益母黄丹口服液的制备工艺研究

确定益母黄丹口服液的制备工艺条件并建立质量标准。采用正交试验法,对益母黄丹口服液的提取制备工艺条件进行优化,并采用紫外分光光度法,以盐酸益母草碱为对照品,在277 nm处测定按照不同工艺制备的口服液中盐酸益母草碱含量,再采用薄层色谱法对口服中益母草、黄精进行定性鉴别进行质量控制。结果表明,口服液最佳制备工艺为煎煮时间1.5 h,煎煮3次,醇沉分数50%;紫外分光光度法能测定口服液中益母草碱含量、薄层色谱中益母草、黄精斑点清晰,阴性对照无干扰。本试验制备工艺的方法简单可行,建立的质量标准适用于益母黄丹口服液的质量控制。     

复方白头翁颗粒质量标准研究

目的:建立复方白头翁颗粒的质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱法对复方白头翁颗粒中的白头翁和秦皮进行定性鉴别,利用高效液相色谱法测定其中黄芩的含量。结果:薄层鉴别项中,样品在与白头翁对照药材相应的位置显相同颜色的斑点;样品在与秦皮甲素和秦皮乙素对应的位置显相同颜色的斑点;高效液相色谱含量测定中,黄芩苷在8.14~101.76μg范围内,进样浓度与峰面积呈线性关系,且精密度、重现性、回收率均良好,可准确测定样品中的黄芩苷含量。结论:本研究可用于复方白头翁颗粒的质量标准建立。     

杨树花口服液的质量标准研究

本试验采用薄层色谱法鉴别杨树花口服液中3种有效成分(芹菜素、木犀草素和槲皮素);以芹菜素为对照品,采用紫外可见分光光度法测定其中的总黄酮含量,并采用高效液相色谱法测定其中木犀草素的含量,通过研究确定了对杨树花口服液质量检测的简单、准确的分析方法,进一步完善了杨树花口服液的质量标准。     

黄连口服液质量标准研究

目的:建立黄连口服液的质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱对口服液中黄连进行薄层鉴别,采用高效液相色谱法测定口服液中盐酸小檗碱的含量。结果:薄层鉴别方法专属性强,盐酸小檗碱含量在0.326 0-1.630 0μg/m L范围内具有良好的线性关系,标准曲线回归方程为:Y=4.38×106X-4.75×104(R2=0.999 9,n=5);样品在12 h内稳定,RSD为0.36%;加样平均回收率为100.106%,RSD为0.826%;该方法精密度高,RSD为0.11%。结论:本质量标准可有效地控制黄连口服液的质量。     

白头翁口服液质量标准研究

提高完善白头翁口服液质量标准。优化黄连及盐酸小檗碱的薄层色谱鉴别方法，简化前处理步骤，减小展开剂毒性对人体的伤害。建立白头翁口服液的高效液相色谱法，通过测定关键指标成分盐酸巴马汀及盐酸小檗碱的含量对白头翁口服液进行科学的质量控制。用提高后的标准对市售白头翁口服液质量进行再评价，结果表明，标准的提高有助于判断样品的真伪优劣。     

苄星氯唑西林国家对照品的研制

为了研制首批苄星氯唑西林国家对照品。对质量标准中的关键项目进行考察。采用红外分光光度法、高效液相色谱法对原料进行鉴别,采用高效液相色谱法进行含量测定。结果显示,红外光吸收图谱与USP溯源对照品图谱一致,高效液相色谱法测定氯唑西林与二苄基乙二胺的含量和为92.1%。研究建立的苄星氯唑西林国家对照品可用于苄星氯唑西林及其制剂的鉴别。     

白虎定喘口服液的质量检测

为了建立白虎定喘口服液的质量检测标准,采用薄层色谱法(TLC)对处方中金银花、黄芩、知母、板蓝根进行鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对黄芩中有效成分黄芩苷进行含量测定。结果表明,薄层色谱斑点清晰,分离度好,特异性强;在0.103mg/mL~0.824mg/mL范围内黄芩苷浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,阴性对照无干扰,加样回收率平均为97.98%,精密度试验RSD为0.61%。说明建立的检测方法简便、准确、专属性强、重复性好,可对白虎定喘口服液的质量进行有效检测。     

白黄散胶囊质量标准的研究

建立了白黄散胶囊的质量标准。用薄层色谱法鉴别白头翁、黄芪、黄连、黄柏、山楂、乌梅、诃子,以高效液相色谱法测定盐酸小檗碱的含量。结果薄层色谱图斑点清晰,阴性对照无干扰,盐酸小檗碱在9.91～148.65μg/mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,加样回收率为97.70%,RSD为1.30%。所建立的方法简便、准确、重现性好,可用于白黄散胶囊的质量控制。     

高热清口服液制备工艺研究

目的:优化高热清口服液的制备工艺。方法:采用正交设计法研究水提取的最佳条件,比较3种醇沉浓度(50%、60%、75%)对高热清口服液中黄芩苷含量的影响;采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定黄芩苷的含量。结果:以10倍量水,浸泡0.5h,提取3次,每次提取1.5h时,水提液中黄芩苷含量最高;3种醇沉浓度的黄芩苷含量无显著性差异(P0.05),以50%醇沉浓度时成本最低。根据最佳工艺路线制备高热清口服液,3批成品的黄芩苷含量无显著性差异(P0.05),薄层鉴别与pH值检查均符合质量标准规定。结论:采用正交试验设计以黄芩苷的含量做为评价指标,是筛选其不同制备工艺的有效方法。按照最佳工艺路线制备的高热清口服液成品质量可控、稳定性良好。     

清石退热口服液的质量标准研究

笔者建立了清石退热口服液中大青叶和大黄的薄层鉴别方法，以及主要有效成分大黄酚和大黄素的高效液相含量测定方法。在薄层鉴别项中，样品在与大青叶对照药材相应的位置显现出相同颜色的斑点；在与大黄对照药材相对的位置显相同颜色的斑点。高效液相色谱法含量测定结果表明，大黄素在2.8～44.8μg/m L，大黄酚在4.425～70.8μg/m L范围内，峰面积值与浓度有良好的线性关系，且精密度、重现性、回收率均良好，可准确测定样品中大黄素和大黄酚的含量。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.