纯天然长效防蛀剂

本文提供一种纯天然长效防蛀剂的制备方法，其主要是以天然物质作原料，现介绍如下： １．樟树废料：来自樟树枝、叶、根、皮、果实及木材加工中的边角碎料、锯屑，含樟脑原油达２％～８％，具有良好的防蛀作用。 ２．大叶桉（桃金娘科）枝、叶，主要从修整做形时获得，含挥发油（桉树油），主要成分为按树醇（又称按树脑），具有较好的防蛀驱虫和杀菌作用，木材中含桉树油甚少。 ３．月桂（樟科）枝、叶含挥发性月桂油，主要成分为桉树醇。 ４．香茅草（禾本科），全株含精油，主要成分是香茅醛，龙牛儿醇和香茅醇，有浓郁野山椒气味，有杀…     

柠檬醛选择性加氢的催化研究进展

总结了近5年来柠檬醛催化加氢的研究进展。重点介绍了催化剂的活性组分、载体和制备方法等对柠檬醛选择性加氢催化性能的影响,探讨了催化选择性合成香叶醇与橙花醇、香茅醛、二氢香茅醛、香茅醇和3,7-二甲基辛醇等单萜化合物,以期为进一步研究柠檬醛加氢提供参考。     

非水相体系中木瓜脂肪酶催化合成萜烯醇芳香酯的研究

为建立经济、绿色、高效的萜烯醇芳香酯合成工艺,以木瓜蛋白酶粗品为原料制备获得了天然固定化木瓜脂肪酶(CPL),研究了CPL在非水相体系中催化合成萜烯醇芳香酯的效果,探讨了在有机溶剂体系中萜烯醇种类、有机溶剂种类以及初始水分活度对反应的影响。结果表明:伯醇类萜烯醇(香茅醇和香叶醇)是较适宜的底物,中等极性的有机溶剂如正己烷为适宜的反应溶剂,0.328的初始水分活度有利于CPL发挥催化活性,此时转化率为95.2%,与商业脂肪酶催化效果相当。CPL在有机溶剂中重复使用性较差,考察了不同离子液体处理方法对CPL催化性能的影响,结果表明,使用微量离子液体对CPL进行包裹前处理可以显著地提高CPL的重复使用性,反应15次后,催化活性仍保留90%以上。     

紫苏醇的合成研究进展

综述了紫苏醇合成的研究进展,分析了各合成路线的关键步骤,讨论了各种方法的特点,着重介绍了2,10-环氧蒎烷液相重排合成紫苏醇的各种Bronsted酸催化剂。简述了紫苏醇的天然存在、单离方法及其应用研究成果。     

油橄榄羟基酪醇的生物合成及其衍生物研究进展

介绍了传统化学合成羟基酪醇的方法,针对化学合成反应步骤多、催化剂昂贵、产率低、污染大等问题,重点总结了以橄榄苦苷和酪醇为原料生物法合成羟基酪醇的途径,同时还综述了羟基酪醇烷基醚、脂肪酸酯、糖基化等衍生物的制备方法、生物活性及其构效关系,为羟基酪醇及其衍生物批量制备及其抗肿瘤、抗癌、心脑血管疾病新药的筛选提供参考和指导作用。     

内型异莰烷基甲醇的合成

用莰烯经Ｖｉｌｓｍｅｉｅｒ－Ｈａａｃｋ甲酰化反应制得的莰烯醛为原料，分别在钯和镍催化下进行高压氢化合成了内型异莰烷基甲醇，并对先钯催化氢化成内型异莰烷基甲醛再经镍催化氢化转变成醇的分步法及镍催化下高压氢化成异莰烷基甲醇的一步法进行了比较，结果认为要使内型醇的得率高，还是用分步法更为适宜。以上两种合成法均优于文献报道的方法。本文还对ω－羟甲基莰烯的氢化进行了探讨，并认为不能从它合成异莰烷基甲醇。     

香茅醛气相加氢制香茅醇反应的研究

采用连续流动微型固定床反应装置，研究了Ｍ催化剂对香茅醛在常压下气相加氢香茅醇的反应。通过对几种不贩金属催化剂的筛选，得到了一种转化率和选择性均较高的加氢催化剂Ｍ催化剂。考察了该催化剂在不同焙烧温度和不同的负载量下对其活性的影响，同时对反应的影响也进行了探讨。     

松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)耐久型幼虫(L_Ⅳ)携带的香茅醇假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas citronellolis)分离与鉴定

[目的]目前有关松材线虫与伴生细菌的关系及伴生细菌的病原作用是松树枯萎病研究的重点。为了揭示松材线虫与伴生细菌之间存在的密切关系,作者对松材线虫L_Ⅳ幼虫携带的细菌进行了分离鉴定。[方法]根据培养性状和16S rDNA序列同源性以及系统发育学等方面进行分析鉴定。[结果]确定L_Ⅳ幼虫携带的是香茅醇假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas citronellolis),携带率为100%;每条L_Ⅳ幼虫携带量在1.4×10~5~4.5×10~5。L_Ⅳ幼虫生活在松褐天牛体内,是引起松材线虫病侵染流行的唯一虫态;新发现的香茅醇假单胞杆菌能分解纤维素及降解或合成萜烯和酚类化合物。[结论]L_Ⅳ幼虫携带香茅醇假单胞杆菌的发现,揭示了松树、松褐天牛、松材线虫、细菌同为一体的紧密关系,并为揭示松树枯萎病机制提供了一种新病原和重要的研究思路。     

利用松节油合成檀香型香料

目前市场上檀香型香料紧俏,天然檀香资源稀缺,合成檀香供不应求,我国盛产松节油,价廉质优。本文就天然檀香油及以松节油为原料合成的檀香型香料品种作一综合介绍。     

土面增温剂配方

中国科学院地理研究所原料: ①脂肪酸残渣,以酸价在40-70之间的为好.目前使用的脂肪酸残渣有两个来源:一是石腊氧化合成脂肪酸的釜底残渣;一是天然动植物油(骨油、豆油、棉籽油等)的油脚经提取脂肪酸后的釜底残渣. ②高碳醇,蒸馏混合醇的釜底醇渣,其中C16以上的醇要占80%以上.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。