滨海滩涂盐碱地甜高粱生长和地上部干物质积累特性的研究

摘 要：【研究目的】明确不同密肥水平下滨海滩涂盐碱地甜高粱生长特性、干物质积累特征,为盐碱地甜高粱高产栽培提供理论基础。【方法】以甜高粱ST008为试验材料,采用二因素随机区组设计,研究不同种植密度及氮肥用量水平对盐碱地甜高粱农艺性状、产量及茎秆糖锤度的影响,利用通径分析,对甜高粱不同生育阶段干物质积累与生物产量、糖锤度之间的相互关系进行了相关性分析。【结果】甜高粱ST008在种植密度120000株/hm2、氮肥用量300kg/hm2条件下获得的生物产量、籽粒产量和茎秆含糖量较高,株高、叶片数、茎粗等较为适宜。通径分析表明,拔节至抽穗期地上部干物积累量和生物产量、茎秆含糖锤度之间呈极显著的正相关关系,对提高生物产量、茎秆糖锤度的贡献最大。【结论】盐碱地甜高粱在密度120000株/hm2、施氮量300kg/hm2水平下生物产量最高。提高拔节至抽穗阶段甜高粱植株的光合生产是提高甜高粱产量、含糖量的关键。     

种植密度对甜高粱生长发育、产量及含糖量的影响

研究了不同种植密度对杂交甜高粱辽甜1号的生长发育、产量及茎秆汁液含糖量的影响。结果表明,不同种植密度下株高、茎叶比、叶面积指数、叶绿素含量和茎秆含糖量在生育后期均存在明显差异;且产量受种植密度影响较大,甜高粱辽甜1号鲜株产量和子粒产量均显著增加。综合分析,种植密度为8.25万株/hm²较为适宜。     

种植密度对高产夏玉米登海661产量及干物质积累与分配的影响

选用玉米品种登海661和农大108,设置不同种植密度,研究高产条件下种植密度对夏玉米产量及干物质积累与分配的影响。结果表明,种植密度增加后群体产量和干物质积累量显著增加,单株产量和干物质积累量反之。登海661在9万株 hm^-2时充分发挥了生长潜能,可获高产。随种植密度的增加,开花期和乳熟期茎秆干物质积累量的降幅大于叶片,主要影响茎秆干物质积累;成熟期茎秆干物质积累量降幅小于叶片,主要影响叶片干物质积累。乳熟期以后茎秆和叶片的干物质输出率均随种植密度增加显著减少,茎秆的贡献率随种植密度增加显著减少,而叶片的贡献率,随种植密度增加显著增加。密度3~9万株 hm^-2时茎秆对籽粒干物质积累量贡献率大,10.5~13.5万株 hm^-2时叶片对籽粒库建成影响大。     

不同氮素水平下加工型辣椒干物质积累和氮吸收特性

为促进氮肥的合理利用,本研究采用基质培养法,营养液定量浇灌,分析了正常施氮量的60%、80%、90%、100%、120%和140%等6个氮素水平下加工型辣椒的干物质积累和氮素吸收特性。结果表明,随着施氮水平的提高,叶片干重、果实干重、茎干重、根干重和植株干重呈不断增加趋势,各部位氮含量在80%～100%施氮水平范围达到最大值,90%施氮水平下的叶片干重、根干重和果实干重,以及各部位氮含量和氮积累量都与100%、120%和140%氮素水平下无显著差异;相关性分析表明,氮积累量与叶片干重、茎干重、果实干重、根干重和植株干重相关性最高,而与氮含量相关性较小;不同氮素水平下植株氮含量的细微差异能够反映其营养状况,而干物质量的多少能够反映其氮积累量的多少。本研究可为加工型辣椒合理施用氮肥提供理论参考。     

