鸡新城疫-传染性支气管炎-禽流感(H9亚型)三联灭活疫苗对H9亚型禽流感流行毒株的保护效果

为了检验鸡新城疫、传染性支气管炎、禽流感(H9亚型)三联灭活疫苗对H9亚型禽流感病毒流行毒株的免疫保护效果,将鸡新城疫、传染性支气管炎、禽流感(H9亚型)三联灭活疫苗免疫接种21日龄SPF鸡,免疫接种后3周采血测定AI(H9)HI抗体,并用2004年-2012年分离的8株H9亚型禽流感病毒对免疫接种鸡进行攻毒试验.结果显示,试验鸡免疫接种三联灭活苗后21 d,其H9 HI抗体效价可达11.88 log2,可抵抗8个不同H9亚型禽流感流行毒株的攻击,总攻毒保护率达92.50％(37/40).鸡新城疫-传染性支气管炎-禽流感(H9亚型)三联灭活疫苗中H9亚型禽流感毒株具有良好的免疫原性,能抵抗不同年代不同地区分离的H9亚型禽流感流行毒株的攻击.     

鸡新城疫、传染性支气管炎、禽流感(H9亚型)三联灭活 疫苗(La Sota株+M41株+SS/94株)免疫程序研究

设计不同的免疫程序,用鸡新城疫、传染性支气管炎、禽流感(H9亚型)三联灭活疫苗(La Sota株+M41株+SS/94株)免疫黄羽肉鸡,通过对ND、IB、H9抗体滴度监测,探讨ND、IB、H9抗体消长规律及鸡新城疫、传染性支气管炎、禽流感(H9亚型)三联灭活疫苗(La Sota株+M41株+SS/94株)的免疫程序。试验结果表明,用鸡新城疫、传染性支气管炎、禽流感(H9亚型)三联灭活疫苗(La Sota株+M41株+SS/94株)免疫黄羽肉鸡后,其诱导产生的ND、IB、H9抗体的消长规律基本同步;仅于10日龄免疫一次三联灭活苗,其抗体水平较低,于20、40日龄二免、三免或10日龄先用鸡新城疫病毒(La Sota株)、禽流感病毒(H9亚型,SS/94株)二联灭活疫苗作基础免疫,20或40日龄再用三联灭活苗作加强免疫,则上述3种抗体均快速上升,且维持时间长。根据试验结果,建议按照正常免疫程序作基础免疫的健康肉鸡,饲养期较短的可于20日龄左右用鸡新城疫、传染性支气管炎、禽流感(H9亚型)三联灭活疫苗(La Sota株+M41株+SS/94株)作加强免疫,0.3 mL/只;饲养期较长的则于40日龄左右用鸡新城疫、传染性支气管炎、禽流感(H9亚型)三联灭活疫苗(La Sota株+M41株+SS/94株)作加强免疫,0.5 mL/只。     

H9亚型禽流感病毒HF株灭活疫苗对流行毒株的免疫保护研究

为评价H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HF株灭活疫苗对流行毒株的免疫保护效果,将禽流感病毒HF株灭活疫苗和商品化鸡新城疫、禽流感(H9亚型)二联灭活疫苗分别以0.3 mL/只接种21日龄SPF鸡,3周后采血测定HI抗体效价,并用2018年-2019年分离的4株H9亚型禽流感病毒分别进行攻毒。结果显示,免疫后21 d, HF株灭活疫苗免疫组HI抗体效价达到9.1 log2以上,商品化疫苗HI抗体效价几何平均值则为6.3 log2以内。4株H9亚型禽流感病毒流行毒株以10~(7.0)EID_(50)的剂量静脉攻毒后,HF株灭活疫苗免疫组可抵抗流行毒株的攻击,保护率为100%;而商品化疫苗对流行毒株的攻毒保护率仅为40%～60%。说明H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HF株灭活疫苗具有较强的免疫原性,能使免疫鸡抵抗流行毒株的攻击。     

