嘧菌酯+苯醚甲环唑防治水稻稻瘟病纹枯病示范总结

通过田间药效试验研究嘧菌酯和苯醚甲环唑配合药剂对水稻稻瘟病和水稻纹枯病的防治效果,结果表明:嘧菌酯+苯醚甲环唑配合药剂安全性好、防效高,可推广示范。     

苯醚甲环唑和噻呋酰胺在香蕉上的残留消解及膳食风险评估

为分析苯醚甲环唑和噻呋酰胺在香蕉上的残留消解行为和膳食摄入风险,于2016年在云南进行了规范残留试验,研究了全蕉、蕉肉和土壤中的消解过程并进行了长期膳食暴露风险评估。结果表明：苯醚甲环唑标准曲线线性方程为y=1.45×10 ⁷x+4.14×10 ⁴,R ²=0.9962;噻呋酰胺标准曲线线性方程为y=2.99×10 ⁶x+1.43×10 ⁴,R ²=0.9954。在0.04~ 1 mg/kg添加水平下,苯醚甲环唑的平均回收率为75%~110%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为0.9%~6.2%;噻呋酰胺的平均回收率为76%~114%,RSD为3.0%~9.5%。苯醚甲环唑与噻呋酰胺在土壤、全蕉、蕉肉中的最低检测浓度（LOQ）均为0.04 mg/kg,最小检出量（LOD）均为5 pg。苯醚甲环唑和噻呋酰胺的消解基本符合一级动力学方程,苯醚甲环唑在全蕉和土壤中的半衰期分别为16、20 d,噻呋酰胺在全蕉和土壤中的半衰期分别为20、27 d。风险评估研究表明,香蕉中残留苯醚甲环唑长期膳食摄入风险可以接受,而噻呋酰胺长期膳食摄入则具有一定的风险。     

甜叶菊叶斑病的病原鉴定和杀菌剂防治效果

为了明确本地区甜叶菊叶斑病在田间的发病情况并筛选杀菌剂,调查、分离和鉴定了该病病原菌,并对6种杀菌剂进行了室内药效试验。结果表明:甜叶菊叶斑病在田间的发病率为11.2%～65.6%,严重发病地块发病率达90%以上;初步鉴定此病菌为链格孢属真菌;通过6种杀菌剂对甜叶菊叶斑病抑菌效果与敏感性分析,10%苯醚甲环唑50μg/mL和20%吡唑醚菌酯80μg/mL的抑菌效果最好,抑菌率分别为93.50%和93.00%,而70%甲基硫菌灵和70%代森锰锌的抑菌效果较差。建议选用10%苯醚甲环唑50μg/mL和20%吡唑醚菌酯80μg/mL药剂防治甜叶菊叶斑病。     

45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪悬浮种衣剂对小麦纹枯病和蚜虫的防治效果

为了解45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪FSC对小麦纹枯病、蚜虫的防治效果及推广用量,室内试验以辽春10号为材料,研究了45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪FSC对小麦生长发育的影响及对纹枯病的防效;田间试验以济麦22和中麦895为试验材料,探索了45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪FSC防治小麦纹枯病、蚜虫的推广剂量。结果发现,133~800g·100kg-1种子的45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪FSC对辽春10号发芽率、株高、根长及鲜重无明显影响;400~800g·100kg-1种子45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪FSC对辽春10号小麦纹枯病有较好防效。400~800g·100kg-1种子45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪FSC对中麦869纹枯病防效为66.4%~86.7%,明显高于对照药剂;对扬花末期蚜虫防效为95.8~97.3%,防效与对照药剂无明显差异;对济麦22纹枯病防效为55.8~62.7%,与对照药剂无明显差异;对扬花末期蚜虫防效为80.2~90.1%,与对照药剂无明显差异。45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪悬浮种衣剂对小麦蚜虫和纹枯病具有良好防治效果,推荐剂量为400~800g·100kg-1种子。     

