中国地方鸭品种资源的分子遗传多样性

通过筛选的28个多态性较好的微卫星标记，检测了我国24个地方鸭品种的遗传多样性。利用等位基因频率计算了各群体的遗传参数和群体间的遗传距离，采用邻接法构建了聚类图，并进行了系统发生分析。结果表明：28个微卫星座位在我国家鸭群体中的多态信息含量除APL23和APL79为中度多态外，其他座位均为高度多态座位，可以作为有效的遗传标记用于鸭种之间遗传多样性分析和系统发生关系的分析；我国所有家鸭群体平均杂合度（0．569）低于国内的家鸡和家鹅，其遗传多样性相对贫乏；聚类结果分析表明了各家鸭品种的分子系统发生关系与其育成史、分化及地理分布比较一致。     

闽南黄牛的微卫星多态性研究

：用8个微卫星标记对闽南黄牛的等位基因频率、多态信息含量、杂合度和有效等位基因数等指标进行统计分析，并在此基础上对其进行聚类分析和分类研究。结果：8个微卫星标记在所检测的闽南黄牛群体中都表现出较丰富的多态性，在4个群体8个微卫星座位共有58个等位基因，每个微卫星标记平均检测到7．2个等位基因（3～11）；8个微卫星标记的平均多态信息含量（PIC）为0．6471，各群体的平均多态信息含量（PIC）差并不显著；全部群体平均杂合度为0．2930；各群体平均有效等位基因数为3．37。此表明闽南黄牛在微卫星位点上具有丰富的遗传多样性；根据奈氏标准遗传距离进行UPGMA聚类分析，结果表明4个群体间的遗传变异不大。     

陇东绒山羊微卫星DNA遗传多样性的研究

利用9个微卫星座位,8％非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳PCR扩增产物,对120只陇东绒山羊基因组DNA的遗传多样性进行了检测,对其群体遗传学特性进行分析。结果表明：陇东绒山羊在9个微卫星座位中共检测到90个等位基因,其中微卫星座位LSCV24等位基因数最多,为14个;BMS1248多态信息含量最高,PIC为0．88;DB6座位多态信息含量最低,PIC为0．79。在所标记群体中平均有效等位基因数为7．69±1．65个,平均多态信息含量为0．84±0．03;遗传杂合度均值为0．86±0．03,均高于国内外部分研究结果。说明陇东绒山羊品种遗传多样性丰富,群体遗传变异程度高,育种潜力大。     

北京鸭群体遗传多样性及遗传资源分析

为研究北京鸭群体的遗传结构及遗传多样性,实验分别采集北京鸭F_0(120只)、F_1(100只)和F_2世代(100只)的血液样本,采用荧光标记毛细管电泳方法对北京鸭11个微卫星座位进行分析。结果表明:11个微卫星座位在北京鸭F_0、F_1和F_2世代的平均等位基因/有效等位基因数量分别为4.6/2.5、3.5/1.9和4.5/2.2个;平均多态信息含量分别为0.441 3、0.303 8和0.415 0;平均期望杂合度分别为0.487 7、0.363 3和0.454 2;北京鸭3个世代间的遗传变异指标差异不显著。近交系数及基因流分析结果表明,北京鸭群体3个世代近交系数较低,群体内近交系数为0.086 9,微卫星位点的平均基因流为0.934 1。总体来看,北京鸭群体遗传分化程度低,保持了北京鸭群体遗传多样性。     

利用8个微卫星标记分析7个鸭群体的遗传多样性

研究应用8个微卫星标记对7个鸭群体进行了遗传多样性检测。利用等位基因频率计算了各群体的基因杂合度、多态信息含量及群体间的遗传距离,并根据遗传距离进行了聚类分析。结果表明:8个微卫星标记中除SMO13(PIC=0.480)和APL83(PIC=0.372)为中度多态外,其余标记均为高度多态,可作为有效的遗传标记用于鸭群体间遗传多样性分析和系统发生关系分析。7个鸭群体在微卫星座位的平均杂合度在0.514～0.646,最高的莆田黑鸭为0.646,最低的康贝尔鸭为0.514。从聚类分析结果来看,北京鸭与中型母本、小型母本聚为一类;康贝尔鸭和金定鸭聚为一类;莆田黑鸭与山麻鸭聚为一类。     

