投喂南极磷虾鲜肉对凡纳滨对虾生长、蜕皮及代谢水平的影响

为探究南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)作为饵料生物在凡纳滨对虾养殖中对其生长、蜕皮及代谢水平的影响,进行了间隔投喂试验,设置对照组(全程投喂配合饲料)、间4组(1天磷虾鲜肉和4天配合饲料间隔投喂)、间2组(1天磷虾鲜肉和2天配合饲料间隔投喂)、间1组(1天磷虾鲜肉和1天配合饲料间隔投喂)及全虾组(全程投喂磷虾鲜肉),养殖试验持续36 d。结果表明,间1组、间2组和间4组对虾体长(Lt)、体重(Wt)、特定生长率(SGR)、相对增重率(WGR)均高于对照组,但都与对照组无显著性差异(P0.05),间4组和间2组对虾成活率(SR)较对照组分别升高5%和10%,全虾组对虾Lt、Wt、SGR、WGR、SR均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。投喂磷虾鲜肉能够刺激对虾的蜕皮,其中,投喂磷虾鲜肉各组对虾平均日蜕皮率(ADMR)均高于对照组,在对虾日蜕皮率(DMR)≥10%天数上,全虾组间1组间4组对照组间2组。间1组和全虾组对虾血淋巴中胆固醇(T-CHO)水平显著高于对照组(P0.05),而全虾组葡萄糖(GLU)水平显著低于对照组(P0.05)。投喂磷虾鲜肉影响了对虾肝胰腺中代谢相关酶活力,其中,间2组和间1组对虾肝胰腺中磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)活力显著高于对照组(P0.05),全虾组对虾肝胰腺中丙酮酸激酶(PK)活力显著高于对照组(P0.05),间1组、间2组和全虾组对虾肝胰腺中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力和琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活力均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。综合以上结果,适量投喂南极磷虾鲜肉能够一定程度提高凡纳滨对虾的生长、蜕皮,影响对虾代谢水平。此外,南极磷虾鲜肉不宜投喂过多,以1天磷虾鲜肉和4天配合饲料间隔投喂为宜。     

不同抑制剂对凡纳滨对虾多酚氧化酶活性的影响

分析了凡纳滨对虾不同部位多酚氧化酶(PPO)活力的差异,并研究了抗坏血酸、曲酸、4-己基间苯二酚、葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯、植酸等抑制剂对对虾多酚氧化酶活力的抑制作用。试验结果表明,对虾头胸部的PPO活力最高。其中,0.12 g/L曲酸、2 g/L 4-己基间苯二酚5、g/L植酸对对虾PPO活力均有较好的抑制作用,对对虾处理30 min,抑制率分别为38%、36%、51%。     

饲料中添加南极磷虾粉对凡纳滨对虾生长、体组分及体色的影响

为探讨南极磷虾粉在对虾养殖中的应用效果,在对虾全价配合饲料中分别添加5%(S5组)、10%(S10组)、15%(S15组)和20%(S20组)的南极磷虾粉,配制成4种实验饲料,以全价配合饲料为对照(S0组),饲养体质量为(7.27±0.88) g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei) 35 d,研究了其对凡纳滨对虾生长、体组分及体色的影响。结果显示,饲料中添加南极磷虾粉：1)可显著提高对虾成活率(P<0.05),添加比例为15%时,终末体质量(FBW)、体质量增长率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)均显著高于S0组(P<0.05);2)逐渐提高粗脂肪含量,且S10、S15和S20组显著高于S0组(P<0.05),而头胸甲亮度值(L^*)及身体处黄色值(b^*)逐渐降低,均显著低于S0组(P<0.05);3)显著提高肝胰腺和甲壳中虾青素的含量,且与体色相关的LVPBP75基因的表达水平与南极磷虾粉添加比例呈正相关。研究结果初步表明,饲料中添加南极磷虾粉能够促进对虾生长,提高其体内虾青素含量和肝胰腺中LVPBP...     

国际渔业

<正> 大多数经济虾种常会遇到黑变或黑变病的问题,往往影响到产品的市场价格及消费者接受的程度。实验室和现场试验表明,乙基间苯二酚(4-hexylresorcinol)对抑制虾类黑变形成有显著成效。该化合物的作用在于抑制虾体内的多酚氧化酶而起到防止     

热处理对南极磷虾品质特性及虾粉得率的影响

热处理是南极磷虾粉加工的一个重要环节,磷虾在热处理过程的特性变化对最终虾粉的得率和品质有较大的影响。为了研究南极磷虾热处理过程中不同中心温度下虾品质变化规律,采用常压水煮加热方式,设置热处理温度固定为100℃对南极磷虾进行热处理,以热处理损失率、固形物含量、脂肪含量、蛋白质组分含量、虾青素为品质评价指标,分别测定当中心温度在30℃~80℃区间范围、温度梯度5℃时南极磷虾的品质变化情况。结果表明:热处理达到不同中心温度对南极磷虾的品质有较大影响(P0.05)。随着中心温度的升高,磷虾的热处理损失率和固形物含量先逐渐增加后减少并趋于稳定,脂肪含量不断增加;水溶性蛋白和盐溶性蛋白的含量大致呈随着中心温度的上升而减少,仅在55℃~65℃略微升高后继续缓慢下降;虾青素含量在温度30℃~55℃时随温度升高缓慢下降,55℃之后下降速率加快;虾粉得率随温度升高呈不断下降趋势。综合考虑各项指标,认为南极磷虾常压水煮加热时中心温度应尽量控制在55℃~60℃。     