鸡新城疫、传染性支气管炎、禽流感(H9亚型)三联灭活苗(La Sota株+M41株+Re-9株)应用效果研究

鸡新城疫、传染性支气管炎、禽流感(H9亚型)三联灭活苗(La Sota株+M41株+Re-9株)(三联苗(Re-9株))为国内首个采用基因重组H9亚型禽流感疫苗株研制的新支流三联灭活疫苗。为研究疫苗上市后的实际应用效果,使用7日龄AA肉鸡和260日龄产蛋期蛋鸡评价三联苗(Re-9株)有效性。结果显示:肉鸡免疫后14 d即可激发抗体,免疫后21 d,新城疫病毒(NDV)、传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)、H9亚型禽流感病毒(H9 AIV)的血凝抑制(HI)抗体分别达8.6log2、6.2log2、8.3log2,出栏时仍维持在较高水平;于免疫后14 d抽样进行NDV、H9 AIV攻毒,对照组均100%发病或排毒,免疫鸡均可获得100%保护;在蛋鸡上,免疫三联苗(Re-9株)后28 d,NDV、IBV、H9 AIV的HI抗体效价分别达12.0log2、7.8log2、12.2log2,免疫后6个月仍可以维持在较高水平。结果表明:三联苗(Re-9株)在实际应用中免疫效果较好,本研究将为鸡新城疫、传染性支气管炎、H9亚型禽流感的防控提供有力支撑。     

H9亚型禽流感病毒流行毒株交叉免疫攻毒保护试验

采用1998-2009年在河北、河南及山东分离的3株禽流感H9亚型流行毒株,分别制备灭活疫苗,免疫SPF鸡,免疫后21 d,采血测定HI抗体,然后用从上述3个地区及北京分离的共5株禽流感H9亚型流行毒株进行攻击,观察不同时期及地点分离的H9亚型流行毒株的交叉免疫攻毒保护效果。结果显示,用不同时期及地点的3个分离毒株所制备出的灭活疫苗免疫鸡后,各免疫组试验鸡H9亚型禽流感的HI抗体效价均明显上升,不同毒株灭活疫苗所诱导产生的HI抗体效价存在着不同程度的差异,用同源毒株作为抗原测定免疫组鸡的血清样品,可获得较高的HI抗体效价。攻毒试验结果证明,对不同时期及地点分离的禽流感H9亚型流行毒株间产生了较好的交叉保护力。用1998年分离的WD98株制备出的灭活疫苗对目前的流行毒株仍具有较好的保护效力。     

新城疫与禽流感(H9亚型)二联油乳剂灭活苗免疫效力试验

用新城疫病毒（NDV）LaSota株与禽流感病毒（AIV）F株尿囊腔接种非免疫难胚，取72－120小时死亡鸡胚液。灭活后分别制成新城疫油乳剂灭活苗、禽流感（H9亚型）油乳剂灭活苗、新城疫与禽流感（H9亚型）二联油乳剂灭活苗，免疫7日龄非免疫雏鸡，一周后开始检测ND、AI血凝抑制（HI）抗体体，两周时各免疫组鸡的抗体效价都达到6log2以上，3周达到高峰，后维持在较高水平达45天以上，在65日龄进行攻毒，结果单苗和二联苗免疫鸡全部得到保护。     

H9N2亚型禽流感流行分析及疫苗毒株的筛选

本研究旨在筛选新型免疫原性好、广谱的优秀 H9亚型禽流感病毒疫苗株。通过 H9N2分子流行病学调查对分离得到的37株禽流感 H9N2亚型病毒进行 HA 基因分子遗传进化及其关键位点分析,利用交叉 HI 效价及鸡胚中和试验分析毒株间毒力及其相关性,制备疫苗用毒株进行免疫攻毒保护试验。结果显示,从37株病毒中选出12株病毒作为代表,分为3个分支,同分支之间交叉 HI 效价及中和效价最高。HI 试验及鸡胚中和试验均显示同分支毒株间的相关系数高。免疫攻毒保护试验显示同分支疫苗株安全性高。表明我国禽流感 H9N2亚型情况复杂,且疫苗保护效果与疫苗株的抗原匹配性密切相关,生产多种分支 H9疫苗株联合更有利于控制 H9型禽流感,     