长江三角洲白山羊群体遗传结构研究

应用结构基因座和微卫星DNA两种遗传标记探讨长江三角洲白山羊群体遗传结构。结果表明，检测的9个结构基因座位上7个存在多态性，座位的基因平均杂合度、多态信息含量及有效等位基因数分别为0．1767、0．1457和1．2837；7个微卫星位点上共检测到110个等位基因，位点的基因平均杂合度、多态信息含量及有效等位基因数分别为0．8867、0．8774和11．2907。群体内的遗传变异程度相对较高，反映出丰富的遗传多样性，而且微卫星DNA标记揭示的遗传变异高于结构基因座。     

昆山麻鸭微卫星DNA标记监测选种效果的研究

利用12个微卫星标记分析了昆山麻鸭高产系F0代和F1代遗传多样性,监测选种效果。结果表明12个微卫星座位共检出83个等位基因,基因频率分布在0.0077～0.5859,平均每对引物扩增出8.3个等位基因。F0代微卫星的平均杂合度为0.7489,平均多态性含量0.7125;F1代为0.7668和0.6901。表明昆山麻鸭种群的群体遗传变异已趋于稳定。     

高邮鸭遗传结构及其与江淮流域家鸭遗传分化的研究

研究利用31个微卫星标记,对高邮鸭、攸县麻鸭、巢湖鸭和荆江麻鸭4个品种共240个个体的基因型进行了检测.结果显示:高邮鸭具有较为丰富的遗传多样性,平均等位基因数、平均有效等位基因数、观察杂合度、期望杂合度以及多态信息含量分别为:4.1、2.7、0.853、0.569、0.495.F-统计量分析发现4个家鸭群体间存在明显的遗传分化(Fst=0.285).Structure程序构建的聚类图在K=2时,把4个群体分为两类,并且在K=3、4时,荆江麻鸭和高邮鸭分剐独立出来成为一类,个体鉴别分析没有发现遗传复杂个体和迁入其它群体个体.     

新疆6个地方双峰驼遗传多样性分析

利用11对微卫星引物对新疆阿克苏、和田、伊犁、克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州(克州)、阿勒泰、木垒6个地方共167峰双峰驼的遗传多样性、遗传分化、基因流与遗传距离间的关系进行分析,并利用遗传距离构建系统树。结果:所使用的11个微卫星座位均呈现出高度多态性,每个座位上所检测到的等位基因数为3～6个,共检测到50个等位基因,平均等位基因数和平均有效等位基因数分别为4.545 5和3.567 1个,群体平均杂合度在0.671 5～0.707 8之间,平均多态信息含量在0.609 9～0.655 1之间,因此11个座位均可作为有效的遗传标记用于评估地方双峰驼群体的遗传多样性和系统发生关系;从不同地方资源来看,约有4.36%的变异来自群体间,95.64%的变异存在于群体内个体间的差异;基因流平均值为5.486 9,说明各群体间存在或过去某个时期发生基因交流;各群体间平均遗传距离较小,为0.123 8,平均遗传一致度较高(0.884 0),从而再次证明了群体间遗传分化程度较低;基于Nei氏标准遗传距离构建了聚类关系,其结果与双峰驼起源、育成历史及地理分布情况基本一致。     

利用微卫星标记分析兴义鸭的遗传多样性

文章旨在阐明兴义鸭的遗传多样性,为其保种与开发利0用提供参考依据。采用20对引物扩增兴义鸭的微卫星片段和判型,计算每个微卫星座位的有效等位基因数(Ne)、等位基因频率(P)、基因杂合度(H)及多态信息含量(PIC)。结果显示:20对微卫星引物在兴义鸭群体中均检测到多态,共检测到85个等位基因,平均每个微卫星基因座等位基因数4.2500个,群体平均杂合度H=0.6850,平均多态含量PIC=0.6284,平均有效等位基因数Ne=3.4449个,其中AJ272578、AJ515883、AJ515889、AJ515895、AJ515897、AJ515900表现为中度多态,剩下的14个位点均表现出高度多态性,试验结果表明,在兴义鸭具有丰富的遗传多样性,具有重要的保种价值和选育开发潜能。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.