苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻中的残留消解动态及残留分析

本文建立了气质联用仪测定稻田环境中苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯的残留分析方法,对苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻、土壤和田水中的消解动态和残留规律进行了研究。苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米、稻壳、植株、土壤和田水中的最低检测浓度均为0.20 mg/kg,最小检出量为0.2 ng,在不同样品中的平均加标回收率为80.8%~109.5%,相对标准偏差在1.7%~19.7%之间。田间试验结果表明,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解动态规律均符合一级动力学反应模型,苯醚甲环唑在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为6.3~11.6 d和1.4~11.6 d;嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为3.6~8.7 d和2.9~23.1 d。以推荐剂量600 g/hm2和1.5倍推荐剂量900 g/hm2,最多施药3次,距最后一次施药15 d时,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米中的最高残留量分别为0.461 mg/kg和0.634 mg/kg,低于我国国家标准《食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB2763-2014)中规定的糙米中苯醚甲环唑最大残留限量0.5 mg/kg和欧盟、美国规定的糙米中嘧菌酯最大残留限量5.0 mg/kg。     

氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑在香蕉上的残留分析及膳食风险评估

建立了氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑在香蕉全果和果肉中的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法,在云南进行了规范残留试验,研究了氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑在香蕉上的残留消解行为并进行了长期膳食暴露风险评估。结果表明：在0.01~1 mg/kg添加范围内,氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑在香蕉全果和果肉中的平均回收率分别为75%~115%和78%~106%,相对标准偏差分别为1.0%~5.0%和1.0%~5.3%,方法最低检出浓度均为0.01 mg/kg。氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑在云南香蕉中的半衰期分别为16.9、20.4 d。施药后21、28、35 d收获的香蕉中,氟唑菌酰羟胺残留量均低于0.01 mg/kg,苯醚甲环唑在香蕉中的最高残留量为0.048 mg/kg。风险评估结果表明,香蕉中氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑残留长期膳食摄入风险较低,处于安全水平。该方法准确度高,灵敏度高,线性良好;残留消解试验及膳食风险评估为氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑在香蕉上的合理安全使用提供科学依据。     

六种杀菌剂对马铃薯粉痂病的盆栽防治效果

随着马铃薯产业的持续发展,马铃薯粉痂病已成为限制马铃薯种植的重要土传病害,为筛选能有效防控其发生危害的杀菌剂供生产应用,研究采用盆栽拌土和灌根的方法比较了6种杀菌剂对马铃薯粉痂病的防治效果。结果表明,3种杀菌剂对马铃薯粉痂病的防治效果显著,分别是50%嘧菌环胺水分散粒剂、325 g/L苯醚甲环唑·嘧菌酯悬浮剂、560 g/L百菌清·嘧菌酯悬浮剂,防效均达到60%以上,但325 g/L苯醚甲环唑·嘧菌酯悬浮剂对产量影响较大,减产高达84.4%。在生产上可采用50%嘧菌环胺水分散粒剂、560 g/L百菌清·嘧菌酯悬浮剂防治粉痂病,而不推荐使用325 g/L苯醚甲环唑·嘧菌酯悬浮剂。     

苯醚甲环唑在黄瓜及土壤中的残留消解行为研究

为了研究苯醚甲环唑在黄瓜地使用后的生态环境安全性,指导苯醚甲环唑及其制剂的科学合理使用,通过添加回收率实验,借助GC检测技术,研究并建立了黄瓜和土壤中苯醚甲环唑残留量的分析与检测方法,并应用该方法研究了10％苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂在黄瓜地使用后,苯醚甲环唑在黄瓜及土壤中的残留消解动态.结果表明：①黄瓜和黄瓜地土壤样品中残留的苯醚甲环唑可用丙酮提取,二氯甲烷萃取,再经弗罗里硅土（Florisil）层析柱净化,最后用GC-ECD（Ni63）检测,方法的最小检出量为1.0 ×10-11 g,其在黄瓜和黄瓜地土壤样品中的最小检出浓度均为0.05 mg/kg;②当添加浓度为0.05～1.00 mg/kg时,苯醚甲环唑在黄瓜和黄瓜地土壤中的添加回收率在89.22％～99.80％之间,相对标准偏差在1.04％ ～5.41％之间,符合农药残留量分析与检测的技术要求;③10％苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂在黄瓜地使用后,苯醚甲环唑在黄瓜和黄瓜地土壤中的消解半衰期在6.46～9.94 d之间,表明苯醚甲环唑在黄瓜地中属于较易降解农药.     