种植行向对玉米茎叶形态建成与产量的调控效应

以玉米品种郑单958为材料,2012–2013年采用田间不同行向种植设计,研究了种植行向对玉米茎叶形态建成和产量的调控。结果表明,种植行向对玉米叶和茎的形态建成影响显著。与南北行向(N-S)相比,东西行向(E-W)显著促进了中上部叶片(第11~第17叶)的伸长,增加了叶面积,但对叶宽影响不显著。种植行向显著影响了玉米茎秆质量,E-W种植方式显著促进了植株中下部节间的伸长和增粗,增加了第9和第10节间单位长度干重和茎秆折断强度。种植行向对拔节期植株干重没有显著影响,但E-W种植方式在大口期至成熟期的单株总生物量积累显著高于N-S种植,同时促进了干物质由叶、茎向雌穗的转移,显著提高了收获指数。E-W种植方式显著增加了玉米千粒重,提高了产量。因此,华北地区E-W种植方式可显著促进玉米茎叶生长和植株干物质积累,增加粒重,提高收获指数,提高产量。     

密度对甘蓝型矮秆油菜干物质及氮素积累分配的影响

探讨矮秆油菜干物质与氮素积累分配对种植密度的响应及其与高秆品种的差异,以期为矮秆油菜合理密植提供参考依据.盆栽条件下,选用矮秆油菜MJ01(V1)和高秆油菜川油36(V2),设置2种密度(2,4株/盆)处理,研究密度对矮秆油菜干物质及氮素积累分配的影响及其与高秆油菜的差异.结果显示:加大种植密度,提高了矮秆油菜地上部植株干物质和氮素积累,增加了干物质、氮素在茎秆中的分配比例,降低了干物质、氮素在角果壳和籽粒中的分配比例.与高秆油菜相比,矮秆油菜地上部植株干物质和氮素积累较低,干物质和氮素在籽粒中的分配比例相对较高.矮秆油菜与高秆油菜之间的籽粒产量并无显著差异.增加种植密度,矮秆油菜氮收获指数略有升高,经济系数和氮生理利用效率则呈下降趋势.相同密度下,矮秆油菜的经济系数、氮收获指数和氮生理利用效率均大于高秆油菜,但差异均不显著.与高秆油菜相比,矮秆油菜的地上部植株干物质和氮素积累较低,经济系数、氮收获指数和氮生理利用效率较高,并且在适宜种植密度下矮秆油菜也可获得较高的籽粒产量.     

不同地域气象条件对甜高粱农艺性状的影响

将30份甜高粱材料分别在哈尔滨和北京种植,以研究不同地域的气象条件对主要农艺性状的影响,结果表明：出苗至开花日数、生育日数、株高、穗长、单穗重和千粒重等性状变化很大;而茎粗、分蘖和含糖量性状变化幅度较小;相同品种在哈尔滨种植与北京种植相比,生育期延长、植株变高、穗变长、单穗重和千粒重增加,各性状的变化主要是由于两个地域不同的气候条件造成的;茎粗和分蘖不受气象因素的影响,主要由品种本身特性及种植密度、田间管理等因素决定。     

减源对甜高粱光合产物生产和分配的影响

为了探明甜高粱中下部叶片对其糖产量的影响及其茎秆是否具有一定的竞争能力,以甜高粱丽欧为试验材料,采用所有叶片剪去一半,剪去上数1～5叶及剪去上数6～10叶3个处理方式,研究处理对茎秆糖产量及穗生物量的影响。结果发现减源处理使得光合产物的供应减少,这导致甜高粱茎秆生物量的显著下降,但是对穗干物质积累和茎秆糖含量没有影响。减源处理导致茎秆可溶性糖产量的下降是由于茎秆生物量的下降而引起。各种剪叶处理都对茎秆糖产量有显著影响,并且剪中下部叶片的影响稍大于剪上部叶片,所以,对甜高粱来说,中下部叶片同样重要。穗至少在建成之后相对于茎秆具有绝对竞争优势。在今后的育种过程中,培育直立型叶片,改善中下部叶片的受光状况;减小穗部是提高产量的可选途径。     

不同生态环境对甜高粱生长、糖锤度及产量的影响

试验选择8个代表性的甜高粱品种分别在半干旱地区、半湿润地区种植,研究两种生境对不同甜高梁品种苗期生长及成熟期农艺性状、生物产量、糖锤度的影响.结果表明:半干旱地区种植的甜高粱苗期生长速度高于半湿润地区,植株含水量低于半湿润地区;在成熟收获期,半干旱地区种植的甜高粱品种株高、茎粗均低于半湿润地区,生物产量均低于半湿润地区,茎秆含水量略有下降,茎秆糖锤度均高于半湿润地区,半干旱条件降低甜高粱的生物产量,增加茎秆汁液锤度.本试验为筛选适宜吉林省西部半干旱地区种植的甜高梁品种提供理论依据.     