禽流感(H9亚型)油乳剂灭活苗的研制

将H9亚型禽流感病毒尿囊液经甲醛灭活,以矿物油为佐剂制成灭活疫苗.疫苗物理性状良好,接种鸡无不良反应.接种疫苗后14、21、30、60天攻击同型禽流感病毒,接种鸡全部获得保护.现地试验取得了良好的免疫效果.证明制备的油乳剂灭活疫苗安全,免疫原性良好.     

H9N2亚型禽流感灭活疫苗的免疫效果评价

为充分了解10多年来在生产中普遍使用的H9N2亚型禽流感(AI)灭活疫苗(F株)对鸡群的免疫保护效果,本研究以F株灭活疫苗分别接种SPF鸡和罗曼鸡,通过检测其抗体水平,分析比较抗体消长规律;同时以2009～2010年间从免疫鸡群中分离到的9株H9N2亚型AIV为素材,通过F株灭活苗免疫攻击试验,来评价该疫苗对上述9株分离株体内感染的免疫保护效果。结果显示:F株灭活疫苗免疫SPF鸡和罗曼鸡3周后,产生的HI抗体效价均在7log2以上,且持续时间长,SPF鸡达15周,罗曼鸡在11周以上。SPF鸡免疫群用F9株、L9株、S9株和D9株和F株攻击7d后,对鸡的咽喉和泄殖腔排毒有100%的抑制作用,用其它5株(F119、W9、YD、M和D119)攻击后的抑制作用为90%;罗曼鸡免疫群用L9株、F9株、S9株、D9株、W9株和F株攻击7d后,对鸡咽喉和泄殖腔排毒有100%的抑制作用,用其它4株(F119株、YD株、M株和D119株)攻击后的抑制作用为90%;未接种疫苗的对照组鸡攻击7d后排毒率均为10/10。     

H9N2亚型禽流感流行株灭活疫苗种毒的筛选

为筛选出具有良好免疫原性的禽流感病毒(AIV)H9N2亚型灭活流行株种毒,选择2008年中国大陆8个省份15株H9N2亚型AIV分离株进行抗原性分析,选取代表流行株进行鉴定并制备灭活疫苗,进行免疫效力评估。实验结果显示,2008年分离株之间抗原性比较接近,与2000年前分离株的抗原性相差较大;2008年分离的8株病毒HA基因核苷酸同源率在93.2%～98.6%之间,而CK/SH/10/01毒株与这8株病毒的同源率仅在91.9%～93.5%之间;CK/ZJ/17/08、CK/SD/2CZ/08、DK/FJ/560/08、CK/FJ/521/08、CK/HuN/174/08和CK/HuN/33/08候选株病毒在SPF鸡胚上连续传15代HA价及致病性等均未改变,SPF鸡鼻腔感染106EID50各毒株后均无任何症状和死亡出现;候选株灭活疫苗免疫SPF鸡3周时,产生针对疫苗株抗原检测的HI抗体介于10.35log2～11.811log2,以106EID50剂量鼻腔感染途径攻毒后,只有CK/HuN/174/08和CK/HuN/33/08株灭活疫苗免疫鸡不仅可以对同源毒株的攻击提供良好的免疫保护,而且对2008年分离的异源毒株的攻击也能提供比较理想的免疫保护,可作为适合我国大部分地区应用的H9N2亚型禽流感灭活疫苗种毒株。     