六种杀菌剂对马铃薯粉痂病的盆栽防治效果

随着马铃薯产业的持续发展,马铃薯粉痂病已成为限制马铃薯种植的重要土传病害,为筛选能有效防控其发生危害的杀菌剂供生产应用,研究采用盆栽拌土和灌根的方法比较了6种杀菌剂对马铃薯粉痂病的防治效果。结果表明,3种杀菌剂对马铃薯粉痂病的防治效果显著,分别是50%嘧菌环胺水分散粒剂、325 g/L苯醚甲环唑·嘧菌酯悬浮剂、560 g/L百菌清·嘧菌酯悬浮剂,防效均达到60%以上,但325 g/L苯醚甲环唑·嘧菌酯悬浮剂对产量影响较大,减产高达84.4%。在生产上可采用50%嘧菌环胺水分散粒剂、560 g/L百菌清·嘧菌酯悬浮剂防治粉痂病,而不推荐使用325 g/L苯醚甲环唑·嘧菌酯悬浮剂。     

不同药剂不同施药次数防治水稻纹枯病田间药效试验

通过田间试验,比较分析了不同药剂对水稻纹枯病的防治效果。结果表明,25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂1 350 g/hm~2、24%噻呋酰胺悬浮剂345 g/hm~2、25%丙环唑乳油600 g/hm~2对水稻纹枯病的防效均在87%以上,43%戊唑醇悬浮剂的防效为74.38%;4种药剂的田间药效比生产上常用药剂井冈霉素的防效分别提高0.79倍、0.75倍、0.69倍、0.43倍,头季和再生季每hm~2综合增收6 499元、4 042元、2 051元、1 913元。从防治效果和经济效益来看,25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂、24%噻呋酰胺悬浮剂、25%丙环唑乳油均可以作为本地防治水稻纹枯病的主体药剂进行推广应用。     

3种杀菌剂防治稻曲病田间药效试验

为提高水稻稻曲病的防治效果,选用27.8%福赛SC(13.9%苯醚甲环唑·13.9%赛呋酰胺)等3种药剂对稻曲病进行药效对比试验。结果表明:27.8%福赛SC(13.9%赛呋酰胺·13.9%苯醚甲环唑)每667m~2用25 m L和30%福连SC(8%戊唑醇·22%多菌灵悬浮剂)每667m~2用70 m L的防效及对水稻制种田的增产效果均显著高于常用杀菌剂30%爱苗EC(15%苯醚甲环唑·15%丙环唑)每667m~2用20 m L的处理。     

几种药剂防治水稻纹枯病药效试验

以3种药剂:240 g/L噻呋酰胺悬浮剂300 g/hm2、300 g/L苯甲·丙环唑乳油300 g/hm2和27.8%噻呋酰胺·己唑醇悬浮剂375 ml/hm2为供试药剂,对水稻灌浆期纹枯病进行药效试验,药后20 d株防效均达到81.71%~89.83%,药后35 d的株防效和病指防效分别达到90.61%~92.79%和93.11%~94.17%,均明显好于对照药剂10%井冈霉素水剂,供试药剂对水稻生长发育无不良影响,3者均有减轻纹枯病危害、提高水稻产量的作用,其中以240 g/L噻呋酰胺悬浮剂300 g/hm2和300 g/L苯甲·丙环唑可湿性粉剂300 g/hm2增产效果较好,尤以240 g/L噻呋酰胺悬浮剂的防效最佳,增产效果最为明显,建议大面积示范应用。     

噻呋酰胺对河南省小麦纹枯病菌的抑制活性

为明确噻呋酰胺对河南省小麦纹枯病菌的抑制活性,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了噻呋酰胺对2016年从河南省15个地市分离的98株病菌的毒力。结果表明,供试菌株对噻呋酰胺的EC_(50)值分布于0.009～0.405μg·mL~(-1),小麦纹枯病菌群体中存在对噻呋酰胺敏感性较低的亚群体,将其中呈连续单峰频次正态分布的大多数菌株的平均EC_(50)值(0.043±0.019μg·mL~(-1))作为病菌对噻呋酰胺的敏感性基线;方差分析及聚类分析显示,同一地市内的菌株对噻呋酰胺的敏感性(即EC_(50)值)差异较大,EC_(50)最大值和最小值之比为1.78～34.89,而不同地市的菌株对噻呋酰胺的敏感性差异不明显,噻呋酰胺EC_(50)平均值为0.035～0.155μg·mL~(-1),EC_(50)最大值是最小值的4.41倍,病菌对噻呋酰胺的敏感性与菌株的地理来源无明显相关性;噻呋酰胺对病菌的毒力与苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇、井冈霉素及甲基立枯磷的毒力间无明显相关性。综上所述,河南省大部分小麦纹枯病菌菌株对噻呋酰胺较为敏感,可将其作为综合防控的备选药剂;生产中可将噻呋酰胺与苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇、甲基立枯磷、井冈霉素4种药剂轮换或交替使用,以延长其使用寿命。     

