垂直流人工湿地处理生活污水的试验

通过将强化混凝引入到垂直流人工湿地水质净化系统,从而提高了人工湿地的处理效率。试验证明,该预处理装置的设置降低了湿地负荷,提高了人工湿地对污水的净化效率,特别是对有机污染物有较好的去除效果。改良后的湿地系统对生活污水污染物净化具有良好效果,且运行成本低,适用于土地资源比较丰富、资金紧张的地区。     

人工湿地对低污染水中氮去除的研究进展:效果、机制和影响因素

低污染水类型多样,水体性质复杂,主要包括低污染河水、污水厂尾水、城镇地表径流、农田径流排水(含农村分散性生活污水)4类,具有量大面广、可生化性差、部分水碳氮比(C/N)低等特点。人工湿地是净化低污染水的有效手段,不同类型湿地对低污染水的污染物净化效果不同。本文探讨了不同类型人工湿地净化低污染水中氮的效果,并总结了人工湿地处理低污染水的微生物机制,分析了不同因素(pH、溶解氧、温度、C/N、植物、基质)对人工湿地低污染水水质净化的影响及优化方法,以期为人工湿地净化低污染水的工程实践提供理论参考。     

学术之声

垂直流人工湿地系统工程的污染物净化效率研究人工湿地作为一种低投资、低能耗、低处理成本和具有氮磷去除功能的废水生态处理技术,已逐渐被世界各国所接受。研究采用了前处理系统(水解酸化)与深圳市环境科学研究所专有技术“高效垂直流人工湿地”联合使用,从而提高了人工湿地的处理效率。9个月的实际运行证明,该预处理装置的设置降低了湿地负荷,提高了人工湿地对污水的净化效率,特别是对有机污染物有较好的去除效果。改良后的湿地系统对合流制污水污染物净化具有良好效果,且运行成本低,适用于土地资源比较丰富、资金紧张的地区。(刘家宝等…     

挺水植物对水体水质的净化作用研究进展

挺水植物的生态功能不仅可以去除水体中大量的污染物,还可以促进污水中营养物质的循环和再利用。基于此,通过对水生植物的概念,水生植物对水体水质净化作用的应用,水生植物对水体水质的净化方面的注意事项进行分析。     

挺水植物对水体水质的净化作用研究进展

挺水植物的生态功能不仅可以去除水体中大量的污染物,还可以促进污水中营养物质的循环和再利用。基于此,通过对水生植物的概念,水生植物对水体水质净化作用的应用,水生植物对水体水质的净化方面的注意事项进行分析。     

人工湿地在我国农村生活污水治理中的应用

分析了我国农村生活污水发生量、排放特点及治理现状;介绍了人工湿地类型、特点及污染物净化机理;结合我国农村现状,阐述了不同类型的人工湿地处理生活污水的适用条件及场所。     

不同植物人工湿地处理畜禽废水的效能研究

以鱼腥草、蟛蜞菊、牛耳草和繁缕4种湿地植物,构建不同植物的人工湿地系统,研究其高浓度畜禽废水处理效果,比较4种人工湿地植物的畜禽废水处理能力。研究结果表明,各植物人工湿地系统对畜禽废水中CODcr、NH+4-N和TP的处理效果均高于未栽种植物的空白系统。在对各污染物的去除中,鱼腥草CODcr去除能力最好,牛耳草和繁缕次之,最后是蟛蜞菊;不同植物人工湿地系统对畜禽废水中的高浓度NH+4-N均有较高的净化能力,其去除率均可以达到90%以上;各植物人工湿地系统的TP净化能力有限,最高去除率为81.2%,其中鱼腥草和繁缕系统处理效果较牛耳草和蟛蜞菊系统好。     

