楠木优树子代苗期性状遗传变异研究

利用60株楠木优树单系种子在政和国有林场开展楠木优树子代苗期遗传变异研究,对1年生苗木苗高的调查分析表明,苗高在不同家系间存在极显著差异,这种差异主要由遗传因素决定;1年生楠木优树子代苗木平均苗高为0.39 m,变幅为0.11~0.56 m;从参试家系中初步选择出14个优良家系,其平均苗高为0.51 m,平均遗传增益为30.39%,选择效果明显。     

江南油杉优树子代家系苗期遗传变异与早期选择

2013~2015年对38个江南油杉(Keteleeria cyclolepis)优树子代球果性状和苗期生长性状进行了调查和遗传变异分析,结果表明:1年生优树子代家系之间的生长性状的差异均达到了极显著水平,不同家系苗高为7.22~16.35 cm,地径为0.11~0.19 cm,苗木成活率为24.44%~85.87%,苗高和地径的家系遗传力均在0.80以上,其苗期的生长受遗传因素的影响较大;种子千粒重与子代苗木的成活率有着显著的正相关,果长和果径均与种子千粒重有着显著或极显著的正的相关性。通过综合分析,初步选出了6个苗期表现较好的家系,入选率为15.8%,其苗高、地径和成活率的平均值分别为13.96 cm、0.18 cm和59.50%,苗高遗传增益和地径遗传增益均值分别为16.54%和14.76%。     

桢楠优树半同胞家系苗期测定及优良家系选择

以30个桢楠优树的半同胞子代家系1.5 a生苗木为研究对象,测定苗高、地径和当年生新梢长度等生长量,分析各家系苗期的生长状况,初步筛选适宜四川复杂立地环境及气候条件的优良桢楠家系,为桢楠遗传改良及后期的良种选育提供参考。结果表明:苗高、地径、当年生新梢长等3个性状在家系间存在极显著差异,3个性状均受到强遗传控制,且3个性状间呈极显著正相关。综合考虑苗高、地径生长量,筛选出6个苗期生长较快的优良家系,其中崇州古寺2号家系表现最好。     

陈山红心杉优树自由授粉子代苗木生长特性研究

在四川省洪雅林场对陈山红心杉二代种子园的32个自由授粉优树子代进行苗期生长测定,结果表明:不同家系陈山红心杉的平均苗高为14.08 cm,平均变异系数为17.58%;平均地径为3.10 mm,平均变异系数为16.65%,家系间苗高和地径的差异均达到显著水平。苗高、地径的遗传力分别为0.866和0.889,表明其受到较强的遗传控制。通过综合评价,选出了3个优良家系,其平均苗高为16.31 cm,平均遗传增益为13.72%;平均地径为3.49 mm,平均遗传增益为11.18%,经选择的优良家系可进一步测定和评价。     

木麻黄抗风沙优树子代苗期生长遗传变异研究

通过对1年生木麻黄抗风沙优树子代苗的苗高统计分析,认为不同家系间苗高生长存在极显著差异,并通过分析发现这种差异主要受遗传因素控制,在遗传变异分析的基础上,选择出了在表型水平和遗传水平上表现优良的木麻黄家系66号和60号为优良家系,入选率为33%,入选家系平均苗高25.26 cm,遗传增益19.91%,选择效果明显。     

杉木第3代种子园半同胞家系子代苗期测定与优良家系选择

在四川省洪雅林场对来自福建省邵武市杉木第3代种子园的20个优树半同胞家系子代苗进行苗期生长测定,结果表明:2 a生杉木的平均苗高为14.72 cm,平均变异系数为20.30%,平均地径为3.11 mm,平均变异系数为20.91%,家系间苗高和地径的差异均达到显著水平。苗高、地径的遗传力分别为0.886和0.874,表明其受到较强的遗传控制。通过综合评价,选出了4个优良家系,其平均苗高为16.81 cm,平均遗传增益为11.00%;平均地径为3.47 mm,平均遗传增益为9.05%,可对入选的优良家系做进一步测定和评价。     

闽南红锥优树子代苗期遗传变异测定

对来自闽南的红锥24个初选优树子代和1个母树林子代进行苗期生长测定与遗传变异分析。结果表明:参试优树子代的苗高、地径遗传变异均较大,遗传力均较高。从种源变异看,来源华安金山林场和安溪的优树子代苗木生长量和遗传增益较高,1年生苗高、地径平均可达31.5~33.1cm和0.30~0.31 cm,苗高、地径遗传增益分别达8.16%~11.84%和9.24%~11.52%;从参试的优树子代中初步选出优良家系有华安2号、华安3号、华安4号、华安5号、华安6号、华安7号、池塘底A326和安溪A311、安溪A316和安溪A320,其中尤以来自华安的优良家系遗传增益最高,苗高、地径的遗传增益分别达17.30%~28.53%、13.56%~26.00%。初选出的10个优良家系苗木生长的增产效果较好,1年生平均苗高、地径分别可达32.0~40.0 cm和0.31~0.37 cm。     

米老排优树单亲子代苗期生长变异分析及选择

以福建上杭白砂国有林场选出12个米老排优树所培育的苗木为材料,研究其子代苗期生长表现,结果表明:12个米老排优树单亲子代苗木生长表现优良,优树胸径、树高、材积三者间和地径与苗高之间相关系数呈极显著正相关;子代苗期各性状遗传变异较大,地径、苗高、主根长、大于5cm侧根数差异均达显著和极显著水平,家系遗传力较高;以地径显著大于优树混合种为主要依据,采用多重比较初选9、7、3、6、8、5、4等7个优良家系,其平均地径、苗高分别达0.87cm、1.21m,遗传增益达4.9%、12.8%,比母树林良种提高了33.8%、101.6%。所选的7个优树可作为优良家系加以保护和利用。     

半枫荷12个优树家系子代苗期生长差异分析

对半枫荷Semiliquidambar cathayensis江西种源的12个优树家系1年生实生苗的苗高和地径生长量进行调查分析,从子代苗期测定方面进行半枫荷优树评价研究.结果表明:(1)半枫荷不同优树家系苗期的苗高、地径生长量差异均达极显著水平(P<0.01),其中,5号优树家系的苗高最大,为72.04 cm,高出苗...     

光皮桦优树子代家系苗期变异及选择

利用光皮桦优树选择材料,开展优树子代的家系测定,通过估算遗传力、变异系数分析了24个家系苗期的变异性,以苗高为主选指标并兼顾地径,初选出3个较优的家系,苗高遗传增益分别达到13.9%1、3.2%和7.6%。采取联合选择的方法,在优良家系选择的基础上,开展家系内的优良单株选择,共初选出5株优株,1 a生平均株高3.28 cm,苗期速生性显著。这些初选材料可能通过边测定边利用的方式,推进选育进程。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。