马铃薯脱毒及微型薯繁育技术体系的研究与应用

介绍了马铃薯茎尖脱毒及微型薯繁育技术的发展概况,对马铃薯脱毒种薯生产中的茎尖分生组织诱导成脱毒苗、马铃薯脱毒试管苗的快繁和试管薯的生产以及马铃薯脱毒小薯的生产等关键技术进行了综述,同时还对脱毒马铃薯的病毒检测技术作了简单的介绍。     

马铃薯脱毒试管苗扦插剪尖次数与繁殖系数及经济收益分析

马铃薯脱毒试管苗扦插剪尖次数与繁殖系数及经济收益分析余显蓉，李艳（四川省凉山州西昌农科所西昌６１５０００）１－ｇｉ言在马铃薯脱毒微型薯工厂化生产中，围绕降低脱毒微型薯成本，加快繁殖速度这一问题，我们作了试管苗扦插成活后，在７０ｄ收薯的前提下，不同剪尖...     

不同培养方式和成分对马铃薯脱毒试管苗生长的影响

1　前　言组织培养马铃薯植株 ,并进行微繁和脱毒种薯的生产 ,在实践中已得到广泛应用。甘肃省农科院脱毒中心每年生产 10 0万粒原原种 ,需要提供大批量的脱毒试管苗。为了降低成本 ,适合产业化生产的需求 ,我们对试管苗的培养基进行了研究 ,从培养方式、碳源和用水三方面进行了一系列对比试验。通过观察比较 ,找到了马铃薯试管苗较好的培养方式和优化搭配 ,提出了一套脱毒试管苗快速繁殖及优质、低成本的生产方案。2　材料与方法2 1　供试材料本中心提供的陇薯 3号脱毒试管苗。　 收稿日期 :1999-0 8-152 2　方法以ＭＳ为基本培养基 ,…     

不同水源及培养瓶对马铃薯试管苗和试管薯的影响

试管薯体积小,不耐储藏是试管薯应用的瓶颈。培育健壮脱毒马铃薯试管苗是生产高质量试管薯的前提。以脱毒马铃薯试管苗克新13和荷兰15为材料,通过对不同水源(自来水和蒸馏水)和培养瓶(透气和不透气)生产的试管苗和试管薯的比较,得出以下结论:自来水比蒸馏水生产的试管苗健壮,试管薯体积比较大;透气瓶生产的试管薯外观好,无气孔外翻现象,耐储藏。     

马铃薯假植苗快繁技术

1　前　言用脱毒马铃薯做种薯可增产 30 %以上 ,这是实践所证明的。然而 ,目前生产脱毒种薯的成本高 ,脱毒种薯的售价偏高 ,不仅制约了脱毒种薯的推广 ,而且因为种薯的使用年代长 ,导致脱毒种薯的优良性状再度退化。脱毒种薯的繁殖过程大体分为试管苗繁殖阶段 ,温室扦插剪切繁殖假植苗 ,生产微型薯阶段或移栽假植苗生产原原种阶段。在试管苗繁殖阶段 ,由于技术性较高 ,设备投资大 ,因此生产出的试管苗成本较高 ,这是造成脱毒种薯成本高的主要原因。在温室扦插剪切繁殖假植苗阶段 ,如果管理措施得当 ,就可以成倍地提高试管苗的剪切繁殖率。作…     

马铃薯试管薯的诱导和应用

试管薯与试管苗一样是马铃薯脱毒原原种薯生产的基础。研究从诱导试管薯形成的最佳接种密度、利用试管薯生产脱毒种薯和保存种质资源的优越性3个方面进行。结果表明,进行试管薯诱导时每瓶接种10个茎切段能获得较多数量和较高质量的试管薯。利用试管薯生产脱毒种薯,可以提高脱毒苗的成活率,保证了脱毒薯的产量和质量,是比较优良的生产方式。运用试管薯保存种质资源,可以减少转接次数,降低病毒病的累加机率,提高了苗源质量,是一种较为实用和保存时间长的方法。     

试管苗扦插与微型薯苗扦插生产微型薯比较试验

1　前　言目前 ,马铃薯脱毒技术已经很广泛地应用于马铃薯生产 ,并取得了非常明显的增产、增收的效果。但常规利用试管苗扦插生产微型薯的技术存在成本高 ,生产出的微型薯百粒重低 ,在进一步繁育过程中会导致发芽势弱 ,容易烂薯的现象。同时 ,试管苗扦插生产出的微型薯中小于 1ｇ的薯较多 ,这些非常小的微型薯就更难在生产上直接应用。为了降低成本 ,提高微型薯百粒重 ,我们于 2 0 0 1年春季进行了试管苗扦插与微型薯苗扦插生产微型薯技术的比较试验。2　材料与方法2 1　材料供试材料为郑薯 5号脱毒微型薯 (小于 1ｇ)、脱毒试管苗 ,郑薯 6…     

