茶刺蛾成虫的羽化昼夜节律

连续十天实验室内观察茶树重要害虫茶刺蛾成虫的羽化节律,结果表明,虽然整个光周期内都有成虫羽化,但是茶刺蛾雌雄成虫的羽化主要集中在每天的15:00~17:00这段时间内,呈现一个明显的高峰期。此外,雄成虫羽化高峰期相对雌成虫早1~2 h。表明茶刺蛾成虫的羽化具有内在的昼夜节律,同时雌雄成虫的羽化高峰期交替进行。     

豇豆荚螟触角感器扫描电镜观察

采用扫描电镜技术对豇豆荚螟(Maruca testulalis Geyer)成虫触角感器进行了观察和研究.结果表明,豇豆荚螟成虫触角上有7种类型的感器,分别为毛形感器、刺形感器、耳形感器、腔锥形感器、柱形感器、栓锥感器和锥形感器.这些感器在成虫中存在雌雄二型性,其中雌雄成虫都具有毛形感器I型、刺形感器、耳形感器、腔锥形感器、栓锥感器、锥形感器,而毛形感器II型和柱形感器仅分布于雄成虫.就豇豆荚螟触角与其相近种昆虫触角问的差异、两性间的差异及部分感器可能具有的功能进行了讨论.     

贵州水稻二化螟成虫羽化和交配节律研究

为明确贵州水稻二化螟成虫昼夜行为节律,在白天(25±1)℃、湿度60%～70%,夜间温度(20±1)℃、湿度80%～90%,自然光照条件下,系统观察了贵州水稻二化螟成虫的羽化和交配节律。结果表明,贵州水稻二化螟羽化和交配行为具有明显的昼夜节律。雌、雄成虫羽化节律一致,羽化高峰期均发生在天黑前1 h(19:00—19:59),其中雌虫和雄虫的羽化百分率分别为60.8%和53.2%;开始交配时间主要在天黑后2 h(20:00—21:59),占63.8%,交配结束时间主要集中于24:00—00:59,占48.7%,03:00后全部结束;雌雄成虫交配持续时间平均为2.7 h。     

茶尺蠖性行为习性初报

通过对茶尺蠖的性行为习性进行详细观察，掌握茶尺蠖性信息素释放规律。结果显示，雌雄成虫寿命分别为5．33、4．31天；羽化主要集中在18：00～凌晨2：00，而交尾时间在21：00～24：00，其中23：00左右是交尾高峰。结果表明，雌成虫有多次产卵现象，雄成虫具有多次交尾行为；采集性信息素的最佳时间在雌成虫羽化后第2天的22：30左右．     

2012年良圻蔗区新品种引进试验初报

1基本情况 良圻制糖有限公司近年当家品种为新台糖22号,占80％;其次是新台糖28号,占12％,品种单一性较为严重.因为当家品种宿根性较差,不得不实行一年新植一年宿根的栽培制度.为改善品种结构和更新换代种植良种,公司从2008～2012年先后引进了赣蔗18号、粤糖60号、粤糖02/37、粤糖55号、台糖668、台糖02/2196、台糖78/23、台糖F190、台糖008、台糖78/38、台糖03/6609、台糖88/138、桂糖00/122、桂糖02/467、桂糖97/69、桂糖02/901、桂糖30号、桂糖02/208、桂糖03/2287、西大引11号、福农28号、福农39号、柳城03/182、柳城03/1137、柳城05/136、湛选05/18等26个新品种进行试验示范.2012年我们选择桂糖03/2287、柳城05/136、福农39号等品种作为新品种试验示范主要品种,并在农场二分场建立200亩示范基地,其中桂糖03/2287 80亩,柳城05/136 90亩,福农39 30亩,示范基地种植时间为2012年3月5～25日.     

新入侵害虫椰子织蛾飞行能力测定

椰子织蛾是危害棕榈科植物的主要害虫之一,2013年入侵中国海南省。为了解椰子织蛾的飞行能力和飞行节律,运用联机飞行磨测定椰子织蛾成虫的飞行能力,结果表明:椰子织蛾单日龄的最大平均飞行距离12 817.47 m(个体单日龄的最大飞行距离为15 338.40 m);椰子织蛾雌、雄虫间的飞行距离差异显著,雄成虫随着日龄增加其飞行能力逐渐增强,雌成虫则随日龄增加飞行能力减弱;总体上,雌、雄椰子织蛾成虫在12:00~24:00时段较活跃,在0:00~12:00不活跃。本研究结果可为椰子织蛾的预警监测与防控提供参考依据。     