滇池治理人工湿地适用水生植物的引种研究

为治理滇池水污染和恢复滇池的植物多样性,引种、繁育了在滇池流域及周围地区分布的32种水生植物。引种结果表明,32种水生植物中长势差的有旱伞竹、皇竹草、红线草和马蹄莲4种,其中旱伞竹的成活率最低。通过小型人工湿地示范工程的试验性验证,发现可以利用滇池流域及周围地区的水生植物进行污染水体净化用人工湿地的建设,并可以获得较好的水体污染物净化效果。     

3种挺水植物对生活污水主要污染物净化能力的研究

选用鸢尾(Iris tectorum)、石龙芮(Ranunculus sceleratus L.)、酸模(Rumex acetosa L.)3种挺水植物作为湿地植物进行无土栽培,研究它们在生活污水中的生长特性及对生活污水中主要污染物的净化能力。试验集中在春末夏初进行,结果表明,3种植物均生长良好。当污水停留时间(HRT)为7 d时,鸢尾对COD,TP,TN去除的贡献率分别为46.74%,17.71%,11.33%;石龙芮对COD,TP,TN去除的贡献率分别为39.82%,28.59%,8.88%;酸模对COD,TP,TN去除的贡献率分别为54.69%,20.26%,7.47%。经过处理后的污水水质显著提高,充分表明这3种植物应用于人工湿地是可行的。     

不同水生植物净化污染水源水的试验研究

选择大薸、浮叶眼子菜、萍蓬草、香菇草、花叶芦竹、芦竹和常绿鸢尾共7种水生植物为供试植物,通过静态水培试验,考察各种水生植物对模拟污水中氨氮、硝态氮、总磷、铁和锰的去除率和去除能力,并对污染物的去除机理进行了分析,以期筛选出净化污水的优势植物。结果表明,水生植物对氨氮和硝态氮的去除率分别为21.18%～27.25%和32.65%～45.92%。水生植物对磷的去除率为10.57%～25.81%,其中香菇草和浮叶眼子菜尤为突出,去除率分别为25.81%和25.31%。水生植物可以促进水体中还原性物质Fe2＋、Mn2＋的氧化,降低水体中铁和锰的浓度。与铁相比,水生植物对锰去除的促进作用比较明显。两类水生植物对不同污染物的去除能力存在较大差异,浮水植物对污染物的去除能力明显强于挺水植物,为挺水植物的3.15～5.64倍。     

元素硫和双氰胺对菜地土壤铵态氮硝化抑制协同效应研究

采用好气培养法,研究了双氰胺（DCD）、元素硫（S0）和元素硫分解中间物（S2O32-）及其组合对蔬菜地土壤氮素硝化抑制作用。结果表明,在培养试验72 d内,DCD+S0、DCD、DCD+ Na2S2O3处理土壤NH4+-N总量分别是N处理的5. 8、5.1、5.9倍;S0、Na2S2O3处理分别是N处理的1.8、1.4倍;而所有硝化抑制剂（DCD、S0、S2O32-）处理土壤NO3--N含量显著低于N处理,表明DCD、S0和S2O32-均能抑制菜地土壤铵态氮硝化。培养试验开始8 d后,Na2S2O3和DCD对铵态氮硝化抑制产生协同效应,16 d后S0和DCD对铵态氮硝化抑制也产生协同效应,这可能是由于S0 氧化中间体S2O32-、S4O62-具有抑制DCD降解作用,延长了DCD硝化抑制作用时间。建议蔬菜生产上推荐使用DCD+S0组合,以提高氮素利用率。     

不同水分条件下氮肥形态配比对苋菜品质的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同水分条件下氮肥形态配比对苋菜品质的影响。结果表明,在同一水分条件下,苋菜生物量随着硝态氮比例的增加而增加,苋菜的Fe、Vc、可溶性糖和氨基酸含量随NH4+-N比例的增大而增加;硝酸盐含量随NH4+-N比例的增大而降低。同一施肥条件下,苋菜的Fe含量随水分的增加而增加;可溶性糖、氨基酸和硝酸盐含量随水分的增加而减少。苋菜的生物量、Vc含量以中等水量处理最高;硝态氮与铵态氮比例为5:5时苋菜的品质最好。     

