紫菜活性肽复合酶法制备与清除羟自由基作用

以条斑紫菜为原料,利用胰蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶组成的复合酶水解紫菜蛋白制备生物活性肽并研究清除羟自由基作用。采用单因素试验考察胰蛋白酶与木瓜蛋白酶的比例、底物质量浓度、酶用量、水解温度、水解时间、pH对羟自由基清除率及水解度的影响,响应面法优化酶解条件,SephadexG-15凝胶层析法测定活性肽的分子质量分布。试验结果表明,复合酶最佳酶解工艺条件为胰蛋白酶与木瓜蛋白酶复合酶比例1.67,底物质量浓度20mg/mL,酶用量1.67%,pH 7.0,温度55℃,酶解4h,紫菜活性肽对羟自由基的清除率为80.6%,清除率为50%时的质量浓度为0.744mg/mL,分子质量大多分布于500～1500ku。     

Optimization of the preparation of bioactive peptides from Sinonovacula constricta and its hydroxyl free radical scavenging activity

以缢蛏为试验材料,采用羟自由基清除率为评价指标,从胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶5种蛋白酶中筛选最适水解用酶,在单因素试验基础上使用响应面法优化酶解工艺条件,考察缢蛏蛋白肽的羟自由基清除能力并通过SephadexG-15凝胶层析测定其分子质量分布.结果表明,碱性蛋白酶酶解制备的缢蛏蛋白肽清除羟自由基能力明显强于其他蛋白酶,优化后的碱性蛋白酶水解缢蛏蛋白工艺条件为底物浓度6 mg/ml、加酶量3％、pH8.0、温度55℃、酶解时间4h,蛋白肽的羟自由基清除率为76.60％,IC50值为1.89 mg/ml,蛋白肽中80％以上是分子质量小于1500 Da的小分子肽.     

罗非鱼活性肽分离及抗氧化能力研究

利用正交试验L9(34),以清除超氧自由基能力为指标,分别对木瓜蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶水解罗非鱼肉的水解条件进行优化,并对最佳清除率下的两种酶解物进行Sephadex G-50凝胶柱分离,检测了各组分对超氧自由基清除率及活性肽分子量分布情况.结果表明:中性蛋白酶在45 ℃、酶的质量分数2.0%、水解105 min及肉水比1∶3的水解条件下对超氧自由基有较好清除作用;木瓜蛋白酶在60 ℃、酶的质量分数2.0%、时间150 min及肉水比1∶2的水解条件下对超氧自由基有较好清除效果.木瓜蛋白酶酶解物在分子量为660 Da的多肽洗脱峰具有最大超氧自由基清除率,中性蛋白酶酶产物在分子量为1320 Da多肽洗脱峰具有最大超氧自由基清除率.     

缢蛏蛋白肽制备工艺优化及其清除羟自由基作用

以缢蛏为试验材料,采用羟自由基清除率为评价指标,从胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶5种蛋白酶中筛选最适水解用酶,在单因素试验基础上使用响应面法优化酶解工艺条件,考察缢蛏蛋白肽的羟自由基清除能力并通过Sephadex G-15凝胶层析测定其分子质量分布。结果表明,碱性蛋白酶酶解制备的缢蛏蛋白肽清除羟自由基能力明显强于其他蛋白酶,优化后的碱性蛋白酶水解缢蛏蛋白工艺条件为底物浓度6mg/ml、加酶量3%、pH8.0、温度55℃、酶解时间4h,蛋白肽的羟自由基清除率为76.60%,IC50值为1.89mg/ml,蛋白肽中80%以上是分子质量小于1500Da的小分子肽。     

鳕碎肉酶解物清除羟自由基作用研究

通过测定鳕碎肉酶解物对Fenton体系产生的羟自由基的清除效果,从海洋蛋白酶YS-894、海洋蛋白酶YS-80、胃蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶中,筛选出海洋蛋白酶YS-894作为酶解鳕碎肉制备具有较高清除羟自由基活性酶解物的水解酶;用正交试验L9(34)对该酶的水解条件进行优化,并确定了水解的最佳肉水比。最终工艺条件为40℃、酶解45 m in、pH 9.0、酶解质量分数0.25%、底物∶水=1∶3的条件下进行水解,水解物对羟自由基的清除效果较好,清除率为68.88%。     

胰蛋白酶水解文蛤蛋白制备抗氧化小肽实验研究

采用胰蛋白酶水解文蛤蛋白以羟自由基清除率为指标制备抗氧化小分子肽。结果表明：胰蛋白酶解液G-15凝胶层析的分离组分在第3管有最大吸收峰,且在2个检测波长下,两者出现峰的位置基本一致。但不同洗脱峰对应的羟自由基清除率差异较大,最大羟自由基清除率为59%。可见最大洗脱峰与最大羟自由基清除率并无一致性。利用Tricine-SDS -PAGE聚丙烯凝胶电泳对各洗脱峰抗氧化小肽进行分离纯度检测表明第4管纯度佳,但其羟自由基清除率只有25%、分子量为460。     