黄翅绢野螟触角感器的扫描电镜观察

黄翅绢野螟是为害热带木本粮食作物菠萝蜜的主要钻蛀性害虫。本文利用扫描电镜对其雌雄蛾触角进行观察,以探索其化学感受系统。结果表明:黄翅绢野螟触角呈丝状,包括1节柄节、1节梗节和76个亚节连接成的鞭节三部分。触角中共发现11类感器,分别是毛形感器(Ⅰ和Ⅱ)、刺形感器(Ⅰ和Ⅱ)、栓锥形感器、腔锥形感器(Ⅰ和Ⅱ)、耳形感器、鳞形感器、锥形感器和Bo··hm氏鬃毛,感器的种类、分布及形态结构在雌雄蛾中不存在二型性。研究结果可为进一步揭示黄翅绢野螟寄主选择行为机制提供基础性资料。     

假眼小绿叶蝉的日飞行活动性及成虫飞行能力的研究

茶树假眼小绿叶蝉（Empoasca vitis Göthe）在早晨和傍晚各有一个飞行活动高峰,早晨的活动高峰时间为6:00~7:00,傍晚的活动高峰时间为16:00~17:00。假眼小绿叶蝉成虫的平均飞行距离、平均飞行时间和平均飞行速度在一天之中不同的时间段下无显著性差异,但雌雄成虫的平均停飞时间在晚上（22:00~23:00）显著增加,在中午（12:00~13:00）雄虫的平均停飞时间显著要长于雌虫。研究结果为假眼小绿叶蝉的生物特征分析和田间防治提供了参考。     

腰果云翅斑螟幼虫发生动态及空间分布型研究

对腰果云翅斑螟(Nephopteryx sp.)幼虫发生动态及空间分布型进行研究.结果表明,腰果果实被害率和果虫量的发生动态曲线均为双峰型,其高峰期均分别出现在中果期和末果期.株虫量的发生动态曲线为单峰型,其高峰期出现在盛果期.不同结果期对腰果云翅斑螟幼虫以及被害果实在腰果植株上的空间分布均无影响,均呈聚集分布.不同结...     

应用性诱剂对二代棉铃虫的防治效果

在河北省邯郸市大面积积应用性诱剂防治第二代棉铃虫，在特大发生的１９９３年和１９９５年及中等发生的１９９４年均取得了明显的防治效果。与对照区相比，因棉铃虫的雄蛾量减少使雌雄比分别由０．６：１（１９９４年）和０．８：１（１９９５年）变为１．２：１和１．６：１，交配率由８３．３３％和８１％降低为２９．３７％和３３％，平均交配次数由１．８次和１．７５次减少为１．２次和１．２６次，田间落卵量降低３２．９％～４３．５％（１９９３年），卵孵化率也明显降低，可将第一次药剂防治时间推迟３～４ｄ，减少１次药剂防治。     

Adult Behavior of Tirumala limniace (Lepidoptera: Danaidae)

Tirumala limniace Cramer as an ornamental butterfly is utilized in butterfly garden, in this article we study their adult activities include flight, foraging, courtship, mating, and oviposition. We found that males spent 22.1% of its time flying, 14.1% foraging, 63.8% in courtship and mating. And females spent 30.8% of its time flying, 10.1% foraging, 57.1% in courtship and mating, and 2% ovipositing. Adults emerged from pupae when temperatures were above 23.5°C and eclosion took only ∼1 min, typically followed by a small amount of flight on the first day. Flight activity peaked from the ninth to the thirteenth day after eclosion, and there were two daily peak flight times: 10:00–13:00 and 15:00–18:00. The peak of flower-visiting activity was from the eighth to the thirteenth day after eclosion, and there were two daily peak foraging times: 11:00–12:00 and 16:00–17:00. Flight and foraging frequency and time were positively correlated and both were closely related to temperature, with very little flight or foraging below 18°C and an increase at temperatures above 22°C. Courtship and mating took place on the sixth day after eclosion, while oviposition occurred the following day. Oviposition occurred over 8 d, and the shortest time of a single oviposition was 2 s. The average life expectancy of males was 16.5 d, while that of females was 15 d.     

