纳米Al_2O_3改性水性木器漆耐磨性和硬度的研究

为提高水性聚丙烯酸酯木器漆的耐磨性和硬度,进行纳米Al2O3浆料的制备及其对水性木器漆改性的研究,探讨分析不同制备方法和Al2O3添加量对漆膜耐磨性和硬度的影响。结果表明:以聚丙烯酰胺为分散剂、聚乙二醇和辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚为润湿剂、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为稳定保护胶,在高速搅拌下制成的纳米Al2O3浆料,在透射电镜下观察发现纳米Al2O3颗粒分布均匀,具有良好的分散性;在不影响漆膜透明度的情况下,漆膜耐磨性和硬度随Al2O3添加量增加得到提高,添加量在1.5%时漆膜具有较好的耐磨性和硬度;纳米杂合工艺法的漆膜耐磨性和硬度优于后添加法制备的水性木器漆涂膜。     

纳米TiO_2改性涂料涂饰染色单板的光变色

利用纳米TiO2改性水性双组份聚氨脂清漆和丙烯酸清漆,将改性涂料直接涂饰染色单板并进行氙光辐射试验,探讨了纳米TiO2对染色单板光变色的抑制作用以及纳米TiO2加入量对光变色性的影响。结果表明,聚氨酯和丙烯酸清漆中纳米TiO2加入量分别为3%和5%时对染色单板光变色的抑制效果最佳。光辐射前后,涂饰改性与未改性聚氨酯清漆杨木染色单板的色差ΔEa*b分别为18.75、22.98,丙烯酸清漆的分别为11.75和16.98。改性涂料涂饰染色单板的光变色度小于未改性涂料染色单板,主要在于改性涂料能显著抑制染色单板红绿色品指数a*的变化。     

纳米SiO2改性聚氨酯木器漆漆膜性能的表征

为提高聚氨酯木器漆漆膜的综合性能,将经硅烷偶联剂表面改性处理的纳米SiO2引入聚氨酯木器漆体系中,研究纳米SiO2添加量对木器漆和漆膜微观结构、性能的影响.经扫描电镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱、差示扫描量热仪、X射线衍射仪等分析,结果表明:纳米SiO2能够与聚氨酯木器漆体系中的基团发生键合反应,提高体系的稳定性、致密性、热稳定性、耐紫外光等性能.     

抗菌型饰面人造板的研究

研究纳米二氧化钛(TiO2)浆料以及以纳米TiO2浆料为抗菌剂的饰面人造板的制备工艺,检测在三聚氰胺甲醛树脂(MU)中添加纳米TiO2浆料制成的饰面人造板的抗菌与物理力学性能.结果表明:以聚丙烯酰胺为分散剂,聚乙二醇和辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚为润湿剂,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为稳定保护胶,在高速搅拌下制成的纳米TiO2浆料,在透射电镜下观察发现纳米TiO2颗粒分布均匀,具有良好的分散性,浆料经热水浴处理,TiO2基本未出现团聚,具有较好的贮存稳定性;在MU中添加纳米TiO2浆料调制的胶粘剂,其相容性好,且不影响其胶合性能;加入纳米TiO2的浸渍纸和浸渍单板具有明显的抗菌性,当MU胶粘剂中TiO2加入量为1%时,饰面人造板具有较好的抑菌效果,它对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌均有良好的抑制作用.     

纳米TiO_2和ZnO改性水性漆的漆膜性能及其VOCs研究

为了探究不同添加量的纳米TiO_2和纳米ZnO对丙烯酸水性漆漆膜性能以及挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)成分的影响,向丙烯酸水性漆中分别添加占涂料成膜物质质量0.05%,0.10%,0.30%,0.50%的纳米TiO_2以及纳米ZnO制备改性水性漆。将制备的改性水性漆均匀涂在基材上,按照相关的国家标准测试改性水性漆的漆膜耐磨性、附着力、硬度,并利用15 L小型环境舱采集改性水性漆释放的挥发性有机化合物,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析VOCs的主要成分、主要危害物质。结果表明:随着纳米氧化物添加量的增大,水性漆漆膜耐磨性逐渐增加。在加入等量纳米氧化物的情况下,纳米ZnO对水性漆耐磨性的增强作用更明显;纳米TiO_2和ZnO在一定程度上都能增强水性漆漆膜硬度以及附着力,但是这种增强作用是有限的,当加入量为0.30%时,漆膜硬度和附着力达到最大;纳米材料主要通过增加挥发性有机化合物(芳香烃类、酯类)的浓度来增加总体VOC的浓度;丙烯酸水性漆释放的主要危害物质为苯、甲苯,次要危害物质为二甲苯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯。     