甜高粱资源茎汁糖分含量的鉴定方法

甜高粱作为生物能源作物,衡量其优劣的重要依据主要视其单位面积产糖量的高低。而单位面积产糖量,除种植密度外,主要是与单株产糖量即单(株)秆重、出汁率、含糖量等因素有关。具体方法如下: 1.单(株)秆重的测定测定去掉穗子、叶片、叶鞘及根的茎秆鲜重。分蘖性品种的有效分蘖均应计算在内。小区试验时每份品种测定的数量以10株为宜,求其平均单(株)秆重。     

Effect of Deheading on Juice Quality Characteristics and Sugar Yield of Sweet Sorghum

A field experiment involving 10 sweet sorghum cultivars was undertaken to study the effect of panicle removal at anthesis on juice quality characteristics and sugar yield in sweet sorghum; control plants were left intact. The plants were harvested at grain maturity, and juice extracted from the millable stalk was analysed for sucrose contact (Pol percentage), brix and purity. Deheading treatment resulted in significant increases in millable stalk and sugar yields over those of the intact control plants. As a result of panicle removal, stem dry matter accumulation increased and side tillers were generated. The amount of juice extracted increased in the treated plants, but sucrose (Pol percentage), brix and purity levels in the juice were reduced in comparison with the intact plants.     

Dry matter,nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation,partitioning and remobilization as affected by N and P fertilization and source–sink relations

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum L.) is being increasingly grown in many areas of the world, but there is a lack of information about the physiological processes limiting grain yield. In this study, different rates of N and P fertilization were applied and the source:sink ratio was manipulated to examine the factor(s) limiting grain filling under rainfed conditions. Plants exposed to four fertilization treatments (control, 80 kg N ha^?1 (N), 50 kg P ha^?1 (P) and 80 kg N ha^?1 and 50 kg P ha^?1 (N–P)) and were artificially modified to obtain a range of different source:sink ratios. The treatments were (I) control; (II) half of the spike was removed; (III) all the spike was removed. The cultivar Cosmodur was used, which is widely grown in Greece and other Mediterranean countries and is quite productive especially under rainfed conditions. The distribution of dry matter, N and P among grains, stems and leaves was analyzed at anthesis and harvesting. Dry matter accumulation and partitioning into different plant parts was different between the fertilization treatments and the control. At anthesis, leaf + culm dry matter was higher than the chaff dry matter. Total aboveground biomass increased after anthesis in both years and at all fertilization treatments. N fertilization affected N concentration at the whole plant level at anthesis and at maturity. There was an average increase of 20% in N concentration with N application at anthesis in both years relative to the control. N content was affected by the fertilization treatments and it was increased by 33% over the 2 years of the study compared with the control. In addition, P fertilization affected P concentration both at anthesis and maturity in every plant organ, and there was also a significant effect of the change of P concentration at the two different growth stages. P accumulation was also affected by the fertilization regime and by the spike halving treatment. Dry matter translocation was an average of 22% higher at the fertilized treatments compared with the control, which indicates that fertilization led plants to translocate higher amount of dry matter. N and P translocation were affected by the fertilization treatment and in some treatments by the sink reduction. The spike reduction treatment increased the pre-anthesis contribution to seed indicating that the N and P remobilization from vegetative tissues were very important for grain development. The present study indicates that N and P fertilization and sink size can affect dry matter, N, and P accumulation, partitioning, and retranslocation of durum wheat which can affect seed yield.     

