮与有效氮含量变化情况如下 :低强度火烧后 9d ,土壤全氮和有效氮含量均比未烧前低 ,这与中、高强度火烧后的情况正好相反。火烧后 4a内 ,土壤氮的含量基本都比未烧林地有所下降 (中强度火烧迹地土壤有效氮含量除外 )。以后有逐年增加的趋势。火烧迹地降第一场雨后 ,低强度火烧迹地土壤全氮比降雨前减少 ,有效氮增加 ;中强度火烧迹地土壤全氮和有效氮均比降雨前增加 ;高强度火烧迹地土壤全氮和有效氮均比降雨前有所下降。连年火烧迹地土壤全氮减少 ,有效氮增加     

火干扰对土壤含水率的影响

对大兴安岭地区不同强度和火后不同年限火烧迹地0~15 cm土壤含水率变化的研究结果表明:不同强度火烧迹地中土壤含水率的变化表现为低强度高强度对照中强度,差异不显著;火后不同年限火烧迹地中土壤含水率表现为对照样地高于高强度火烧样地;在不同强度火烧迹地和火后不同年限火烧迹地中,土壤含水率呈现不同变化趋势。     

森林火灾对马尾松次生林土壤斥水性的影响

在马尾松林火烧迹地建立高强度、中强度、低强度火烧样地各12块(共36块),9块火烧迹地附近的未烧样地,利用酒精溶液入渗法于2005年火灾后短期、灾后3个月和灾后12个月重复测定0～18 cm层土壤斥水性.结果表明:高强度和中强度火烧样地土壤表面土壤斥水性较强,土壤斥水性随着火强度的降低和土层深度的增加而下降;火灾后3个月内土壤斥水性有一个明显减弱的过程,火灾12个月后不同火强度火烧样地和未烧样地各土层深度土壤斥水性差异不显著,当土壤含水量达到一定值时无土壤斥水性;未烧样地、低强度火烧样地和中强度火烧样地土壤水分阈分别为10%,13%和28%.     

重度火干扰下不同恢复年限对土壤有机碳的影响

自然火干扰作为泰加林中最主要的自然干扰,是促进泰加林土壤碳循环的主要方式。为探讨火干扰对土壤有机碳的影响,以新疆喀纳斯地区重度火烧不同恢复年限的泰加林火烧迹地为研究对象,研究比较在重度火干扰下,火烧后不同恢复年限对土壤有机碳含量及碳储量的影响。结果表明:在不同恢复年限的同一土层中,只有火烧后52年的火烧迹地土壤有机碳含量与未火烧对照土壤存在显著差异(P0.05),且不同恢复年限的0~10cm土层中的土壤有机碳含量均大于10~25cm土壤中的有机碳含量;不同恢复年限的火烧迹地中土壤碳储量均与对照土壤存在显著差异(P0.05)。本研究表明重度火干扰对土壤有机碳的影响较为持久。     

天然次生林不同程度火烧迹地中生物量动态变化的研究

采用空间序列代替时间系列的方法,对不同程度火烧迹地中阔叶林和白桦落叶松林生物量变化进行动态研究的结果表明：在中、重度火烧迹地中,灌木生物量曲线波动幅度剧烈,草本生物量曲线波动幅度较小,最后都逐渐趋于稳定;在轻度火烧迹地中,草本、灌木生物量开始阶段迅速增加,之后呈现较小幅度波动,最后逐渐趋于稳定。乔木生物量在轻、中、重度火烧迹地中都呈增长趋势;在阔叶林和白桦落叶松林两种林型的不同程度火烧迹地中,总生物量与火后时间具有较强的相关性。     

黑河地区阔叶林和白桦落叶松林火烧迹地生物量动态变化的研究

采用空间序列代替时间系列的方法,对阔叶林和白桦落叶松林火烧迹地生物量变化进行研究的结果表明：在阔叶林和白桦落叶松林的火烧迹地中,总生物量随着火烧后时间的延长呈增长趋势;在中、重度火烧迹地中,草本生物量、灌木生物量占总生物量的比例在火烧后15年间波动比较大,15年后趋于稳定;在轻度火烧迹地中,火烧1年后波动趋于平缓。     