苯醚甲环唑和噻呋酰胺在香蕉上的残留消解及膳食风险评估

为分析苯醚甲环唑和噻呋酰胺在香蕉上的残留消解行为和膳食摄入风险,于2016年在云南进行了规范残留试验,研究了全蕉、蕉肉和土壤中的消解过程并进行了长期膳食暴露风险评估。结果表明：苯醚甲环唑标准曲线线性方程为y=1.45×10 ⁷x+4.14×10 ⁴,R ²=0.9962;噻呋酰胺标准曲线线性方程为y=2.99×10 ⁶x+1.43×10 ⁴,R ²=0.9954。在0.04~ 1 mg/kg添加水平下,苯醚甲环唑的平均回收率为75%~110%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为0.9%~6.2%;噻呋酰胺的平均回收率为76%~114%,RSD为3.0%~9.5%。苯醚甲环唑与噻呋酰胺在土壤、全蕉、蕉肉中的最低检测浓度（LOQ）均为0.04 mg/kg,最小检出量（LOD）均为5 pg。苯醚甲环唑和噻呋酰胺的消解基本符合一级动力学方程,苯醚甲环唑在全蕉和土壤中的半衰期分别为16、20 d,噻呋酰胺在全蕉和土壤中的半衰期分别为20、27 d。风险评估研究表明,香蕉中残留苯醚甲环唑长期膳食摄入风险可以接受,而噻呋酰胺长期膳食摄入则具有一定的风险。     

嘧菌酯+苯醚甲环唑防治水稻稻瘟病纹枯病示范总结

通过田间药效试验研究嘧菌酯和苯醚甲环唑配合药剂对水稻稻瘟病和水稻纹枯病的防治效果,结果表明:嘧菌酯+苯醚甲环唑配合药剂安全性好、防效高,可推广示范。     

香蕉黑星病防治药剂田间试验

选用45%醚菌·腈水悬浮剂、30%醚菌酯可湿性粉剂、12.5%腈菌唑乳油、30%(苯醚甲环唑＋丙环唑)乳油,开展香蕉黑星病的田间防治效果评价。结果表明：供试的4种药剂6种施药倍数,对香蕉黑星病的防效均大于60%,其中45%醚菌·腈水悬浮剂1 000～1 500倍液的防效达76.96%～81.90%,与30%(苯醚甲环唑＋丙环唑)乳油1 500倍液的防效相当,且防效均显著高于12.5%腈菌唑乳油1 500倍液和30%醚菌酯可湿性粉剂1 500倍液。     

32.5% SC苯醚甲环唑·嘧菌酯对甘蔗凤梨病的田间效果评价

通过浸泡法测定了32.5% SC苯醚甲环唑·嘧菌酯对甘蔗凤梨病的防治效果。结果表明,在甘蔗下种期使用32.5% SC苯醚甲环唑·嘧菌酯1 500倍液浸泡蔗种茎5 min,对甘蔗凤梨病有较好的防治效果,防效为68.93%,显著优于25% SC嘧菌酯1 500倍液、50% WP多菌灵1 000倍液的。该药对蔗种安全、高效,是防治甘蔗凤梨病较为理想的新一代农药,使用剂量,以1 500倍为宜。     