不同贮藏方式对甜高梁茎秆含糖量的影响

作者旨探讨可作为再生能源的甜高粱贮藏期间的糖的种类及含量变化和减少糖分损失的贮藏方法,为科学合理贮藏甜高粱茎秆方法提供理论依据。采用甜高粱品种新高梁4号茎秆在捆扎竖立堆垛和捆扎横放堆垛两种条件下贮藏至157-199天期间其总糖、可溶性糖、还原糖、蔗糖及纤维素含量的变化。结果表明: 横放条件下的甜高粱茎秆总糖、可溶性糖、还原糖、蔗糖含量比竖放的甜高粱高;竖放与横放的甜高粱茎秆纤维素含量无变化。     

Evidence for a ‘uniculm effect’ in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a mediterranean environment

Summary The concept of the uniculm habit as an important feature of a wheat ideotype for a mediterranean environment was evaluated under field conditions. A uniculm plant produces a single shoot and when sown in a stand exemplifies a non-tillering crop with a fixed density of shoots throughout the growing season. Yield and harvest index of normal tillering spring wheat was compared with that of the same crop surgically detillered throughout the growing season to a constant density of 2 shoots per plant. The use of a biculm, whilst retaining the uniculm principle of a fixed density of shoots throughout the growing season, permitted comparison on a single crop sowing at normal field density.The control plots followed the usual pattern of tillering for the region attaining a maximum of about 4.0 shoots per plant by early spring. Shoot number declined to 2.3 and 2.6 per plant by maturity in 1978 and 1979, respectively.Detillered plots outyielded the controls by 14 per cent in 1978 (2.05 v. 1.80 tonnes ha^-1) and 22 per cent in 1979 (1.84 v. 1.51 tonnes ha^-1). Harvest indices were 0.39 v. 0.35 in 1978 and 0.30 v. 0.24 in 1979 for detillered and control plots, respectively.Higher leaf area indices and better water relations after anthesis in biculm stands indicated more efficient water use when shoot population was controlled at near optimum level. Irrigation at anthesis reduced the difference in yield between detillered and control plots.Although the uniculm principle was demonstrated with biculms in practice control of shoot number will require the use of genetic uniculms.     

An assessment of the genetic relationship between sweet and grain sorghums, within Sorghum bicolor ssp. bicolor (L.) Moench, using AFLP markers

Compared to grain sorghums, sweet sorghums typically have lower grain yield and thick, tall stalks which accumulate high levels of sugar (sucrose, fructose and glucose). Unlike commercial grain sorghum (S. bicolor ssp. bicolor) cultivars, which are usually F₁ hybrids, commercial sweet sorghums were selected as wild accessions or have undergone limited plant breeding. Although all sweet sorghums are classified within S. bicolor ssp. bicolor, their genetic relationship with grain sorghums is yet to be investigated. Ninety-five genotypes, including 31 sweet sorghums and 64 grain sorghums, representing all five races within the subspecies bicolor, were screened with 277 polymorphic amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Cluster analysis separated older sweet sorghum accessions (collected in mid 1800s) from those developed and released during the early to mid 1900s. These groups were emphasised in a principle component analysis of the results such that sweet sorghum lines were largely distinguished from the others, particularly by a group of markers located on sorghum chromosomes SBI-08 and SBI-10. Other studies have shown that QTL and ESTs for sugar-related traits, as well as for height and anthesis, map to SBI-10. Although the clusters obtained did not group clearly on the basis of racial classification, the sweet sorghum lines often cluster with grain sorghums of similar racial origin thus suggesting that sweet sorghum is of polyphyletic origin within S. bicolor ssp. bicolor     

