SPOT-5遥感影像自身融合在马尾松毛虫害信息提取中的应用

以福建沙县作为研究区,在阐述遥感图像融合原理的基础上,以SPOT-5全色与多光谱影像为数据源,应用IHS变换、PCA融合、Brovey变换、乘积变换和HPF融合等5种比较常用的融合方法,从提高空间分辨率和保持原始图像光谱信息及虫害信息提取的角度进行了分析评价,探讨最适合于利用SPOT-5图像进行马尾松毛虫害信息提取的融合方法。研究结果表明:各种融合方法中,HPF融合方法效果最好。     

高分一号卫星影像融合方法及质量评价

影像融合是提高影像利用的有效方法之一。利用Brovey变换融合、PC主成分变换、GS融合和NND融合4种方法对高分一号的多光谱影像和全色影像进行融合试验。通过目视评价和定量评价方法对影像的融合效果进行评价。结果表明,Brovey变换融合方法在空间细节上表现好,PC主成份变换的光谱畸变小,但空间信息损失大,GS融合和NND融合在空间细节和光谱保真2方面表现都不错。     

松花坝水源区Landsat 7 ETM+遥感影像融合对比研究

采用IHS变换、Brovey变换、PCA变换、Gram-Schmidt变换、CN变换和小波变换等遥感影像融合方法,对松花坝水源区2002年Landsat 7 ETM+多光谱数据与全色波段进行融合,并结合影像的光谱统计参数选取相应评价指标,对这些方法进行评价.结果表明,6种融合方法均能不同程度地提高影像质量,源于同一传感器的不同分辨率影像融合能够有效避免异源传感器影像融合所常见的实相及校正误差,PCA变换效果最佳.     

多源遥感影像的融合方法效果分析

在IRS—P6遥感影像的多光谱与CBERS-2B遥感影像的全色PAN波段之间进行融合,对乘积变换、比值变换、IHS变换和主成分分析4种常见的融合方法进行对比分析,并对融合后的影像进行主观定性评价和客观定量评价。研究表明：IHS变换效果相对最优,在较好地保持原多光谱影像光谱信息的同时,大大地提高了影像的空间分辨率,对云区的地物色彩表现力上也较好。研究对于使用多源遥感影像融合获取高质量影像有着重要的参考价值。     

中国资源一号02C卫星数据的融合及应用

以2013年浙江省龙泉地区的多光谱和全色影像为数据源,在影像配准、校正基础上,经Brovey,GramSchmidt,高通滤波,HSV,IHS,主成分与小波变换等7种融合方法,采用定性与标准化定量的分析评价其影像的融合效果。结果表明HSV,IHS变换,HPF变换及GS变换为较适宜该影像数据的融合方法。在此基础上通过分类后精度评价的方法,进一步验证HPF融合方法最优且该融合后的影像适宜采用最大似然法进行分类。     

国产高分辨率遥感影像融合方法比较与分析

GF-1,ZY-3和ZY1 02C三种国产卫星数据为研究对象,在分析单波段信息熵的基础上,运用联合熵,最佳指数和相关系数矩阵确定3种影像数据的最佳波段组合,选择具代表性的PC、Brovey、GS、IHS和MT变换融合等五种基于像素的融合方法对影像进行融合,分析融合前后影像联合熵以及融合后各影像波段的梯度变化。研究结果表明:(1)GF-1的最佳组合为Band1、Band3及Band4,ZY-3的最佳组合为Band2、Band3及Band4,ZY-1 02C数据的最佳波段组合为Band1、Band2及Band3;(2)融合后影像中Brovey变换融合的联合熵小于融合前,其余4种融合方法联合熵均大于融合前联合熵值;(3)GF-1、ZY-3和ZY 1 02C影像数据最佳融合方法分别为GS融合、PC融合以及IHS变换融合。     

北京平原造林地Pleiades卫星影像融合评价

通过CN波谱融合、PCA主成份变换、Brovey变换、HCS变换、HPF高通滤波变换、Pan Sharpen变换、GS光谱锐化、SFIM基于亮度调节的平滑滤波等8种不同的遥感影像融合方法,对北京市延庆县蔡家河流域平原造林地的Pleiades卫星全色和多光谱影像进行融合,通过定性和定量方法从光谱保真、人工造林地林木自动识别精度等方面评价遥感影像融合效果。结果表明:8种影像融合方法各有优势,其中HCS融合方法操作简便,产生的遥感图像光谱保真强,人工造林地林木自动识别精度高,是一种适于Pleiades卫星影像进行林地监测的较好融合方法。     

基于分类方法的泉州湾湿地信息提取

对2002年3月7日的泉州湾湿地ETM+卫星影像采用SFIM融合法、PCA融合法、Brovey融合法和IHS融合法对多光谱影像和全色波段进行融合,并进行融合影像评价,选取融合效果最好的SFIM融合影像进行进一步分析。将ETM+原始未融合影像与SFIM融合影像采用相同分类模板、相同波段和相同分类方法进行分类。研究表明,2种方法提取的泉州湾湿地信息精度都满足精度要求;而SFIM融合影像的分类精度有所提高,但效果不是很明显,这可能是因为湿地地物类型相对较简单,各地物间的可分性相对较高的缘故。     

多源遥感数据融合及其对植被识别的影响

融合数据因其综合了不同遥感数据源的优势,充分协同利用了多源信息,被广泛应用于各个领域。SPOT-5遥感卫星集合了多重分辨率、多种遥感器于一身,该特点使得它在资源环境调查和规划与动态监测、地图制图与更新等领域得到广泛应用。本文从SPOT-5数据的自身融合和SPOT-5与ETM+数据融合两方面着手,利用遥感应用中常用的HIS变换、Brovey变换、HPF变换,探寻有利于植被识别的融合方法。结果表明:1)HPF变换对目视判读最为有利,依次是Brovey变换法、HIS变换法;2)SPOT-5数据自身融合的视觉效果优于SPOT-5与ETM+两种数据融合的;3)将植被分为5种类型,对SPOT-5自身融合影像进行目视判读,再通过实地验证,得出HPF变换、Brovey变换、HIS变换的加权精度分别为:82.99%、79.01%、71.02%。     

QuickBird遥感影像的融合及在土地利用类型调查中的应用研究

应用比值变换、IHS变换、主成分变换等3种影像融合方法对QuickBird多光谱和全色遥感影像进行融合，并对融合结果进行了评价；以增强处理效果好的QuickBird影像3、4、1或3、4、2波段彩色合成图像为基础建立解译标志，进行人机交互式解译分类一一进行土地利用类型的专题信息提取，并利用地理信息系统软件制作土地利用类型现状图。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。