几种挺水植物净化生活污水总氮和总磷效果的研究

研究了石菖蒲、灯心草和蝴蝶花3种不同植被系统、基质为河砂的潜流型人工湿地净化生活污水总氮和总磷的效果,并同无植被系统、相同基质的潜流型人工湿地净化效果进行了比较,结果表明:在较低浓度范围里无植被的人工湿地和3种有植被的人工湿地对污水中总氮有较好的去除作用,随着污水中总氮浓度的增加,虽然无植被的人工湿地和有植被的人工湿地去除总氮的效果均有下降的趋势,但有植被的人工湿地仍然能维持较高的总氮去除水平,无植被的人工湿地总氮去除效果则下降较快。在有植被的人工湿地中,以石菖蒲植被人工湿地氮素净化能力最强,其次为灯心草和蝴蝶花,这与植被自身吸收同化污水中氮素水平以及植物根系微生物作用有关。对于污水中总磷的去除,本研究中由于污水中磷素浓度较低,无植被和有植被的人工湿地对污水中磷素均有很好的去除作用,没有明显差异,但不同的植物体中磷素仍有明显的吸收同化富集现象,其中石菖蒲吸收同化磷素能力最强,其次为蝴蝶花和灯心草,植被在人工湿地系统中对于污水中总氮和总磷的去除起着重要的作用。     

基于模糊积分模型的农村生活污水处理模式综合评价方法

目前生活污水污染问题是农村人居环境和生态环境恶化的重要原因之一。该文对现有中国农村生活污水处理技术和工艺、典型工程处理效果和运行状况以及存在的问题进行调查和分析,从经济、技术、环境3个方面筛选评价指标,通过层次分析法与熵值法相结合的主客观综合赋权法确定各评价指标的权重,构建农村生活污水处理技术评价指标体系;采用分层模糊积分模型对15种现有农村生活污水处理技术模式进行综合评价和排序,最终筛选出三级塘生物生态强化处理技术、户用生态滤池、厌氧-(兼氧)-人工湿地、生物接触氧化-生态沟渠、一体化净化槽、厌氧-兼氧-好氧三级生物滤池、厌氧-土地处理、生态滤池-生态塘、厌氧-生物接触氧化-人工湿地、地埋式微动力氧化沟10种技术模式,推荐作为中国农村生活污水处理典型技术模式。该文对中国农村生活污水治理工程建设具有一定的参考价值。     

Changes in soil acidity and the size and activity of the microbial biomass in response to the addition of sugar mill wastes

The effects of additions of three wastes from sugar mills on the properties of two acid soils were investigated. The wastes used were boiler ash and filter cake from a conventional mill and fly ash from a new mill, where filter cake is burnt. Additions of each of the wastes raised soil pH, reduced concentrations of exchangeable Al and total and monomeric Al in soil solution and increased maize yields in a pot experiment. Microbial biomass C and the percentage of organic C present as microbial biomass were decreased by additions of wastes but the effect was less marked at the higher rate of addition. Although basal respiration was decreased or unaffected by the lower rate of addition of wastes it was increased by the higher rate. The metabolic quotient increased in the order: control4⁺ and NO₃^- accumulated during incubation and arginine ammonification rate were all less at the higher rate of addition of each of the wastes. This was attributed to microbial immobilization of mineral N and arginine due to the wide C/N ratio of light fraction organic matter present in the study soil. It was concluded that all three waste materials were effective liming materials but their effect on soil microbial activity was complex.     