Courtship,Mating Behavior,and Ovary Histology of the Nymph Parasitoid Psyllaephagus bliteus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

The potential of the parasitoid Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek for the biological control of the eucalyptus pest Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) nymphs is high. This research sought to analyze the courtship, male competition, and mating behavior of P. bliteus at the proportions of 1:1 and 2:1 males to female in a Petri dish (5 cm diameter), and to describe the ovary histology of virgin and mated females of this parasitoid. At 1:1, males touch the antennae and thorax–abdomen of females during courtship, but females avoid mate attempts before they are 48 h old. At 2:1, the competition between male parasitoids inhibits mating. The histology of ovaries of virgin and mated P. bliteus females is similar, with two well-defined germarium and vitellarium regions, with oocytes at different developmental stages, including mature ones rich in yolk and with eggshell. A clearer understanding of the reproductive behavior and histology of P. bliteus aids in the use of this parasitoid for the biological control of G. brimblecombei.     

Insecticide-induced increase in the protein content of male accessory glands and its effect on the fecundity of females in the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

The brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is a classical resurgent rice pest induced by insecticides. The past focus on resurgence mechanisms has been on the stimulation of the reproduction of adult females induced by insecticides. To date, the role that males play as a resurgence of N. lugens has not been investigated. The present study examined changes in protein levels in both male accessory glands and female ovaries induced by the insecticides triazophos and deltamethrin as well as the stimulating effect of treated males on the fecundity of adult females via mating following foliar sprays of the insecticides. For adults that had been exposed as nymphs to treated rice plants, the protein content in both the male accessory glands and in the female ovaries of N. lugens were significantly affected by male mating status, insecticide and insecticide concentration. There was a higher protein content in male accessory glands when males were exposed to triazophos as third instars compared to fifth instars, and there was a higher protein content before mating compared to after mating. In addition, the protein levels in male accessory glands after mating for individuals exposed to high doses of the two insecticides as 3rd and 5th instars were significantly lower than untreated control except for exposed to triazophos as 3rd instar, indicating that treated males transferred more male accessory gland protein to adult females via mating. The protein content was also affected by different combinations of treated mating pairs. Adult males (♂_t) developed from third instar nymphs treated with triazophos stimulated the fecundity of the female significantly via mating (♂_t × ♀_ck) with untreated females (♀_ck) (control females), increasing the reproductive rate by 43.5% as compared to the mating (♂_ck × ♀_ck) of untreated males and females. Also, the fecundity of the females after the mating (♂_t × ♀_t) of treated males and females was significantly higher than that after the mating (♂_ck × ♀_t) of untreated males with treated females. These findings indicated that the reproductive effects of insecticide on males can be transferred to females via mating. The present findings provide valuable information for understanding the potential role that males play in the pesticide-induced resurgence of N. lugens.     

Pink bollworm of cotton (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)): male moth catches in gossyplure-baited traps and relationships to oviposition, boll infestation and moth emergence

Pheromone-baited traps are an important sampling tool in integrated pest management programmes. Studies were conducted to determine the relationship between catches of male insects in these traps, and crop infestation. Numbers of male moths of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), caught daily in cotton fields at the University of Arizona Cotton Research Center, Phoenix, Arizona, in gossyplure-baited traps were variable. However, average catches of male moths for 3–7 days between boll-sampling periods were strongly correlated with oviposition on cotton bolls, percentages of infested bolls and numbers of larvae per boll. Average weekly numbers of moths emerging from infested cotton were also strongly correlated with the number of males caught: the number of females emerging was strongly correlated with oviposition on cotton bolls. Insecticide applications of carbaryl and fenvalerate reduced catches of male moths of pink bollworm in gossyplure-baited traps compared with catches in traps in untreated fields (average 56%). However, 13–48 male moths/trap per night were caught in the treated fields after applications. Thus, scheduling treatments on the basis of male moth trap catches, except for the initial treatment, was not feasible. Small field sizes, moth immigration and/or continuing emergence from the infested cotton in the fields may have obscured the impact of the insecticide treatments on adult moth populations.     

褐稻虱Nilaparvata lugens (Stal)和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horvath)对异性鸣声的趋性

 为探求稻飞虱鸣声在预测预报和物理防治上应用的可能性,室内引诱试验结果表明:1)褐稻虱和白背飞虱的鸣声是性成熟个体用以识别、联络同种异性,刺激性兴奋,完成交尾的求偶信号,其沿固体介质(寄主植株)传播,试虫可感觉距离在60—80cm 以内,45cm 以内较为敏感。2)性成熟的雄性及未交尾的雌性个体均常主动鸣叫,在听到异性鸣声时,雄虫表现为兴奋、骚动并积极循鸣声寻觅雌虫;雌虫亦以鸣声相和但很少移动。3)求偶鸣声具有种的专一性,两种飞虱均只对同种异性鸣声敏感。4)以相应的鸣声录音代替活虫,其引诱效果无显著差异。     