冻融循环对南极磷虾虾肉糜滋味成分的影响

以南极磷虾虾(Euphausia superba)肉糜为原料,通过测定南极磷虾虾肉糜在反复冷冻和解冻过程中ATP及其关联产物、游离氨基酸等的变化,分析冻融循环对虾肉糜滋味成分的影响。结果显示,随着冻融循环次数的增加,南极磷虾虾肉糜的ATP及其关联产物降解加剧,呈鲜味的核苷酸含量逐渐减少,呈苦味的核苷酸含量逐渐增加。1次冻融对应的鲜味苦味比为3.32;2次及以上的冻融循环会造成鲜苦比的显著降低(P<0.05),同时K值迅速增大,表明鲜度发生大幅下降;3次冻融循环后,K值显著增大(P<0.05);4次冻融对应的K值为(86.88±3.58)%,南极磷虾虾肉糜已不新鲜。冻融循环次数的增加导致游离氨基酸总含量增加,鲜味氨基酸和甜味氨基酸比例逐渐减小,苦味氨基酸的比例逐渐增大,导致虾肉糜的滋味进一步劣化。研究表明,冻融循环次数控制在2次以内,可较好地保持南极磷虾虾肉糜的滋味。     

鹰爪虾简介

鹰爪虾,学名鹰爪糙对虾。又名小红虾、厚皮虾、草虾,简称英虾。是对虾科糙对虾属的一种中型经济虾类,我国沿海均有分布,并广泛分布于印度至西太平洋一带。山东省年产量3,000-7,000吨。英虾肉味鲜美,其干制品“海米”是名贵的海产品。一、洄游分布:分布在黄、渤海区的英虾,每年十二月到翌年二月在石岛东南水深60-80米的深水区越冬。三月间分两支进行生殖洄游:一支     

我国北方刀额新对虾高产养殖技术

正刀额新对虾(Mmetapenaeus ensis)俗称基围虾,属节肢动物门,甲壳纲,十足目,游泳亚目,对虾科,砂虾,新对虾属。它具有杂食性强、广温、广盐和生长迅速、抗病害能力强等优点。在海区8～29℃均有分布,养殖水温以18~25℃为宜。刀额新对虾(下简称基尾虾)是广盐性种类,盐度范围可在0~34。耐温范围10~37℃,最适温度17~32℃,耐低氧能力比其他虾类强。     

甲壳类水产品的加工、保鲜与利用

我国甲壳类水产品资源丰富,种类繁多。不但有大量的海捕虾、蟹,而且还有大量的淡水虾、蟹。随着我国人民生活水平的不断提高,膳食结构将发生很大的变化,动物性食品占据的比重越来越大,而水产品在动物食品中的比重也将不断增大。这一形势给水产品加工业跃上新的台阶提供了很好的机遇。我国虾蟹类加工的传统产品主要是冷冻虾、蟹以及干制品等。近几年,虾蟹加工及其保鲜有了很大的发展,产品日趋多样化。现综述如下。1虾类加工与保鲜的研究进展虾肉具有较高的营养价值,其平均蛋白质含量为17.8%,脂肪含量为1.3%,另外还含有多种氨基酸。虾类浸出物成分中含多量的甜菜碱、精氨酸等成分,具有独特的风味。但是虾类的鲜度降低较快,易黑变、软化,这给虾类的加工与保鲜造成了较大的困难。1.1虾类加工1.1.1原料我国虾类加工以前主要是以中国对虾、长毛对虾、短沟对虾、斑节对虾、日本对虾以及中国毛虾、日本毛虾、龙虾、日本沿虾等为原料,近年来随着虾类资源的相对减少,人们开发出了新的资源,一方面,南极磷虾的发现,年捕获量可达0.5~1亿t,被誉为“动物蛋白质仓库”;另一方面,随着育种和养殖技术大发展,淡水养殖虾也占有相当大的比例;还有海捕低值虾也得到了极大的应用...     

饲料中添加南极磷虾粉对凡纳滨对虾亲虾生长、性腺发育及脂肪酸积累的影响

为探讨人工配合饲料中添加磷虾粉对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)亲虾性腺发育的影响,分别在饲料中添加0、10%、20%的南极磷虾粉,配制3组人工配合饲料(饲料组1、饲料组2和饲料组3)对12月龄的凡纳滨对虾进行了为期60 d的营养强化培养,并以投喂双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)为对照组。营养强化结束之后,比较分析了不同饲料组凡纳滨对虾亲虾的体重增重率、肝胰腺指数(HPI)和性腺指数(GSI);另外,检测分析了各组饲料以及亲虾性腺和肝胰腺的脂肪酸组成。结果表明,对照组的雌雄亲虾体重增重率均高于3个饲料组;饲料组2的HPI最低,为(2.37±0.02)%,与对照组无显著差异(P0.05);饲料组3的GSI与对照组无显著差异(P0.05),但两组的GSI均低于饲料组2,并且存在显著差异(P0.05)。同时,本研究还比较分析了饲料脂肪酸组成与亲虾性腺、肝胰腺脂肪酸组成的相关性以及对亲虾性腺发育的影响。结果显示,饲料中添加一定含量(10%~20%)的南极磷虾粉可在一定程度上成为凡纳滨对虾亲虾营养强化阶段的优良饲料。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.