水氮互作对小麦土壤硝态氮运移及水、氮利用效率的影响

为给强筋小麦(Triticum aeativum L.)高产优质栽培的水、氮合理运筹提供理论依据,在高产地力条件下,选用强筋小麦品种济麦20,设置不施氮（N0）、施氮180 kg/hm2 （N1）、240 kg/hm2 （N2）3个施氮水平,每个施氮水平下设置不灌水（W0）、底墒水+拔节水+开花水（W1）、底墒水+冬水+拔节水+开花水（W2）、底墒水+冬水+拔节水+开花水+灌浆水（W3）4个灌水处理,每次灌水量均为60 mm,研究了水氮互作对麦田耗水量、土壤硝态氮运移、氮素利用效率和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,（1）增加施氮量,开花期和成熟期0—140 cm各土层的土壤硝态氮含量显著升高;增加灌水时期,土壤硝态氮向深层的运移加剧,成熟期0—80 cm各土层的土壤硝态氮含量降低,120—140 cm土层的土壤硝态氮含量升高。N1W1处理在开花期0—60 cm土层的土壤硝态氮含量较高,成熟期土壤硝态氮向100—140 cm土层运移少,有利于植株对氮素的吸收。（2）随施氮量的增加,子粒产量先升高后降低,以N1最高。N1水平下,W1处理获得了较高的子粒产量、子粒氮素积累量、氮素利用效率、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力;在此基础上增加冬水(W2),上述指标无显著变化;再增加灌浆水(W3),上述指标显著降低。（3）施氮提高了小麦对土壤水的利用能力,随施氮量增加,土壤供水量及其占总耗水量的比例显著升高。N1水平下,W1处理获得了最高的水分利用效率;再增加灌水时期,水分利用效率显著降低,开花至成熟阶段的耗水模系数显著升高,灌水量占总耗水量的比例升高,降水量和土壤供水量占总耗水量的比例降低。本试验条件下,施氮为180 kg/hm2,灌底墒水＋拔节水＋开花水3水的N1W1处理,是兼顾高产、高效的水氮运筹模式。     

Nitrogen balance of nitrogen-15 applied as ammonium sulphate to irrigated potatoes in sandy textured soils

Farmers are applying very high amounts of N fertilizer (sometimes >900 kg N/ha), commonly (NH₄)₂SO₄, to irrigated potato (Solanum tuberosum, L.) grown on sandy textured soils in the Cappadocia region of Turkey. To obtain information on potato yield, N uptake, N fertilizer residue in the soil and the portion of N fertilizer leached below 200 cm soil depth, nine field experiments were conducted at three different locations in 1992, 1993 and 1994. The N rates used in these experiments were 0, 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1,000 kg N/ha within a completely randomized block design with three replicates. N fertilizer was applied in two equal portions; one at planting and one just before the first irrigation. Although all yield data were used to find out the marketable tuber yield, the N rate response curve and the fate of applied fertilizer N was determined only for the 400 and 1,000 kg N/ha rates. Isotope microplots were established where ¹⁵N-labelled (NH₄)₂SO₄ was applied at 5.0 atom % and 2.5 atom % excess enrichments for the 400 kg N/ha and 1,000 kg N/ha rates, respectively. At harvest, marketable and dry tuber yield was determined for all N rates. Dry tuber and leaf plus vine yields were determined for the isotope microplots and they were analysed for the % N and ¹⁵N atom % excess. The % N derived from fertilizer and N use efficiency (%NUE) were calculated for the plant samples. The ¹⁵N-labelled residue left in 0-200 cm soil was also determined. The amount of N fertilizer leached below 200 cm soil depth was also calculated. ¹⁵N-labelled NO₃^- and total NO₃^- of the groundwater from wells were determined at different dates. Our results show that the optimum marketable tuber yield was obtained with 600 kg N/ha. Tuber N uptake was increased slightly, while leaf plus vine N uptake increased considerably when the N rate was increased from 400 to 1,000 kg N/ha. The %NUE values decreased nearly by half and the amount of N fertilizer in the 0-200 cm soil layer increased more than 3 times when the N rate was increased from 400 to 1,000 kg N/ha. Nearly half of the applied fertilizer N (45.6%) at 400 kg N/ha and more than half of the applied fertilizer N (60.8%) at 1,000 kg N/ha was still in the 0-200 cm soil layer after harvest. Four times more N fertilizer was leached below 200 cm soil depth when 1,000 kg N/ha N was applied instead of 400 kg N/ha. Our results also indicate that there is a potential contamination of groundwater due to leaching of the applied N fertilizer.     