褐稻虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horvath)对异性鸣声的趋性

为探求稻飞虱鸣声在预测预报和物理防治上应用的可能性,室内引诱试验结果表明:1)褐稻虱和白背飞虱的鸣声是性成熟个体用以识别、联络同种异性,刺激性兴奋,完成交尾的求偶信号,其沿固体介质(寄主植株)传播,试虫可感觉距离在60—80cm 以内,45cm 以内较为敏感。2)性成熟的雄性及未交尾的雌性个体均常主动鸣叫,在听到异性鸣声时,雄虫表现为兴奋、骚动并积极循鸣声寻觅雌虫;雌虫亦以鸣声相和但很少移动。3)求偶鸣声具有种的专一性,两种飞虱均只对同种异性鸣声敏感。4)以相应的鸣声录音代替活虫,其引诱效果无显著差异。     

Effect of Pheromone Blend Components,Sex Ratio,and Population Size on the Mating of Cadra cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The almond moth Cadra cautella (Walker), a key pest of storage facilities, is difficult to manage using synthetic chemicals. Pheromone-based management methods remain a high priority due to advantages over conventional management practices, which typically use insecticides. Cadra cautella females release a blend of pheromone including (Z, E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (ZETA) and (Z)-9-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate (ZTA). The effect of these components on mating of C. cautella and how response varies with the population density and sex ratio remain unknown. In this study, the mating status of C. cautella was studied inside mating cages under different ratios of ZETA and ZTA diluted in hexane and at different population sizes either with equal or unequal sex ratio. The lowest percentage of mated females (highest mating disruption [MD] effects), corresponding to roughly 12.5%, was produced by a 5:1 and 3.3:1 ratio of ZETA:ZTA. Populations with equal sex ratio showed the lowest percentage of mated females, at 20% and 12.5% under lower and higher density, respectively. The next lowest percentage of mated females was produced when the sex ratio was set to 1: 2 and 2:1 male:female, with just 25% and 22.5% of moths mated, respectively. This study shows that mating status of C. cautella is influenced by ZETA:ZTA ratio, sex ratio, and population size. This current knowledge would have useful implications for mating disruption programs.     

Diet segregation in American bison (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bison bison</Emphasis>) of Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming,USA)

Background

Body size is a major factor in the nutritional ecology of ruminant mammals. Females, due to their smaller size and smaller rumen, have more rapid food-passage times than males and thereby require higher quality forage. Males are more efficient at converting high-fiber forage into usable energy and thus, are more concerned with quantity. American bison are sexually dimorphic and sexually segregate for the majority of their adult lives, and in Yellowstone National Park, they occur in two distinct subpopulations within the Northern and Central ranges. We used fecal nitrogen and stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen from American bison to investigate sex-specific differences in diet composition, diet quality, and dietary breadth between the mating season and a time period spanning multiple years, and compared diet indicators for these different time periods between the Northern and Central ranges.

Results

During mating season, diet composition of male and female American bison differed significantly; females had higher quality diets, and males had greater dietary breadth. Over the multi-year period, females had higher quality diets and males, greater dietary breadth. Diet segregation for bison in the Central Range was more pronounced during the mating season than for the multi-year period and females had higher quality diets than males. Finally, diet segregation in the Northern Range was more pronounced during the multi-year period than during the mating season, and males had greater dietary breadth.

Conclusions

Female bison in Yellowstone National Park have higher quality diets than males, whereas males ingest a greater diversity of plants or plants parts, and bison from different ranges exhibited more pronounced diet segregation during different times. Collectively, our results suggest that diet segregation in bison of Yellowstone National Park is associated with sex-specific differences in nutritional demands. Altogether, our results highlight the importance of accounting for spatial and temporal heterogeneity when conducting dietary studies on wild ungulates.

     

印楝对假眼小绿叶蝉鸣声通讯影响的研究

采用自行设计的微音监控系统,研究了植物杀虫剂印楝对茶树害虫假眼小绿叶蝉鸣声通讯的影响。结果表明,印楝种子提取物内吸处理茶梢,对假眼小绿叶蝉雄虫的正常鸣声和雌雄虫交尾行为有不同程度的干扰作用,而且,随着处理用印楝种子提取物浓度的升高,影响程度增加。雄虫异常鸣声引发的雌、雄虫间的求偶声很微弱,交尾前雌雄相遇所需时间延长,交尾持续时间缩短。印楝种子提取物喷雾处理茶梢,对假眼小绿叶蝉雄虫鸣声以及雌雄虫间的交尾行为无影响。