Energy Input and Output Analysis of four Field Crops in California1

Four crops, corn (Zea mays L.), sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) were grown in irrigated plots at the experimental farm of the University of California, Davis, in 1980 and 1981. Six fertilizer N levels ranging from 0 to 280 kg ha^?1 were used to estimate the most efficient N input for each of the tested crop in terms of energy input and output analysis. Calculations of cultural energy input costs in relation to potential ethanol yield showed production requirements of: corn 30.9 GJ ha^?1, sweet sorghum 30.4 GJ ha^?1, fodder beet 49.4 GJ ha^?1 and sugarbeet 41.0 GJ ha^?1. Highest average energy inputs were for liquid fuels for operations 35%, irrigation 23% and fertilizer nitrogen 19%. Fodder beet had the highest fermentable carbohydrate yield at 13.05 Mg ha^?1 followed by sugarbeet at 11.5 Mg ha^?1. Sweet sorghum and corn yields were lower at 9.71 and 8.09 Mg ha^?1, respectively. Crop production inputs of energy per liter of potential ethanol were: corn 6.42 MJL^?1 sweet sorghum 5.25 MJL^?1, fodder beet 6.35 MJL^?1 and sugarbeet 5.95 MJL^?1.     

不同种植密度对甜高粱糖分积累及SS、SPS活性的影响

对甜高粱2个品种XT-2、T601设置7个不同种植密度处理,分析了甜高粱不同生育阶段总糖含量、还原糖含量、蔗糖含量、SS和SPS活性的变化。2个品种的总糖含量随生长进程均升高,成熟期达最高值。其还原糖的变化趋势不一致,XT-2呈升高-平缓-降低的趋势,T601呈升高-降低的趋势。2个品种在整个生育期蔗糖含量均呈升高的趋势,成熟期达最高值。T601除密度处理B6 (6170株 hm^–2)外其他处理SS活性均呈升高-降低-升高的趋势,XT-2无明显规律。XT-2除密度处理B2 (11 110株 hm^–2)、B4 (7929株 hm^–2)外其他处理SPS活性均呈升高-降低-升高的趋势,T601无明显规律。综上所述,甜高粱品种XT-2最适于糖分积累的密度为9250 株 hm^–2,成熟期总糖含量达14.2% (鲜基),T601的最适密度为11 110株 hm–2,成熟期总糖含量达14.31%(鲜基),作为积累糖的原料,后者为最佳选择。完熟期SS活性下降、SPS活性上升有利于糖的积累,为最佳收获时期。     

氮肥水平和种植密度对冬小麦茎秆抗倒性能的影响

以中穗型小麦品种山农15为材料,在2个氮肥水平(180 kg hm^-2和240 kg hm^-2)和2个密度(150×10⁴ hm^-2和225×10⁴ hm^-2)下,研究了抗倒性能相关的形态学特征、茎基部节间化学组分、抗倒指数（茎秆机械强度/茎秆重心高度）、木质素合成相关酶活性和籽粒产量的变化特点,以及抗倒指数与形态学和生化指标的相关性。结果表明,施氮水平和种植密度间存在显著的互作效应,当施氮水平由180 kg hm^-2增至240 kg hm^-2或种植密度由150×10⁴ hm^-2增加到225×10⁴ hm^-2时,茎秆重心高度、基部节间长度显著提高,基部节间直径、厚度、充实度、机械强度和抗倒指数显著降低,同时茎秆基部节间纤维素含量、木质素含量显著减少,含氮量显著升高,碳氮比(C/N比)以及木质素合成相关酶活性显著降低。逐步回归分析表明,氮肥水平对小麦抗倒性的影响大于种植密度。本试验条件下,氮肥水平180 kg hm^-2和种植密度为150×10⁴ hm^-2的处理穗数较低,但穗粒数和千粒重显著高于其它处理,因而籽粒产量最高。建议在降低氮肥用量至180 kg hm^-2的同时降低种植密度至150×10⁴ hm^-2,可在增强植株抗倒伏能力的同时获得高产。     

甜高粱茎秆含糖量研究

采用77个粒用高粱和21个甜高粱作为研究材料,对甜高粱的含糖量进行了研究。结果表明,甜高粱茎秆的含糖量是粒用高粱的2~5倍,而且茎秆秆芯蜡质,汁液含量高。甜高粱茎秆不同茎节的含糖量有差异,其含糖量随节位由低到高的变化趋势有4种类型,并以低-高-低的变化占多数,因此利用中间节段第4,7,9节的含糖量平均值可表示植株含糖量。收获后,随着茎秆水分的丧失,其含糖量逐渐上升,但是25 d后开始急剧下降。