3株H9亚型禽流感病毒的分离与鉴定

为了获得H9亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)流行毒株并掌握流行毒株的分子特征和致病性,采用病毒分离、血凝性试验、鸡胚半数感染量(EID₅₀)测定、HA基因序列分析、致病性试验、交叉保护性试验等对3份临床疑似H9亚型AIV感染病料进行了研究。结果:3份临床病料样品可引起10日龄SPF鸡胚规律性死亡,3株分离毒株对1%鸡红细胞的凝集效价分别10log₂、11log₂和10log₂;对SPF鸡胚的EID₅₀分别为10^-8.83/mL、10^-9.50/mL和10^-9.0/mL;与2018年上海分离毒株亲缘关系较近,进化树处于同一分支;对SPF雏鸡的发病率分别为80%、100%和90%;均未引起SPF雏鸡死亡;彼此之间具有100%的交叉保护率,商品化禽流感(H9亚型)灭活疫苗对3株分离毒株的保护率分别为100%、90%和100%。本试验成功分离鉴定到了3株低致病性H9亚型AIV流行毒株,并证实当前商品化疫苗对H9亚型AIV流行毒株仍具有较好的保护效果。     

Comparative molecular characterization,pathogenicity and seroprevalence of avian influenza virus H9N2 in commercial and backyard poultry flocks

This study was conducted to perform the comparative molecular characterization of avian influenza virus (AIV) H9N2, pathogenicity and seroprevalence in commercial and backyard poultry flocks. Fifty commercial poultry flocks were investigated between 2012 and 2015. Eighteen flocks (36%) out of 50 were positive HA. Seven (38.9%) out of 18 were positive by chromatographic strip test for AI common antigen. By Real-time RT-PCR, only two flocks were positive H9. The molecular characterization of two different AI-H9N2 viruses, one isolated from a broiler flock (A/chicken/Egypt/Mansoura-18/2013) and the other from a layer flock (A/chicken/Egypt/Mansoura-36/2015) was conducted on HA gene. Moreover, a higher seroprevalence, using the broiler strain as a known antigen, was shown in backyard chicken flocks 15/26 (57.7%) than duck flocks 9/74 (12.2%). Interestingly, the pathogenicity index (PI) of the H9N2 broiler strain in inoculated experimental chickens ranged from 1.2 (oculonasal route) to 1.9 (Intravenous route). The PI indicated a highly pathogenic effect, with high mortality (up to 100%) in the inoculated chickens correlated with the high mortality (80%) in the flock where the virus was isolated. The firstly recorded clinical signs, including cyanosis in the combs and wattles and subcutaneous haemorrhages in the leg shanks and lesions, as well as histopathology and immunohistochemistry, revealed a systemic infection of the high pathogenicity with the H9N2 virus. Conversely, the H9N2 layer strain showed a low pathogenicity. In conclusion, as a first report, the molecular analysis and pathogenicity of the tested strains confirmed the presence of a high pathogenicity AIV-H9N2 with systemic infections.     

Isolation,Identification and Immunogenicity Evaluation of H9N2 Subtype Avian Influenza Virus HF Strain

In 2015,an H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) strain was isolated from a chicken farm in Hefei,Anhui,and named HF strain.The results of the chicken embryo proliferation characteristics study showed that the half infection rate of chicken embryo (EID₅₀) was 10^9.17/0.1 mL,and the mean time to death for minimum lethal dose(MDT) was 87 h.The analysis result of HA gene showed that its amino acid cleavage site was located in RSSR↓GLF,which accorded with the characteristics of low pathogenic avian influenza.The genetic evolution analysis of HA gene revealed that the isolate belonged to the h9.4.2.5 lineage,which accorded with the current virus strain epidemic characteristics.The HF strain was prepared with 10 H9N2 subtype AIV isolates which isolated from all over the country from 2006 to 2018 to prepare inactivated vaccines,immunize SPF chickens,prepare positive sera,and analyze the virus antigenicity by cross hemagglutination inhibition test.The results showed that the correlation between the HF strain and the virus antigens before 2014 and was between 0.50-0.56,and the virus antigen correlation after 2014 was 0.89-1.00.This showed that the isolate had good antigenic correlation with epidemic strains in recent years.Inactivate HF strain virus solution with 0.2% formaldehydel,and its HA titer did not change before and after inactivation.After the inactivated virus solution was prepared into an oil emulsion inactivated vaccine to immunize SPF chickens,21 days after immunization,the average value of the HI antibody titer reached 9.0log2.It could make immune chicken completely resistant to H9 subtype AIV infection and provide 100% protection from challenge.The above research results showed that the HF strain had good immunogenicity and could be used as a vaccine candidate strain for the prevention of H9N2 subtype AIV.     