鲢鱼鱼皮蛋白肽的制备与抗氧化活性评价

为制备抗氧化活性良好的鲢鱼鱼皮蛋白肽,采用胰蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、菠萝蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶等4种常见的商业酶对鲢鱼鱼皮进行酶解,测定酶解物的ABTS自由基清除力和Fe2+螯合力来评价其抗氧化活性,并用超滤及凝胶层析对酶解物进行分离,以期得到活性更好的酶解物分离组分。酶解后产物的抗氧化活性均有所提高,其中碱性蛋白酶酶解2 h产物活性较强。对此酶解物用截留分子量为10 k Da、5 k Da和3 k Da的中空纤维超滤膜进行超滤,得到的4个组分中,分子量越小的组分抗氧化活性越强。分子量小于3 k Da的组分经Sephadex G-15凝胶层析得到3个组分,其中分子量最大的组分活性较好,在0.51 mg/m L质量浓度下测定其ABTS自由基清除率和Fe~(2+)螯合力分别为(79.65±0.87)%和(93.40±0.20)%。该研究成果对鲢鱼鱼皮抗氧化肽的开发具有较好的指导作用。     

基于Box Behnken响应面设计优化制备鸢乌贼抗氧化肽的研究#br#

以印度洋鸢乌贼(Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis)胴体分离蛋白为原料,基于分子量分布和营养价值分析,优化制备抗氧化肽的酶解工艺参数。碱溶酸沉法从鸢乌贼胴体提取分离蛋白;以底物浓度、酶底比、酶解时间等3个因素为单因素实验;Box-Behnken中心法则设计响应面实验;DPPH自由基清除率结合水解度为响应指标。鸢乌贼胴体分离蛋白相对分子量分布在30~240 kDa;必需氨基酸占总氨基酸42.56%;最佳酶解工艺参数是底物浓度4%、酶底比9 U·mg^-1、酶解时间4 h。5 mg·mL^-1的鸢乌贼胴体分离蛋白酶解物的DPPH自由基清除率为55.60%,羟自由基清除率为53.21%,ABTS自由基清除率为40.12%。鸢乌贼胴体分离蛋白符合FAO/WHO世界卫生组织提出的理想蛋白营养价值模式,鸢乌贼胴体能制备出营养价值高和抗氧化活性强的海洋功能蛋白肽。     

复合酶提取牡蛎抗氧化肽的工艺研究

以牡蛎为原料,首先从木瓜蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶中筛选出胰蛋白酶为内切酶,以水解度为指标,得到最佳的酶解工艺条件:时间4h,温度50℃,pH8.0,料水比1∶2,加酶量3％(7 500 U/g),水解度为49.50％;同时以水解度为指标,得到外切酶风味蛋白酶的最佳酶解工艺:时间5h,温度50℃,pH8.0,料水比1∶2,加酶量3％ (450 U/g),实际水解度50.95％.最后,以清除羟自由基能力和水解度为指标,探讨内切酶(胰蛋白酶)和外切酶(风味蛋白酶)不同复合酶解方式的抗氧化能力.最终确定,复合酶解制备牡蛎抗氧化肽效果最好,其酶解条件为胰蛋白酶为3％(7 500 U/g)、风味蛋白酶加酶量为3％ (450 U/g),pH8.0,时间5h,料水比1∶2,温度50℃时,水解度高达53.94％,体外清除·OH的EC50为0.56 mg/mL.     

黄缘盒龟肉的酶解工艺优化及其体外抗氧化活性研究

龟类不仅营养价值高,而且具有潜在的药用价值,通过研究龟肉酶解产物的功能特性,可以科学认识其营养保健功能.以黄缘盒龟肉为原料,羟自由基清除率为指标,碱性蛋白酶为水解酶,通过正交试验L9(34)得到制备抗氧化肽的最佳酶解条件为pH值8.0、酶解温度55℃、料液比1.5∶20 g/mL、加酶量(酶/底物,E/S)3.0％、酶解时间3h,酶解液对羟自由基清除率达到82.08％.酶解产物体外抗氧化活性的结果表明,酶解产物对羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、DPPH自由基和过氧化氢均有较好的清除作用,还具一定的还原能力、亚铁离子螯合能力和亚油酸自氧化抑制能力.总体而言,黄缘盒龟酶解产物在不同的体外抗氧化体系中均表现出一定的抗氧化效果,具有良好的开发利用前景.     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

The optimal dietary protein level of juvenile silver sillago Sillago sihama at three dietary lipid levels

A 5 × 3 factorial growth trial was conducted to evaluate optimal dietary protein and lipid levels (dietary protein level, DP; dietary lipid level, DL) for juvenile Sillago sihama (S. sihama) (2.0 ± 0.02 g, initial weight). Fish were fed 15 diets containing 5 DPs (350, 400, 450, 500 and 550 g/kg) and 3 DLs (60, 90 and 120 g/kg) for 8 weeks. The interaction between proteins and lipids significantly influenced the feed conversion ratio, condition factor, body composition, antioxidant indices and lipase activity (p < .05). DP 450 g/kg showed the highest average final body weight. DPs 500 and 550 g/kg significantly decreased the protein efficiency ratio (p < .05). DL 120 g/kg showed the highest percentage weight gain. The low feed conversion ratio was found in diets P45L12, P55L9 and P55L12. Diet P45L12 showed high superoxide dismutase activities. DP 450 g/kg showed the lowest average malondialdehyde content. Lipase activity was increased by increasing DP (p < .05) with a fall at DP 550 g/kg. Under the present experimental conditions, the optimal DP for S. sihama was 450 g/kg under the DL 120 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.