长期地下水位管理及施用秸秆对中国亚热带水稻土团聚体形成的影响

Soil organic carbon(SOC) and iron(Fe)-oxides are important contributors of aggregate stability in highly weathered soils, and they are influenced by groundwater management and straw application. A 30-year plot experiment with early rice(Oryza sativa L.)-late rice-winter fallow rotations was conducted using a upland clay soil in cement pools under shallow groundwater table at a depth of 20 cm(SGT) and deep groundwater table at a depth of 80 cm(DGT) to simulate the groundwater tables of two types of important paddy soils, gleyed paddy soils and hydromorphic paddy soils, respectively, in subtropical China. Soil redox potential(Eh) was measured in situ, and 0–20 cm soil samples were collected for the analyses of soil Fe-oxides, SOC, and aggregates under SGT or DGT with different straw application treatments, in order to evaluate the interaction of groundwater management and straw application on paddy soil aggregation and the relative importance of SOC or Fe-oxides on soil aggregation. The results showed that soil Eh was restricted by irrigation, and its variation was more significant under DGT than under SGT. The decreased soil Eh or reduced drying and wetting cycles under SGT resulted in more SOC accumulation with the straw application, had no effect on soil free Fe-oxides(Fed), significantly increased the amorphous Fe-oxide(Feo) and complex Fe-oxide contents, but decreased the crystalline Fe-oxide content(Fed–Feo). The soils under DGT had more macroaggregates than those under SGT, but the difference decreased with the straw application. It could be concluded that soil Fe-oxides were the principal contributing factor to the aggregation of paddy soils in subtropical China and SOC was also an important contributing factor.     

不同氧化还原条件下土壤性质对非石灰性土壤中锌溶解动力学的影响

Zinc(Zn) deficiency in paddy soils is often a problem for rice production.Flooding can decrease metal availability in some noncalcareous soils through different mechanisms associated with soil redox status.Laboratory experiments were performed in order to better understand the processes that governed the dynamics of Zn in non-calcareous paddy soils at varying redox potentials(Eh).Airdried non-calcareous soil samples collected from four different paddy field sites in the Philippines were submerged and incubated in a reaction cell with continuous stirring and nitrogen purging for 4 weeks,and then purged with compressed air for another week to reoxidize the system.The Eh of the four soils started at 120 to 300 mV,decreased to —220 to —300 mV after 100 to 250 h of reduction,and was maintained at this low plateau for about 2 weeks before increasing again upon reoxidation.Zinc solubility showed contrasting patterns in the four soils,with two of the soils showing a decrease in soluble Zn as the Eh became low,probably due to zinc sulfide(ZnS) precipitation.In contrast,the other two soils showed that Zn solubility was maintained during the reduced phase which could be due to the competition with iron(Fe) for precipitation with sulfide.Differences in the relative amounts of S,Fe,and manganese(Mn) oxides in the four soils apparently influenced the pattern of Zn solubility after flooding.     

中国水稻土磷储量及其空间分异

Due to the growing concern about the agricultural phosphorus (P) losses pollution, an in-depth understanding of P in paddy soils of China would be helpful in providing a national perspective of the environmental impact of P cycling and fertility on China’s farms. In this study, we evaluated the P storage and the P density of paddy soils in China, characterized the spatial variations of P among the subgroups of paddy soils and soil regions in China, and evaluated the P data using GIS-based analysis, which included a newly compiled 1:1 M digital soil map of China, and using 1 490 soil profiles. The available and total P densities of paddy soils were 6.7 and 698.5 g m-3, respectively. Overall in China, the total P storage within 1 m of paddy soils was estimated to be 330.1 Tg. The P density of paddy soils varied substantially with subgroups due to the different soil water regimes such as groundwater table and soil drainage. The P availability in paddy soils, especially in surface layer, was higher in high temperature and precipitation areas. Further research is needed to examine more anthropogenic impact factors, such as increasing use of chemical fertilizer.     

上海地区水稻土氮素矿化模拟

Three types of paddy soils, derived from granite, Quaternary red clay and basalt, respectively, were selected to study the effects of Fe and Mn in paddy soils on methane production and emission through pot and incubation experiments. The results indicated that the difference of Fe and Mn in paddy soils was one of the important factors causing obvious differences in methane emission from different soil types. Soil Fe and Mn affecting methane emission from the paddy soils was likely through affecting soil Eh and forming Fe and Mn plaques on rice roots. Different rates and valences of added Fe and Mn significantly affected methane production from paddy soils. Therefore, this study enhanced understanding of processes controlling methane emission from paddy soils and may help to improve modeling and estimating regional and global methane emission from paddy soils.     