Recycling municipal wastes in the future: from organic to inorganic forms?

Abstract. This paper highlights the principal problems related to the recycling of municipal wastes to arable land and outlines future solutions. History reveals that transport of sewage with water was introduced early (2500 bc ), but only some Asian societies, which did not utilize sewage flushing, redistributed toilet wastes to arable land effectively. Nutrient flow analyses in developed countries indicate a withdrawal of 20 kg N and 3 kg P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ from arable land because of non-return of organic human wastes. Limited reuse of municipal organic wastes in agriculture in several European countries is often seen as a question of waste quality. However, we believe that despite acceptable quality levels only minor progress in recycling has been achieved. Higher water contents in organic wastes than in harvested crops and, consequently, high costs for drying or transportation of wastes, often in combination with non-optimal plant nutrient composition, will remain the bottleneck which restricts the recycling of nutrients in wastes. One solution is to extract nutrients out of organic wastes and thereby derive concentrated compounds similar to those in inorganic fertilizers that can be redistributed and applied to soil. The challenge for modern sewage treatment systems is to shift perspective from removal to recovery of nutrients.     

滴灌条件下盐分对棉花养分及盐离子吸收的影响

在温室条件下,通过盆栽试验研究了滴灌条件下不同土壤盐度对棉花养分、盐离子吸收的影响。结果表明,棉花干物质生产受土壤盐分影响显著,高盐度条件下棉花生育进程滞后,生殖生长与营养生长不协调,造成脱落率增加,经济产量下降。土壤盐度显著影响棉花对N、P和K养分的吸收和分配;N、P和K的积累总量以及在籽棉和铃壳中的吸收量随土壤盐度增加显著降低,而茎秆和叶片受影响较小。棉花植株体内的盐分离子（Ca2+、Na+与Cl-）含量随土壤盐度的增加显著增加;吸收的盐分离子主要积累在茎叶,尤其以叶片中的盐分离子含量为最高,而籽棉的盐分离子含量较少。     

半干旱区施氮和灌溉条件下覆膜对春玉米产量及氮素平衡的影响

以典型半干旱区干湿砂质新成土（Ust-Sandic Entisols）为供试土壤进行田间试验,研究地膜覆盖、施氮及补充灌水量对春玉米（Zea mays L.）产量、土壤矿质氮（NO3--N和NH4+-N）及氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,0—100 cm土体范围内,随着土层加深,播前和收获后土壤NO3--N含量呈降低趋势,NH4+-N有所增加,但变幅不大;总矿质氮量（NO3--N和NH4+-N）表现为下降。说明地膜覆盖和施氮并没有使NO3--N深层累积量增加,这可能与土壤本身供氮能力严重不足有关。与不施氮相比,施氮各处理氮肥表观损失量增加;与不覆膜相比,作物氮素累积量比不覆膜显著增加（P0.05）。在低灌（80 mm）覆膜和高灌（160 mm）覆膜条件下,玉米的氮肥利用率均比不覆膜均提高了18.8%,说明覆膜低灌在相同施氮条件下,可节约80 mm灌水。但低灌（80 mm）与高灌（160 mm）不覆膜间氮肥利用率差异不显著,表明在相同施氮条件下,覆膜可有效提高氮肥利用率,减少氮素损失。综合考虑籽粒产量和氮肥利用率,“覆膜+补灌80 mm+施氮90 kg/hm2”可能为本试验条件下较优的栽培模式。