几种杀菌剂对水稻叶瘟和穗颈瘟的防效比较

穗颈瘟是水稻的主要病害之一,大发生时可引起水稻的大幅减产。近年来水稻灌浆期间天气十分利于其发病,加上长期使用三环唑,虽用药频繁,但防治效果却不理想,因此有必要筛选出更高效的杀菌剂。本文收集了几种新药剂及新结构化合物,以期可以筛选出比现在常用杀菌剂三环唑有更好效果的农药新品种。结果表明:对叶瘟防效最好的为27%三环己唑醇SC,达74.76%;其次为常规对照药剂75%三环唑WP(64.53%)和35%氟唑嘧菌酯SC(64.41%),病指防效超过60%的还有32.5%苯甲·嘧菌酯SC(62.51%)和40%富士一号EC(61.95%);最差的是20%稻瘟酰胺SC,仅为28.5%。对穗颈瘟防效最好的是25%烯肟菌胺三环唑SC,防效达100%;其次为25%吡唑醚菌酯SC(99.25%)和75%三环唑WP+43%戊唑醇WP(98.11%);防效在90%以上的还有10%嘧菌酯SC(95.85%)、9%吡唑醚菌酯SC(94.72%)、20%稻瘟酰胺SC(93.96%)、32.5%苯甲·嘧菌酯SC(92.45%)、75%肟菌酯戊唑醇WG(92.08%)、27%三环己唑醇SC(91.7%)和40%富士一号EC(90.57%);防效最差的是常规对照药剂75%三环唑WP,为72.08%。     

Efficacy and timing of application of fungicides for plum rust control in Turkey

Little information is available regarding the efficacy and timing of modern fungicides for the control of plum rust. In this study, modern fungicides, including triazoles, strobilurins, and benzimidazoles, and a classic fungicide (chlorothalonil) were tested under both greenhouse and field experiments. Excellent disease control was obtained by the pre-inoculation application of all fungicides in the greenhouse experiments. However, only triazoles (tebuconazole, difenoconazole, flusilazole and hexaconazole) were effective when applied up to 6 or 7 days after inoculation. Unexpectedly, strobilurins (azoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin) and benzimidazoles (thiophanate-methyl and carbendazim) were not effective when applied at any time after inoculation. In field experiments, early-season fungicide applications effectively inhibited primary infections; however, these applications provided no apparent benefit in preventing secondary infections and premature leaf fall later in the season. All fungicides provided better control over the season and significantly reduced premature leaf fall when applied immediately after rust pustules (uredinia) were first observed. It is suggested that all fungicides tested in this study can be used for plum rust control. Disease monitoring data indicated that disease severity remained low throughout May but dramatically increased in early June. Mid-May is evidently the best time to initiate fungicide sprays against rust on plums; the spray should be applied before or when rust pustules are first observed and when rust is present at low severity.     

Activities of azoxystrobin and difenoconazole against Alternaria alternata and their control efficacy

Tobacco brown spot caused by Alteraria alternata is a devastating disease of tobacco worldwide. In this study, we reported the effects of a strobilurin fungicide azoxystrobin and a sterol inhibitor difenoconazole on mycelial growth, spore germination, and control of brown spot. Both mycelial growth and spore germination bioassay results showed that sensitivity of A. alternata to difenoconazole was significantly lower than that to azoxystrobin. Azoxystrobin and the compound of azoxystrobin plus difenoconazole provided excellent control efficacy on tobacco brown spot in field. Disease control efficacies for three sprays of azoxystrobin at doses of 0.094, 0.19 and 0.28 Kg a.i./ha, of azoxystrobin plus difenoconazole at 0.15, 0.22 and 0.29 Kg a.i./ha, and of difenoconazole at 0.12 Kg a.i./ha were between 86.00% and 89.67%, between 86.14% and 89.23%, and between 55.14 and 58.41%, respectively. No phytotoxic symptoms were observed for the fungicides in field. These fungicides could potentially be used for brown spot control in tobacco.     