利用方式和土壤肥力对土壤团聚体和养分的影响

The size distribution of water-stable aggregates and the variability of organic C, N and P contents over aggregate size fractions were studied for orchard, upland, paddy, and grassland soils with high, medium, and low fertility levels. The results showed that > 5 mm aggregates in the cultivated upland and paddy soils were 44.0% and 32.0%, respectively, less than those in the un-tilled orchard soil. Organic C and soil N in different size aggregate fractions in orchard soil with high fertility were significantly higher than those of other land uses. However, the contents of soil P in different size aggregates were significantly greater in the paddy soil as compared to the other land uses. Soil organic C, N and P contents were higher in larger aggregates than those in smaller ones. The amount of water-stable aggregates was positively correlated to their contribution to soil organic C, N and P. For orchard and grassland soils, the > 5 mm aggregates made the greatest contribution to soil nutrients, while for upland soil, the 0.25-0.053 mm aggregates contributed the most to soil nutrients. Therefore, the land use with minimum disturbance was beneficial for the formation of a better soil structure. The dominant soil aggregates in different land use types determined the distribution of soil nutrients. Utilization efficiency of soil P could be improved by converting other land uses to the paddy soil.     

不同种植模式和土壤类型条件下土壤健康的定量评价

Soil health assessment is an important step toward understanding the potential effects of agricultural practices on crop yield, quality and human health. The objectives of this study were to select a minimum data set for soil health evaluation from the physical, chemical and biological properties and environmental pollution characteristics of agricultural soil and to develop a soil health diagnosis model for determining the soil health status under different planting patterns and soil types in Chongming Island of Shanghai, China. The results showed that the majority of the farmland soils in Chongming Island were in poor soil health condition, accounting for 48.9% of the survey samples, followed by the medium healthy soil, accounting for 32.2% of the survey samples and mainly distributed in the central and mid-eastern regions of the island. The indicators of pH, total organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon and Cd exerted less influence on soil health, while the soil salinization and nitrate accumulation under a greenhouse cropping pattern and phosphate fertilizer shortage in the paddy field had limited the development of soil health. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes, hexachlorocyclohexanes and Hg contributed less to soil health index (SHI) and showed no significant difference among paddy field, greenhouse and open-air vegetable/watermelon fields. The difference of the SHI of the three soil types was significant at P = 0.05. The paddy soil had the highest SHI values, followed by the gray alluvial soil, and the coastal saline soil was in a poor soil health condition, indicating a need to plant some salt-tolerant crops to effectively improve soil quality.     

不同土壤管理措施下基于水蚀过程的含沙量变异及其驱动

In order to prevent soil erosion in southern China, a study was performed to determine the drivers of sediment concentration variation using simulated rainfall and four soil management systems under field condition. Four soil management systems, i. e., forest and grass coverage (FG), forest coverage with disturbed soil surface (FD), contour tillage (CT) and downslope tillage (DT), were exposed to two rainfall intensities (40 and 54 mm h^-1) using a portable rainfall simulator. The drivers of sediment concentration variation were determined by the variations of runoff rate and sediment concentration as well as their relationships. The effects of the four soil management systems in preventing water and soil losses were compared using runoff rates and sediment concentrations at steady state. At runoff initial stage, sediment concentration variation was mainly driven by rainfall and management. The degree of sediment concentration variation driven by flow varied with different soil management systems. Three best relationships between runoff rate and sediment concentration were identified, i. e., reciprocal (CT), quadratic (FG and FD) and exponential (DT). At steady state, runoff rates of the four soil management systems varied slightly, whereas their sediment concentrations varied greatly. FG and CT were recommended as the best soil management systems for preventing water and soil losses.     

土地利用方式对田间植物残体中C、N矿化的影响

Four kinds of plant materials(astragalus,azolla,rice straw and water hyacinth) were allowed to decom-pose for 10 years in two soils with different mineralogical characteristics in fields under upland and submerged conditions.Greater amounts of C and N from azolla were retained in soils throughout the 10-year experi-mental period compared to those from the other plant materials.The residual C of all the plant materials in the two soils under upland conditions mineralized at rates corresponding to half-lives between 4.4-6.6 years,while the corresponding figures for those under submerge conditions were between 6.5-13.1 years,Minera-liztion of residual organic N followed the same pattern as residual C.Compared to residual C,however,the mineralization rates of residual organic N in most cases were significantly lower and the percentages of added N retained in soils were higher.More N from plant materials was retained in the yellow-brown soil than in the red soil,but no consistent differences in the amounts of C from plant materials and in the mineraliztion rates of both residual C and residual organic N between the wto soils could be folund.     