大兴安岭火烧迹地土壤抗冲性研究

为了探讨森林火灾对土壤抗冲性的影响,以大兴安岭地区三种不同火烧强度的火烧迹地为研究对象,采用原状土冲刷法对土壤抗冲性进行测定,并结合枯落物蓄积、持水性能及植物根系差异变化进行综合对比分析,结果表明:火烧迹地的土壤抗冲性显著低于未过火地段(P<0.01),随着火烧强度的增加,土壤的抗冲性能逐渐减弱,抗冲系数总体变化趋势为:重度火烧迹地<中度火烧迹地<轻度火烧迹地<未过火天然林。四种样地类型的枯落物蓄积量总体趋势为轻度火烧迹地<中度火烧迹地<重度火烧迹地<未过火天然林。4种样地类型的枯落物最大持水率及有效拦蓄率皆表现为重度火烧迹地<中度火烧迹地<轻度火烧迹地<未过火天然林。在浅层土壤中,重度火烧迹地的根密度及根系总长度均值皆为四者中最小。研究表明:未火烧天然林的土壤抗冲性表现最优,重度火烧迹地的土壤抗冲性能最弱,应与及时治理与植被恢复。     

川西高山松林火烧迹地植被生物量与生产力恢复动态

用"空间序列代替时间序列"的研究方法对川西高山松林不同年龄火烧迹地的研究结果表明:高山松干生物量占地上部总生物量比例随年龄的增大逐渐增加,到23年生时,干生物量比例已达80%左右;较小的林分密度可以促进高山松的提早结实,但较大的结实量则导致较小的干生物量比例.灌木层生物量在恢复早期随迹地年龄增大逐渐增高,在火烧后20年时达最高,随着高山松开始形成乔木层,其生物量开始逐渐减小;草本层生物量以1～6年火烧迹地较高,在总体生物量中占有较大比例,但随着灌木和高山松迅速生长,其生物量呈现减少的趋势;在火烧迹地恢复的前27年,高山松的生产力呈现随迹地年龄增大逐渐升高的趋势,且生产力增大的速率也随迹地年龄的增大而迅速提高,而草本层生产力则随迹地年龄的增大而逐渐减小.     

不同火烧木管理方式火烧迹地林下物种多样性及地上生物量研究——以寒温带兴安落叶松林为例

以内蒙古大兴安岭兴安落叶松林火烧迹地为研究对象,采用分层取样的方法对群落中植被进行了调查,分析比较了不同火烧木管理方式下兴安落叶松林林下群落恢复过程中物种组成、多样性指数及地上生物量的差异。结果表明:火烧木择伐方式下火烧迹地与未火烧对照样地林下群落相似性最大。不同火烧木管理方式下,火烧迹地林下群落多个α多样性指数均表现为草本层灌木层的趋势。不同火烧木管理样地草本层Simpson和Shannon-Wiener指数均小于对照样地,而在灌木层都大于对照样地。3种不同类型火烧木管理方式火烧迹地恢复13年后,林下草本层生物量均小于对照样地,而灌木层生物量较对照样地相比都有不同程度的增加。     

不同林分密度马尾松人工林根系生物量及空间分布研究

以龙里林场17 a三种不同密度的马尾松人工林为研究对象,采用逐层全根挖掘法和土钻法对其平均标准木和林分行间根系生物量进行研究。结果表明:马尾松根系总生物量受密度影响显著,C(25.78 t·hm-2)>B(15.77 t·hm-2)>A(12.47 t·hm-2),占根系总生物量(根桩除外)的87.8%以上的根系分布于0~30 cm的土层中,不同径级根系中,以根桩和粗根所占比例最大。林分行间根系生物量受密度影响较大,除中根外,土层深度对小根和细根分布的影响达到显著水平。水平方向,不同径级根系生物量变化趋势各异,细根和小根生物量在距离树干约1 m处达到最高,根系总生物量主要集中在距离树干0.5 m的范围内。随着土层深度的增加,不同径级根系的生物量都呈现出逐渐降低的趋势,在10~20 cm土层中,根系生物量达到最大值。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.