松香基水性聚氨酯丙烯酸酯复合乳液的研制

以富马海松酸水性聚氨酯(FWPU)和甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、丙烯酸丁酯(BA)等为主要原料,合成富马海松酸型水性聚氨酯-丙烯酸酯复合乳液(FWPUA)。探讨了引发剂的种类和用量及丙烯酸酯加入量等因素对反应的影响。对所得产品进行了红外光谱分析,并测试了漆膜的拉伸强度、镜面光泽、摆杆硬度和耐溶剂性。结果表明:用偶氮二异丁腈和过硫酸铵为复合引发剂,引发剂用量为0.8%,丙烯酸酯的加入量为30%时,复合乳液的拉伸强度、摆杆硬度、耐水性、耐碱性、耐醇性和镜面光泽均有不同程度的提高。     

Study on Synthesis of Hybrid Emulsion of Rosin-based Waterborne Polyurethane-acrylate

以富马海松酸水性聚氨酯( FWPU)和甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、丙烯酸丁酯(BA)等为主要原料,合成富马海松酸型水性聚氨酯-丙烯酸酯复合乳液(FWPUA).探讨了引发剂的种类和用量及丙烯酸酯加入量等因素对反应的影响.对所得产品进行了红外光谱分析,并测试了漆膜的拉伸强度、镜面光泽、摆杆硬度和耐溶剂性.结果表明:用偶氮二异丁腈和过硫酸铵为复合引发剂,引发剂用量为0.8％,丙烯酸酯的加入量为30％时,复合乳液的拉伸强度、摆杆硬度、耐水性、耐碱性、耐醇性和镜面光泽均有不同程度的提高.     

富马海松酸改性室温硫化硅橡胶的制备及性能研究

以松香为原料,经过衍生化反应制备了富马海松酸改性氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(FA),并通过FT-IR、1H NMR和13C NMR等分析手段对产物结构进行表征;以FA作交联剂,与羟基封端聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)经脱醇缩合反应,制备了富马海松酸改性室温硫化(RTV)硅橡胶,研究松香氢化菲环结构对硅橡胶微观形貌、机械力学和热稳定性等性能的影响。研究结果表明:富马海松酸改性RTV硅橡胶具有较好的力学性能和热稳定性,其中拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别为1.22 MPa和315%;SRFA-1的10%质量损失温度增加到472℃,最大热失重速率温度提高到569℃,800℃残留率达3.88%。     

腰果酚基环氧磷酸酯对E-51/IPDA环氧树脂体系性能的影响

以天然腰果酚为原料制备了一种腰果酚基环氧磷酸酯(CGEP)稀释剂,并利用CGEP改性双酚A型环氧树脂(E-51)及异佛尔酮二胺(IPDA)固化体系。研究了CGEP用量对环氧树脂E-51的稀释效果及其固化物性能的影响,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)分析了固化物的断面微观形貌。结果表明:CGEP对环氧树脂E-51具有显著的稀释作用;CGEP参与固化交联反应后,环氧树脂固化物的机械性能明显提高,当CGEP添加量为E-51质量的15%时,固化物的冲击强度达到最大值22.06 kJ/m~2;当CGEP添加量为E-51质量的20%时,固化物的拉伸强度与弯曲强度分别达到最大值96.19和99.70 MPa。随着CGEP用量从0%增加到25%,固化物的玻璃化转变温度由144.82℃降至119.10℃,而氧指数(LOI)由19.0提高到23.0。SEM分析表明CGEP对环氧固化物具有显著的增韧效果。     

丙烯海松酸二缩水甘油酯的合成、结构与性能

丙烯海松酸(1)与环氧氯丙烷在弱碱及相转移催化剂存在下反应得到丙烯海松酸二缩水甘油酯(2)，探索出较佳的反应路线，产物分离纯化后对其结构和性能进行了研究。并以此反应为基础，从丙烯酸改性松香出发，制备了主要成分为2的丙烯酸改性松香环氧树脂(3)。研究了3分别与胺、聚酰胺及酸酐类固化剂的固化反应和固化产物的性能。结果表明．此种环氧树脂的固化过程及产物性能与E-44环氧树脂相当。     

丙烯海松酸二缩水甘油酯的合成、结构与性能

丙烯海松酸(1)与环氧氯丙烷在弱碱及相转移催化剂存在下反应得到丙烯海松酸二缩水甘油酯(2),探索出较佳的反应路线,产物分离纯化后对其结构和性能进行了研究.并以此反应为基础,从丙烯酸改性松香出发,制备了主要成分为2的丙烯酸改性松香环氧树脂(3).研究了3分别与胺、聚酰胺及酸酐类固化剂的固化反应和固化产物的性能.结果表明,此种环氧树脂的固化过程及产物性能与E-44环氧树脂相当.     