陇中高寒阴湿区马铃薯脱毒试管苗网棚大田移栽生产种薯技术

甘肃会川处于祁连山余脉、黄土高原、秦岭余脉的交汇处,海拔2240m,年平均气温5℃,年降水量500mm左右,无霜期131d,土壤属黑麻土,有翅蚜虫少且迁飞晚,适宜马铃薯种植。为此,在甘肃省农科院会川试验站温、网室内,进行了马铃薯试管苗网棚大田移栽生产脱毒种薯的试验,探索出适合于甘肃省中部高寒阴湿区的马铃薯脱毒种薯生产关键技术,以提高马铃薯脱毒试管苗的繁殖系数,缩短脱毒种薯的生产周期,扩大生产规模,降低生产成本。现将其技术环节介绍如下。     

三种不同苗源生产脱毒马铃薯原原种产量比较试验

对3种不同苗源（试管薯、试管苗、扦插苗）生产脱毒马铃薯原原种的产量进行对比试验,结果表明：（1）在常规栽种季节（四川地区春季为3月20日~4月20日,秋季为8月25日~9月25日）的条件下,试管薯生产原原种的产量最高,每株平均为3.5粒,试管苗与扦插苗产量相当,每株平均为2.8粒;（2）在延迟栽种的情况下,其产量高低为试管薯〉试管苗〉扦插苗,试管薯每株平均为1.9粒,试管苗为2.0粒,扦插苗为1.8粒;（3）方差分析表明,常规栽种季节试管薯与试管苗和扦插苗的产量分别达显著水平,延迟栽种条件下3者产量均未达显著水平。因此,大规模生产脱毒马铃薯原原种企业在常规栽种季节建议使用试管薯苗源,而延迟栽种的情况下建议大量使用扦插苗进行生产。     

脱毒马铃薯组培工厂化育苗成本核算

植物组织培养技术经几十年的发展,已成为世界上应用最成功的生物技术之一。试管苗的工厂化扩繁生产随着规模的不断扩大,逐渐建立了一套高效低成本的试管苗工厂化生产技术体系。本文对年产100万株脱毒马铃薯组培苗的成本构成、成本核算进行了计算和分析,旨在为马铃薯及其他苗木组培工厂化育苗计算成本、分析经济效益和降低生产成本提供参考。     

卡拉胶和琼脂为固定物对马铃薯脱毒组培苗生长的影响

本文讨论了卡拉胶和琼脂为固定物，对马铃薯脱毒组培苗生长的影响。用卡拉胶培养的组培苗生长明显快于琼脂培养基的组培苗，且生产成本低     

碳源浓度对不同光源培养的马铃薯脱毒试管苗生长的影响

就培养基碳源浓度对不同光源培养的马铃薯脱毒试管苗生长的影响进行了系统的研究 ,分析了自然光照培养的优势。结果表明 ,利用自然光照培养马铃薯脱毒试管苗 ,培养基最适宜的碳源浓度为 12 5g/L ,较人工灯光培养的最适宜碳源浓度 2 0g/L减少了三分之一 ,降低培养基成本 3% ,移栽成活率提高 8 91% ,总体降低试管苗生产成本 2 6 5%。     

基施有机肥对马铃薯原原种生产及二次结薯的影响

以早熟马铃薯‘早大白’为供试品种,在防虫温室内进行了有机肥对脱毒马铃薯试管苗生长及二次结薯影响的试验,旨在探索提高微型薯产量及试管苗利用率的途径。试管苗移栽70 d后收获微型薯并尽量保护好根系,继续使其结薯,进行多次收获。结果表明:多次收获微型薯的产量远高于一次性收获的微型薯产量,因此二次结薯可大大提高试管苗的生产效率。全部追施处理二次结薯单株结薯2.3粒,而基施有机肥33 kg/667 m2条件下单株结薯3.8粒,因此基施有机肥有利于试管苗的生长。     