Climatic effects on soil organic nitrogen fractions and amino acid chirality in paddy soils

Soil organic nitrogen (ON) accounts for more than 90%of the total nitrogen (TN) in paddy soils. Inadequate understanding of the different ON fractions in paddy soils and their corresponding bioavailability under different climatic conditions has constrained the development of appropriate nutrient management strategies for rice production. In this study, we applied a modified Bremner method coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography to characterize how soil ON fractions and amino acid ch...     

基于小白菜Cd吸收推算土壤Cd安全阈值

Cadmium(Cd), a common toxic heavy metal in soil, has relatively high bioavailability, which seriously threatens agricultural products. In this study, 8 different soils with contrasting soil properties were collected from different regions in China to investigate the Cd transfer coefficient from soil to Chinese cabbage(Brassica chinensis L.) and the threshold levels of Cd in soils for production of Chinese cabbage according to the food safety standard for Cd. Exogenous Cd(0–4 mg kg~(-1)) was added to the soils and equilibrated for 2 weeks before Chinese cabbage was grown under greenhouse conditions. The influence of soil properties on the relationship between soil and cabbage Cd concentrations was investigated. The results showed that Cd concentration in the edible part of Chinese cabbage increased linearly with soil Cd concentration in 5 soils, but showed a curvilinear pattern with a plateau at the highest dose of exogenous Cd in the other 3 soils. The Cd transfer coefficient from soil to plant varied significantly among the different soils and decreased with increasing soil p H from 4.7 to 7.5. However, further increase in soil pH to 8.0 resulted in a significant decrease in the Cd transfer coefficient. According to the measured Cd transfer coefficient and by reference to the National Food Safety Standards of China, the safety threshold of Cd concentration in soil was predicted to be between 0.12 and 1.7 mg kg~(-1) for the tested soils. The predicted threshold values were higher than the current soil quality standard for Cd in 5 soils, but lower than the standard in the other 3 soils. Regression analysis showed a significant positive relationship between the predicted soil Cd safety threshold value and soil p H in combination with soil organic matter or clay content.     

养猪场处理尾水灌溉对太湖地区水稻土硝酸根异化还原为铵的影响

以太湖地区的湖白土和乌栅土为研究对象,通过室内15N 示踪实验研究了低浓度废水灌溉对土壤异化硝酸根还原为铵（DNRA）的影响。乌栅土DNRA速率和相对潜势分别为0.68 ~ 0.79 mg N kg-1干土 天-1和34.61 ~ 44.45%;湖白土DNRA速率和相对潜势分别为1.14 ~ 1.41 mg N kg-1干土 天-1和54.24 ~ 106.70%。低浓度废水对2种土壤的DNRA速率均影响不大;低浓度废水对湖白土DNRA相对潜势影响不大而明显降低了乌栅土DNRA相对潜势。相关分析表明,土壤DNRA相对潜势与培养开始（r = 0.836,p < 0.05,n = 6）和结束（r = 0.936,p < 0.01,n = 6）时的土壤溶解有机碳 / 硝态氮（DOC / NO3-N）均显著正相关,而与培养始末土壤Eh和DOC含量的相关性不显著。以上研究结果表明,太湖地区乌栅土具有较高的DNRA潜势,实践上有可能通过调控DNRA过程实现保持土壤氮素而减少农田氮损失的目的;尾水灌溉主要通过改变土壤DOC / NO3-N而影响DNRA对NO3-异化还原的贡献且其影响因土壤类型而异。     

干湿交替对水稻土碳氮矿化的影响

通过室内培育试验,研究干湿交替条件下长期不同施肥处理水稻土微生物生物量和理化性状变化对土壤C、N矿化的影响机制.结果表明,与连续淹水(Cw)处理相比,干燥处理不仅显著地提高了所有施肥处理土壤有机C的矿化速率,其幅度为78%～204%,而且也提高了各处理土壤微生物生物量C和N,其幅度分别为55%～77%和57%～72%;干燥后淹水处理土壤有机C矿化速率的提高幅度为74%～95%,呈先降低再升高的趋势.土壤N的矿化在干湿交替过程的干燥处理中降低34%～78%:干燥后淹水过程仅使NPK处理的升高21%,而CK和NPKOM处理分别降低5%和13%.在培养过程中土壤Eh值仅在-60～60 mV范围时,与土壤微生物生物量C之间有显著的负相关关系.在干湿交替的干燥过程,随土壤pH值的升高土壤微生物生物量C有增加的趋势,在淹水条件下土壤pH值则仅与NPKOM处理土壤微生物生物量C之间有明显的负相关关系.干湿交替条件下土壤 pH和 Eh 值、微生物群落组成和数量与有机质的矿化之间的相互作用关系复杂,三者间的作用机理需进一步研究.     