H9亚型禽流感病毒HF株的分离鉴定和免疫原性评价

2015年,从安徽合肥某养鸡场分离出一株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒（AIV）,命名为HF株。该毒株鸡胚半数感染量（EID₅₀）为10^9.17/0.1 mL,最小致死量的平均死亡时间（MDT）为87 h。对其HA基因分析发现,其氨基酸裂解位点为RSSR↓GLF,符合低致病性AIV特征;HA基因的遗传进化分析结果表明,该分离株属于h9.4.2.5谱系,符合当前毒株流行趋势。将HF株与2006-2018年分离自全国各地的10株H9N2亚型AIV分离株同时制备灭活疫苗,免疫SPF鸡,制备阳性血清,通过交叉血凝抑制试验分析病毒抗原性,结果显示HF株与2014年之前毒株抗原相关性介于0.50~0.56之间,与2014年及之后毒株抗原相关性介于0.89~1.00之间,表明该分离株与2014年之后的流行毒株具有良好的抗原相关性。用0.2%甲醛灭活HF株病毒液,其HA效价在灭活前后未发生变化;用灭活抗原制备油乳剂灭活疫苗免疫SPF鸡,免疫后21 d HI抗体效价几何平均值达到9.0log2以上,可使免疫鸡完全抵抗H9亚型AIV的感染,提供100%的攻毒保护。研究结果表明,HF株具有良好的免疫原性,可作为疫苗候选株用于H9N2亚型禽流感疫苗的研制。     

基于马赛克HA序列的H9亚型禽流感灭活疫苗的免疫效力分析

H9亚型禽流感在我国家禽中广泛流行,给养禽业造成巨大经济损失的同时,也严重威胁着公共卫生安全。H9亚型禽流感病毒（avian influenza virus,AIV）具有高度遗传变异性,导致流行株和疫苗株之间抗原匹配性差,从而影响疫苗的临床保护效果,急需研发一种高效、具有交叉保护性的通用型H9亚型禽流感疫苗。马赛克疫苗是针对遗传多样性病原体设计,通过整合所有抗原序列获得一条抗原表位覆盖最广泛的嵌合蛋白,并制备疫苗。本研究参考mosaic疫苗设计原则,设计、优化并合成了一条H9亚型禽流感病毒的mosaic血凝素（hemagglutinin,HA）基因序列,采用反向遗传操作技术,以H1N1亚型流感病毒PR8株为骨架,以mosaic H9HA序列替换PR8株的HA片段,获得重组病毒rPR8-HAm/H9。将其制备为灭活疫苗并免疫SPF雏鸡,监测抗体水平、攻毒保护效果,评价其交叉保护效果。结果表明,重组病毒rPR8-HAm/H9灭活疫苗免疫SPF雏鸡,可诱导机体产生较高水平的HI抗体和中和抗体,可显著抑制攻毒后病毒的脱落,对H9N2 AIV JM0305株的攻毒保护率为80%。rPR8-HAm/H9灭活疫苗可以对异源H9N2 AIV JM0305株产生较好的交叉攻毒保护,为研发基于马赛克技术的禽流感通用疫苗提供了前期基础。     