倍力凝在马铃薯脱毒试管苗生产中的应用研究

以倍力凝取代琼脂作培养基固化剂， 观察其对马铃薯脱毒试管苗茎节切段的影响。结果表明， 用倍力凝作固化剂， 试管苗生长发育明显较琼脂作固化剂的试管苗迅速、健壮， 植株鲜重较对照高８－７ ％ ， 而生产成本降低２０％ 。     

Assessment of Possibilities of Microtuber and in vitro Plantlet Seed Multiplication in Field Conditions. Part 1: PVY,PVM and PLRV Spreading

Currently in vitro plantlets and microtubers provide the basis for pre-base production of potato seeds, from which minitubers are produced under covers – they serve later as seed material to be planted in the field. The aim of the research was to determine the possibility for multiplication of material produced in vitro directly in field conditions. The research assessed PVY, PVM and PLRV infection of potato tubers derived from plants grown directly from in vitro plantlets, microtubers, minitubers and traditional seed potatoes planted in the field at different times. Moreover, testing in laboratory conditions, the susceptibility of these plants to virus infection was determined for the case of artificial inoculation of Myzus persicae and Aphis nasturtii. It was found that the infection of tubers derived from in vitro plantlets and microtubers was greater than that of seed potatoes and minitubers. Yet it seems that the reason for their higher infection level resulted not from the plant’s sensitivity or its greater attractiveness to aphids but from a largely unknown cause. Earlier planting of microtubers and in vitro plantlets in the field in case of the more resistant cultivar and certainly later in relation to the main time of planting had an impact on limiting the PVY and PVM infection of potato tubers. Hence multiplication of microtubers and in vitro plantlets in field conditions could be very economical using cultivars which are relatively resistant to viruses. However, adopting a later than usual planting period (end of June) and applying an additional protective cover (such as non-woven agricultural fabric) in the first period of a plant’s growth, promotes multiplication of microtubers and in vitro plantlets in field conditions for cultivars with low resistance levels.     

不同抑菌剂对马铃薯试管苗生长的影响

为降低马铃薯组培苗的污染率,试验对不同浓度的医用抗生素、防腐剂、化学农药的抑菌效果以及对马铃薯组培苗生长及生根的影响进行了研究。试验数据表明：70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂和50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂对马铃薯组培苗生产中最常见的青霉菌、细菌和酵母菌3种菌都具有较好抑制作用,并且对马铃薯试管苗的生长以及生根产生的负影响最小。     

马铃薯脱毒试管苗网棚大田移栽生产种薯

为改变目前马铃薯脱毒种薯生产中存在的多、杂、乱、差、代数不清的局面,改革原有的脱毒薯多级生产体系,建立二级脱毒种薯生产体系,为市场提供质优、价廉的脱毒种薯.本试验尝试直接用脱毒试管苗经很植后,移栽于网棚内,株行距为20 cm×60 cm,生产零代薯.从而省去了用脱毒苗生产微型薯的环节,并且结薯量远远高于生产微型薯,大大...     

Potato minituber production from nodal cuttings compared to wholein vitro plantlets using low volume media in a greenhouse

Summary A greenhouse minituber production system involving low inputs of in vitro potato plantlets and propagation media is described, in vitro plantlets of six potato cultivars were sectioned into nodal cuttings and separately planted into moist peat based growing medium in shallow plastic trays. Cultivar differences were evident with respect to node viability, shoot regrowth and minituber yields. Nodal viability for shoot regrowth varied between 80–100%. Maximum shoot heights were recorded with whole in vitro plantlets (WIP) and the terminal Node-5 cluster. All cuttings produced minitubers. The terminal Node-5 cutting and WIP produced significantly larger minitubers >3.0 g as compared to single node cuttings. Greater numbers of minitubers were produced by the cvs Norchip, Red Pontiac and Conestoga as compared to cvs Eramosa. G8610-4PY and Shepody. Total numbers of minitubers were 3 to 5 times higher from each in vitro plantlet that was sectioned into nodal cuttings as compared with intact WIP: the yield ratios depended on cultivar.     

Vegetative propagation ofSolanum tuberosum L. in vitro

Summary During the last 20 years many investigations have been carried out with respect to in vitro culture of different organs and tissues of the potato. So far, however, the results of attempts to realize shoot organogenesis and embryogenesis have been rather unsuccesful. Preliminary experiments with the potato clone EM 52 are described, with results which demonstrate the possibility of the production of numerous adventitious shoots on explants of the rachis of a compund leaf cultivated in vitro. After a subculture of the shoots, root formation could be induced and subsequently plantlets produced.