芝麻棒孢叶斑病的发生规律和高效防治药剂的筛选

芝麻棒孢叶斑病是芝麻常发性病害,严重影响着芝麻的产量和品质。为确定芝麻棒孢叶斑病防治的最佳时期,制定有效的药剂防治措施,2017-2019年对黄淮芝麻主产区平舆县的棒孢叶斑病发生情况进行了监测,并测定了16种杀菌剂的室内毒力和田间防效。结果表明,芝麻棒孢叶斑病的发生初期为现蕾期-初花期,病情发展的转折期为初花期-盛花初期（黄淮产区为7月20日-31日,此时田间发病率小于3%或病情指数小于1）。16种供试杀菌剂中己唑醇、咪鲜胺、氟硅唑、戊唑醇、苯醚甲环唑、腐霉利、噻呋酰胺和咯菌腈对芝麻棒孢叶斑病菌的毒力较强,EC₅₀分别为1.5734×10^-4、0.1248、0.7128、1.3922、2.0014、2.7323、5.4327、6.1285 mg/L;噻呋酰胺、己唑醇、嘧菌酯、戊唑醇和苯醚甲环唑的田间防效和增产效果较好,防效分别为67.19%、65.86%、61.17%、60.87%、61.83%,增产率分别为38.96%、36.86%、39.72%、34.96%、38.56%;苯醚甲环唑、己唑醇、嘧菌酯和戊唑醇施药2次的防效和增产效果最佳。综合研究结果,芝麻棒孢叶斑病防治的最佳时期为初花期-盛花初期（黄淮产区7月20日-31日）,或在田间发病率达到3%或病情指数达到1之前进行防治,建议选择噻呋酰胺、己唑醇、嘧菌酯、戊唑醇和苯醚甲环唑等杀菌剂,同一杀菌剂连续施用次数不超过2次,施药间隔10 d。为减少农药残留和防止病原菌产生抗（耐）药性,不同药剂可交替轮换使用。     

抗多菌灵的芒果炭疽病菌的杀菌剂筛选及其交互抗性测定

为筛选抗多菌灵的芒果炭疽病菌的杀菌剂,采用生长速率法测定23种杀菌剂对8株抗、感多菌灵的芒果炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gtoeosporioides Penz.)的室内毒力.通过EC50值、EC90值及杀菌剂间的交互抗性测定等综合分析表明:对芒果炭疽病菌毒力最强的杀菌剂是咪鲜胺,其平均EC50值和EC90值分别为0.04、0.21μg/mL;苯醚甲环唑、丙环唑、吡唑醚菌酯、氟硅唑、氟硅唑·恶唑菌酮、戊唑醇、腈菌唑和多抗霉素对芒果炭疽病菌的毒力也较强,与多菌灵不存在交互抗性,这9种杀菌剂均可作为防治芒果炭疽病的首选杀菌剂.另外,三唑酮、异菌脲、三环唑和代森锰锌也有较好的抑菌效果,可用于芒果炭疽病的防治.通过交互抗性分析,在苯并咪唑类杀菌剂之间,苯并眯唑类杀菌剂与烯唑醇,嘧菌酯、醚菌酯与腈菌唑·醚菌酯,嘧菌酯、醚菌酯与三唑酮,苯醚甲环唑与氟硅唑·恶唑菌酮之间存在交互抗性;而百菌清与嘧菌酯、醚菌酯和腈菌唑·醚菌酯,恶霉灵与嘧菌酯、醚菌酯、腈菌唑·醚菌酯和三唑酮之间存在负交互抗性.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

云南咖啡主要病虫害及防治调查研究

对云南保山、德宏、普洱等地咖啡病虫害开展调查研究,结果表明：咖啡锈病(Hemileia vastatrix Berk et Br.)、炭疽病(Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack)、褐斑病(Cercospora coffeicola Berk. et Cooke)、幼苗立枯病(Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.)、旋皮天牛(Acalolepta cervina Hope)、灭字虎天牛(Xylo     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。