禽流感H9亚型流行毒株交叉免疫保护试验

采用北京市农林科学院畜牧兽医研究所1998年-2008年在北京及河北省分离的4株禽流感病毒H9亚型流行毒株,分别制备不同分离毒株灭活疫苗,免疫SPF鸡,进行交叉免疫保护试验。结果表明,用4个不同时期的分离毒株所制备出的灭活疫苗免疫鸡后,各免疫组鸡禽流感(H9亚型)的HI抗体效价均明显上升,所诱导产生的HI抗体效价基本相同;不同时期分离毒株大多产生了较好的交叉保护力。用1998年、2004年及2006年分离的流行毒株制备出的灭活疫苗能够保护2008年流行毒株的攻击。     

Protection of chickens after live and inactivated virus vaccination against challenge with nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus PA/Wolgemuth/98

Protection provided by live and inactivated virus vaccination against challenge with the virulent nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (NIBV) strain PA/Wolgemuth/98 was assessed. Vaccinations with combinations of live attenuated strains Massachusetts (Mass) + Connecticut (Conn) or Mass + Arkansas (Ark) were given by eyedrop to 2-wk-old specific-pathogen-free leghorn chickens. After live infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccination, some chickens at 6 wk of age received an injection of either an oil emulsion vaccine containing inactivated IBV strains Mass + Ark or an autogenous vaccine prepared from NIBV PA/Wolgemuth/98. Challenge with PA/Wolgemuth/98 was given via eyedrop at 10 wk of age. Serum IBV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody geometric mean titers (GMTs) after vaccination with the combinations of live attenuated strains were low, ranging from 184 to 1,354, prior to NIBV challenge at 10 wk of age. Both inactivated vaccines induced an anamnestic response of similar magnitudes with serum GMTs of 6,232-12,241. Assessment of protection following NIBV challenge was based on several criteria virus reisolation from trachea and kidney and renal microscopic pathology and IBV-specific antigen immunohistochemistry (IHC). Live attenuated virus vaccination alone with combinations of strains Mass + Conn or Mass + Ark did not protect the respiratory tract and kidney of chickens after PA/Wolgemuth/98 challenge. Chickens given a live combination vaccination of Mass + Conn and boosted with an inactivated Mass + Ark vaccine were also susceptible to NIBV challenge on the basis of virus isolation from trachea and kidney butshowed protection on the basis of renal microscopic pathology and IHC. Live IBV-primed chickens vaccinated with an autogenous inactivated PA/Wolgemuth/98 vaccine had the highest protection against homologous virulent NIBV challenge on the basis of virus isolation.     

Generation and evaluation of reassortant influenza vaccines made by reverse genetics for H9N2 avian influenza in Korea

The prevalence and continuous evolution of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in poultry have necessitated the use of vaccines in veterinary medicine. Because of the inadequate growth properties of some strains, additional steps are needed for producing vaccine seed virus. In this study, we generated three H9N2/PR8 reassortant viruses using a total cDNA plasmid-transfection system, as an alternative strategy for developing an avian influenza vaccine for animals. We investigated the vaccine potency of the reassortant viruses compared with the existing vaccine strain which was adapted by the 20th serial passages in embryonated eggs with A/Ck/Kor/01310/01 (H9N2). The H9N2/PR8 reassortant viruses, containing the internal genes of the high-yielding PR8 strain and the surface gene of the A/Ck/Kor/01310/01 strain, could be propagated in eggs to the same extent as existing vaccine strain without additional processing. Similar to vaccine strain, the H9N2/PR8 reassortant viruses induced hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies in chickens and prevented virus shedding and replication in multiple organs in response to homologous infection. However, due to the continuing evolution and increasing biologic diversity of H9N2 influenza in Korea, the vaccine provided only partial protection against currently isolates. Taken together, our results suggest that the H9N2/PR8 reassortant virus can be used as a seed virus for avian influenza vaccines in poultry farm. Considering the constant genetic changes in H9 strains isolated in Korea, this reverse genetic system may offer a prompt and simple way to change the vaccine seed virus and mitigate the impact of unexpected influenza outbreaks.