纳米碳化硼对水性聚氨酯木器涂料性能的影响

围绕水性聚氨酯木器涂料(WPU),以纳米碳化硼(B_4C)为改性剂,采用物理共混的方法制备改性水性聚氨酯木器涂料,利用磁力搅拌和超声处理的方式提高B_4C的分散性,从而改善WPU的硬度、耐磨性和附着力等,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察不同添加量下纳米B_4C在涂层中的分散性。结果表明:纳米B_4C的添加显著增强了固化后水性聚氨酯涂层的硬度、耐磨性和附着力,但光泽度和涂料黏度有所下降。当B_4C添加量为3%时,涂层表面B_4C分散均匀,漆膜表面没有产生明显粗糙感,没有明显团聚现象产生;改性水性聚氨酯的涂层力学性能达到最佳,涂层硬度由2H提高至4H;涂层耐磨性与未改性涂层相比明显提高,磨耗量降低50%,最佳磨耗量为0.042 g;涂层附着力没有明显变化,在B_4C各添加量配比下均保持1级;涂层的光泽度随着B_4C的添加逐渐降低,由18.6%变为8.3%。碳化硼改性水性聚氨酯涂料的制备原理简单、实验过程易操作且绿色无污染,为纳米改性功能型水性涂料的制备提供了新的有效途径。     

高硬度耐污染水性木器漆的制备及漆膜性能评价

为开发人造板涂饰用高性能水性木器漆产品,进行水性木器漆配方设计,通过单因素试验,分析配方各成分的影响,筛选相应乳液和助剂,并用于中密度纤维板的涂饰。漆膜理化性能测试结果表明:丙烯酸乳液XK-14和聚氨酯改性丙烯酸乳液PR-100按35∶30的质量配比,辅以成膜剂5%、钛白浆22%时,漆膜硬度为2H,附着力为1级,耐醋、耐醇性能优异,总体性能满足相应标准要求,达到最佳。     

竹炭／TiO2复合体改性杨木单板的胶合性能

采用加压浸渍法将负载型光催化材料--竹炭/TiO2复合体渗入杨木单板中,运用正交试验方法对纳米TiO2改性杨木单板的胶合性能进行了研究,探讨涂胶量、热压压力与浸渍压力等因素对材料胶合性能的影响,并结合扫描电镜分析给出了制板的最佳工艺条件:热压压力为1.2 MPa,浸渍压力为1.6 MPa,涂胶量250 g/m2.     

脲醛树脂包覆氟树脂微胶囊制备及对木器表面涂层性能的影响

木器水性涂料因其安全环保特性逐渐替代传统溶剂型涂料,但其力学性能较差,在使用过程中易产生微裂纹,影响木器表面涂层的性能与使用寿命。通过微胶囊技术对木器水性涂料进行改良,包覆含有修复功能的芯材材料,可以实现木器表面涂层的自修复功能。氟树脂性能优良,并且可在常温下固化。本研究以脲醛树脂为壁材,氟树脂和水性涂料为芯材,通过原位聚合法制备了脲醛树脂包覆氟树脂微胶囊,并探讨了微胶囊对木器表面水性涂层光泽度、力学、色度及修复效果的影响。结果表明:微胶囊芯壁比为0.75时包覆效果最佳,微胶囊添加量(质量分数,下同)为1%时漆膜中颗粒物团聚现象最少,表面最光滑;漆膜光泽度随微胶囊添加量升高而降低;微胶囊的芯壁比和添加量对漆膜硬度和附着力影响较大,对抗冲击力影响不大;微胶囊芯壁比为0.65、添加量为4%～10%时对漆膜耐老化性能改善效果最显著。微胶囊芯壁比为0.65、添加量为7%时椴木表面水性面漆漆膜综合性能最佳,此研究为氟树脂微胶囊应用于木材表面水性涂层提供了技术基础。     

观光木木材涂饰工艺研究

观光木是广西大力发展的珍稀树种之一,具有优良的材性和机械加工性能.本文以观光木木材用的涂饰聚氨酯清漆和水性木器漆为研究对象,研究漆膜理化性能、光泽度和色度学特征的变化规律,为观光木木材高附加值实木制品的开发利用提供理论依据和信息.研究表明：①聚氨酯清漆的最佳涂饰工艺为：砂纸选用400#（表面粗糙度Ra为2.3）,底漆涂布量为50 g/m2,面漆涂布量为70 g/m2,涂饰次数为3底3面;②水性木器漆涂料的最佳涂饰工艺为：砂纸选用320#（表面粗糙度Ra为2.9）,底漆涂布量为100g/m2,面漆涂布量为120g/m2,涂饰次数为3底3面;③从漆膜理化性能、改善观光木表面光泽度和色度学特征以及节约原料看,聚氨酯清漆比水性木器漆有较明显的优势.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.