蓖麻油聚氨酯丙烯酸酯复合乳液的研制

采用甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)与蓖麻油水性聚氨酯共聚反应制备蓖麻油聚氨酯丙烯酸酯(CPUA)复合乳液,研究了蓖麻油添加量、MMA添加量和引发剂种类对合成CPUA复合乳液及涂膜性能的影响,并应用傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)测定反应产物的结构.研究发现随着蓖麻油和MMA添加量增大,CPUA复合乳液胶粒平均粒径增大,粘度减小,涂膜光泽度下降,机械性能和耐水性增强,确定了合适的蓖麻油和MMA含量,分别为体系总固体质量的20%～25%和20%～30%.采用偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)和过硫酸钾(KPS)复合引发剂可提高单体的转化率;性能测试表明,本研究合成的CPUA复合乳液具有优异的物理机械性能和耐水性.     

松香改性新型微胶囊壁材的制备研究

以松香、富马酸、亚硫酰氯为原料,制备了富马海松酸酰氯.以富马海松酸酰氯为油溶性单体,二乙烯三胺为水溶性单体,在稳定的乳化体系中两种单体在两相界面发生缩聚反应,生成立体网状结构的高分子聚合物囊壳,形成包油微胶囊.确定了富马海松酸酰氯制备反应的最佳条件和微胶囊化过程中的最佳乳化条件、成囊条件及最佳芯壁比.实验得出当芯壁比为71,乳化剂加入量为6%,乳化过程搅拌速度3 000r/min,成囊过程搅拌速度800r/min时,得到微胶囊包埋率为85.4%,包埋度为74.7%.     

UV固化蓖麻油改性水性聚氨酯丙烯酸酯木器涂料的性能优化

利用多官能度活性稀释剂,将具有3个碳碳双键的季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯(PETA)引入到自乳化型紫外光(UV)固化蓖麻油改性的水性聚氨酯丙烯酸酯(WPUA)乳液中,增加体系的交联密度,以提高漆膜的力学性能、固化效率和硬度等,解决蓖麻油改性的WPUA木器涂料固化时间长、漆膜机械性能欠佳、乳液储存稳定性不良等缺点。研究表明:随着PETA添加量(质量分数)从2.3%增加至4.6%,水性聚氨酯丙烯酸酯乳液粒径变化范围为39.7～132.5 nm,乳液粒径分散指数(PDI)变化范围为0.072～0.289。随着PETA添加量的增加,涂膜质量损失率逐渐减小,而涂膜力学性能、硬度、耐水及耐化学品性能均逐渐增加。当PETA添加量为4.6%时,涂膜的拉伸强度最大为7.45 MPa,弹性模量最高为113.61 MPa,断裂伸长率最小为6.23%,涂膜硬度最高4H,光泽度最高为57.2,耐化学品、耐水性能最优;储存稳定性较佳,但是附着力由0级降至2级。因此,多官能度活性稀释剂PETA的引入对蓖麻油改性水性聚氨酯丙烯酸酯木器漆膜在力学性能、硬度、耐水及耐化学品等方面的性能优化可起到关键作用。     

纳米TiO_2对水性木器漆涂饰单板耐光色牢度的影响

为提高水性木器漆的光变色抑制能力,用制备的纳米TiO2浆料对水性木器漆进行改性。通过测试涂饰单板的耐光色牢度,评价油漆制备方法和TiO2添加量对涂膜屏蔽紫外线的影响。结果表明,在不影响漆膜透明度的情况下,纳米TiO2的添加量在1.5%时,漆膜对染色单板和素板均具有较好的屏蔽紫外线性能;纳米杂合乳液直接制备的改性漆膜,其屏蔽性能优于后添加纳米TiO2浆料法水性的漆膜。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。