生产上主要杀菌剂对稻瘟病的防效及施药时期研究

稻瘟病是最主要的世界性水稻病害,化学防治是目前最为有效的防控措施。通过室内生测和田间试验相结合的方法,测试了多个特效药剂和广谱药剂对稻瘟病的防治效果,探讨了稻瘟病的最优防治适期和穗颈瘟、稻曲病兼防的可能性。结果表明,三环唑仍然是预防穗颈瘟的特效杀菌剂,而嘧菌酯、肟菌酯·戊唑醇和嘧菌酯·苯醚甲环唑等广谱杀菌剂对叶瘟表现出更好的防控效果。始穗期是防治穗颈瘟的关键时期,在发病严重的情况下在齐穗期再施1次药是必要的。如果选用合适的药剂,破口前施药对穗颈瘟也有一定的防控作用。由于防治稻曲病的最佳施药时期是破口前,因此,一次施药兼防穗颈瘟和稻曲病是可行的。     

五种杀菌剂对花生褐斑病菌室内毒力的影响和田间药效

为了筛选对花生褐斑病田间防治效果好的杀菌剂,结合室内毒力测定(菌丝生长速率法和载玻片萌发法)和田间小区药效试验对四种杀菌剂与常规使用的杀菌剂多菌灵进行了比较。结果表明,室内毒力测定中,多菌灵对菌丝的抑制效果最强,抑菌率为91.4%;其余四种供试杀菌剂中以咪酰胺效果最好,抑菌率达85.6%;王铜效果最差;多菌灵对分生孢子的抑制率为60.9%,其余四种杀菌剂效果差异不显著。田间药效试验结果显示,咪酰胺2 000mg/kg对花生褐斑病的田间防治效果达60.62%,远远高于对照药剂多菌灵(15.53%)以及其它三种供试杀菌剂(王铜、爱可和戊唑醇)。此外咪酰胺比清水对照增产32.28%,也远远高于其它几种药剂。通过室内毒力试验和田间药效试验表明,田间杀菌剂防治花生褐斑病时,咪酰胺比对照药剂多菌灵具有更好的防治效果,适用于花生褐斑病重病地区。     

瑞丽辣木白粉病病原初步鉴定及田间药效试验

为了明确瑞丽辣木白粉病的病原种类，筛选出有效的防治药剂，选用5种低毒高效药剂进行田间防治试验，通过田间观察和形态学方法鉴定病原，结果表明，瑞丽辣木白粉病病原为真菌界半知菌亚门粉孢霉属[Oidium Lk.ex Fr.]真菌。田间药剂防治试验结果表明：75%肟菌酯·戊唑醇水分散粒剂4 000倍液防治效果最佳，间隔7 d用药2次，防效达77.94%；75%肟菌酯·戊唑醇水分散粒剂和37%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂3 000倍液是防治瑞丽辣木白粉病的首选药剂，生产中可交替使用。     

不同药剂防治水稻稻曲病田间药效试验

为筛选防治水稻稻曲病的高效药剂,同时验证在孕穗末期—破口初期施药对稻曲病的防效,2019—2020年连续2年开展了不同药剂防治水稻稻曲病田间试验。结果表明:19%啶氧·丙环唑SC 70 mL/667 m²、125 g/L氟环唑SC 50 mL/667 m²、40%咪铜·氟环唑SC 30 mL/667 m²、25%噻呋·嘧菌酯SC 40 mL/667 m²平均病指防效分别为89.95%、89.85%、87.05%、85.60%,体现了较高防效;75%肟菌·戊唑醇WG 15 g/667 m²,平均病指防效为81.30%,也有较高防效;而36%丙环·咪鲜胺SC 50 mL/667 m²平均病指防效仅为78.20%,防效稍差。前5种药剂可结合稻瘟病防治,在水稻孕穗末期—破口初期使用,能有效控制水稻稻曲病为害。     