太湖地区稻麦轮作农田改葡萄园对土壤氮转化过程的影响

采用15N成对标记技术结合数值模型,测定太湖地区两种土地利用方式(稻麦轮作农田和葡萄园)下的土壤氮素初级转化速率,探讨了土地利用方式改变对土壤供氮和保氮能力的影响。结果表明,葡萄园土壤初级矿化速率高于稻麦轮作农田土壤,但是其NH4+-N同化速率几乎可以忽略不计(0.02 mg kg-1 d-1),自养硝化成为培养条件下葡萄园土壤NH4+-N的唯一去向。葡萄园土壤初级自养硝化速率(15.85 mg kg-1 d-1)显著高于稻麦轮作农田土壤(13.65 mg kg-1 d-1),但两者初级异养硝化速率和NO3--N同化速率均接近零值。可见,太湖地区稻麦轮作农田改种为葡萄园后,土壤NH4+-N同化速率显著降低而自养硝化速率增加,由此导致更多的NO3--N在土壤中累积,进而可能增加土壤中N的淋溶和径流损失风险。     

不同水分管理模式下坡缕石修复稻田土壤镉污染效果

  目的  探究在合理的水分管理模式下提高坡缕石钝化稻田土壤镉的效率,及坡缕石施加对土壤理化性质、环境质量和水稻抗氧化胁迫的影响。  方法  采用盆栽试验方法,试验设置长期淹水、传统灌溉和湿润灌溉3种水分管理措施,每一水分管理模式下设0%、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%和2.5% 6个坡缕石施加浓度,共18个处理,通过测定土壤pH、zeta电位、有效态镉、稻米生物量、稻米镉含量、土壤酶和叶抗氧化酶活性,分析不同水分管理措施与坡缕石用量组合修复镉污染的效果。  结果  长期淹水、传统灌溉和湿润灌溉下,坡缕石处理土壤pH分别增加0.49 ~ 1.24、0.49 ~ 1.47和0.42 ~ 1.64个单位,0.025 mol L?1 HCl提取态镉含量分别下降15.4% ~ 46.2%,11.5% ~ 39.7%和11.4% ~ 32.4%,毒性浸出法提取态镉最大降幅分别为47.4%、42.4%和40.2%（P < 0.05）。未施加坡缕石条件下,与传统灌溉比,长期淹水、湿润灌溉的稻米生物量降低11.2%和19.3%（P < 0.05）。3种水分管理模式下,坡缕石处理的稻米镉含量分别下降21.9% ~ 75.0%,17.8% ~ 70.2%和17.4% ~ 66.5%,土壤磷酸酶活性最大增幅分别为40.0%、57.1%和40.9%,叶超氧化物歧化酶活性最大增幅分别为33.9%、50.2%和37.4%（P < 0.05）。  结论  长期淹水下坡缕石钝化土壤镉的效率最高,1.0%坡缕石施加使稻米镉含量降至我国食品污染物含量限量标准0.20 mg kg?1（GB 2762—2012）以下,长期淹水联合坡缕石施加组合为镉污染稻田土壤修复技术。     

尿素和KNO3对水稻土无机氮转化过程和产物的影响 Ⅰ无机氮转化过程

用15N分别标记尿素和KNO3,研究了淹水条件下 ,黄泥土和红壤性水稻土的无机氮转化过程及尿素和KNO3对氮素转化过程的影响。结果表明 ,淹水条件下 ,土壤中存在15NH 4 的成对硝化和反硝化过程。红壤性水稻土15NH 4 硝化只检测到15NO- 2 ,但有反硝化产物15N2 生成 ,因此 ,很可能存在着好气反硝化过程。15NO- 3浓度的下降符合一级反应方程 ,黄泥土的速率常数几乎是红壤性水稻土的 1 0倍。反硝化过程和DNRA过程共同参与15NO- 3的还原。加入尿素提高土壤pH ,增加黄泥土DNRA过程对反硝化过程的基质竞争能力 ,但反硝化过程仍占绝对优势。加入尿素或KNO3改变土壤pH是导致对无机氮转化影响有所不同的主要原因 ,浓度的作用较为次要。     