不同杀菌剂对花生叶斑病防治效果及产量影响的研究

为筛选出有效防治花生叶斑病的新型药剂,以传统药剂多菌灵为对照,采用三次叶面喷雾法测定了12种新型杀菌剂对叶斑病的防治效果及产量影响,结果表明:12种新型杀菌剂对花生叶斑病的防治效果在18.27%~44.24%之间,其中有效成分为25%吡唑醚菌酯、60%唑醚·代森联、32.5%嘧菌酯·苯醚甲、12%氟环唑、490g/L丙环·咪鲜胺、30%苯甲·丙环唑、46.1%氢氧化铜的防治效果较好,达到30%以上。从产量结果来看,各处理对花生产量增幅在10.53%~25.00%之间,其中增产效果最好的是75%肟菌·戊唑醇、25%吡唑醚菌酯、60%唑醚·代森联,增产效果分别为25%、20.8%和20.3%,显著优于其他药剂。总体来看,12种杀菌剂对花生叶斑病的防治效果与增产效果呈一致趋势。     

Application of fungicides to reduce yield loss in anthracnose-infected lupins

A range of fungicides were evaluated for control of anthracnose (Colletotrichum lupini) in lupin. Glasshouse investigation identified fungicides that reduced disease severity with varying degrees of efficacy. When applied 1 d prior to infection, azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, mancozeb and copper oxychloride fungicides were highly effective. Systemic fungicides such as tebuconazole, benomyl and carbendazim were less effective. Application timing was important; fungicides such as chlorothalonil and mancozeb were less effective when applied 5 d prior to infection compared with 1 d prior. Application after infection was ineffective for all fungicides. In field experiments application of azoxystrobin, mancozeb or chlorothalonil during flowering and podding reduced incidence of anthracnose infection on pods. Yield responses occurred in moderately susceptible, moderately resistant or resistant cultivars. Seed infection was reduced but not eradicated. Application of foliar fungicides for anthracnose control is potentially a viable management option for lupin production in high anthracnose risk areas of Western Australia.     

不同杀菌剂对连作花生叶斑病的防治效果及产量的影响

在大田条件下,通过使用百菌清、苯醚甲环唑、醚菌酯在连作3年花生的苗期、始花期和盛花期以不同组合方式进行喷药处理,探讨3种药剂对连作花生叶斑病的防治效果及产量的影响。试验结果表明,喷施药剂处理区对叶斑病都具有一定的防治效果和增产效果,其中以醚菌酯施3次药处理发病率最低,苯醚甲环唑施3次药处理的防治效果最佳,百菌清施3次药的增产效果最高。     

Disease variation and chemical control of Ramularia leaf spot in sugar beet

Data from 1999 to 2009 on Ramularia leaf spot caused by Ramularia beticola in sugar beet showed that it was a serious disease in sugar beet in 5 out of 11 seasons. The severity and significance of the disease was found to vary depending on events with precipitation, particularly in two specific weeks in July and September. Several fungicides were found to give effective control, and positive net yield responses were found in 9 out of 11 seasons. The average sugar yield response varied in individual years between 0.7 and 2.2 t ha⁻¹. High levels of control of Ramularia leaf spot was obtained in field trials, a semi-field trial and an in vitro test using the compounds pyraclostrobin, epoxiconazole, difenoconazole and propiconazole. Dose response trials with epoxiconazole from two seasons showed both reduced efficacy and yield responses from low doses. They also proved that the optimal input of fungicides varies significantly between seasons depending on disease severity. A sensitivity test of R. beticola to different fungicides showed a normal distribution of sensitivity with no sign of resistance development to either strobilurins or triazoles. Results from a semi-field trial showed both good preventive and curative effects with 84–100% disease control from epoxiconazole, difenoconazole and pyraclostrobin. In order to optimize an IPM control strategy better forecasting systems are needed along with cultivars providing higher levels of resistance to the disease.