水稻土Fe2+氧化耦合硝酸根异化还原成铵(DNRA)及其对氧气存在和碳源添加的响应

以江苏常熟和湖南桃源水稻土为研究对象,通过室内15N示踪实验研究水稻土中Fe²⁺氧化耦合硝酸根异化还原成铵(Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium,DNRA)过程及其对氧气存在和碳源添加的响应。结果表明,两种水稻土中均存在Fe²⁺氧化耦合DNRA过程,常熟和桃源水稻土中DNRA的速率分别为0.38±0.15和0.36±0.21nmol·g^-1·h^-1(以N计),当体系中Fe²⁺浓度为500μmol·L^-1时,DNRA速率有所提升但并不显著,当Fe²⁺浓度为800μmol·L^-1时,DNRA速率提升显著(P <0.05),分别提升至2.35±0.30和0.81±0.22 nmol·g^-1·h^-1。在800μmol·L^-1Fe²⁺浓度下,常熟水稻土中Fe²⁺氧化耦合DNRA的速率显著(P <0.05)高于桃源水稻土,与两种水稻土中nrfA功能基因丰度的高低一致。在氧气存在和碳源添加的响应实验中,单一氧气处理、单一乳酸处理及氧气乳酸联合处理均显著(P <0.05)促进桃源水稻土Fe²⁺氧化耦合DNRA过程速率,而在常熟水稻土中,800μmol·L^-1Fe²⁺浓度下,单一乳酸及乳酸氧气联合处理显著(P <0.05)抑制Fe²⁺氧化耦合DNRA过程速率。以上研究表明,两种水稻土中均存在Fe²⁺氧化耦合DNRA过程,氧气和乳酸的单独、联合作用可以影响Fe²⁺耦合DNRA过程,但具体影响因土壤而异。未来研究还应纳入更多土壤样本,综合考虑环境因子和土壤性质对Fe²⁺氧化耦合DNRA过程的影响。     

Iodine desorption from rice paddy soil

Laboratory experiments on the desorption phenomena of iodine from rice paddy soil under waterlogged conditions, with a special reference to soil redox potential (Eh) and pH, have been conducted. Radioiodine tracer (1251), added to the soil, was readily sorbed on it. At the beginning of the waterlogging, the iodine desorption was low. However, iodine was desorbed into soil solution with time. The iodine desorption was enhanced markedly by the addition of organic substances such as straw pieces and glucose to the soil. Cultivation of rice plants in soil also affected the iodine desorption, suggesting root exudates and/or root autolysis might be participating in the desorption process. Eh dropped considerably after soil was waterlogged due to microbial metabolisms. Particularly low Eh values were observed in soils with plants and also with added organic substances. A negative correlation was seen between the desorption and soil Eh. High desorption was frequently observed when the Eh dropped to about -100 mV or below. Due to the reducing conditions (low Eh) by waterlogging, iodine in soil was leached into the soil solution; consequently total iodine concentration in paddy soil was considerably lower than forest and upland field soils. These iodine desorption phenomena under anaerobic conditions should be considered in assessing transfer of the long-lived radioiodine (129I) in the environment, especially in rice fields and marshland.     

旱改水对水稻幼苗生长的影响及秸秆的改良作用

本研究以江汉平原旱改水为研究背景,采用土壤盆栽试验和室内淹水培养相结合的方法,以多年水稻土为对照,研究了多年棉田土旱改水及添加秸秆(9 g·kg-1)对水稻幼苗生长和矿质元素吸收的影响以及土壤氧化还原电位和有效态铁、锰、铜、锌含量变化,为旱改水水稻的种植提供参考。结果表明,棉田土旱改水后,水稻幼苗生长缓慢并出现失绿黄化症状,其地上部干重和叶绿素含量仅分别约为水稻土处理的30%和20%。旱改水处理水稻植株Fe含量显著低于、而Cu和Zn含量则显著高于水稻土处理。棉田土旱改水土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)显著高于水稻土;淹水处理10 d,土壤DTPA-Fe含量仅为水稻土的7%左右,而DTPA-Cu和DTPA-Zn含量则分别是水稻土的1.4~2.5倍和1.6~1.8倍。随着淹水时间的延长,棉田土旱改水土壤有效态铁含量逐渐增加,有效态锰、铜和锌含量呈先升高后降低趋势;到淹水处理的第28 d,棉田土旱改水土壤有效态铁、锰、铜和锌含量与水稻土之间的差异逐渐缩小。Fe不足及Cu过量可能是导致旱改水水稻幼苗生长缓慢、失绿黄化的主要原因。旱改水条件下添加秸秆可以降低土壤的Eh值,提高土壤DTPA-Fe含量及降低土壤DTPA-Cu和DTPA-Zn含量,显著提高旱改水初期水稻幼苗叶绿素含量,但对水稻生物量无显著影响。添加秸秆并不能完全消除旱改水对水稻幼苗生长的抑制作用。