竹木复合单板层积材制备工艺

以浸渍酚醛树脂的杨木单板和竹帘为原料制备竹木复合单板层积材, 探讨制造工艺对复合材料性能的影响.结果表明,竹木复合材料的MOE及MOR均达到或超过了日本JAS标准的相关规定,尺寸稳定性良好; 单板厚度、树脂浓度、压缩率对MOE和MOR有显著影响;组坏方式对MOR影响显著;而吸水厚度膨胀率的影响作用比较复杂.     

不同因素对竹/木复合强化单板层积材MOE、MOR的影响

以杨木单板和竹帘为原料,采用低分子量水溶性酚醛树脂浸渍处理,通过干燥、组坯、热压等工艺制备竹木复合强化单板层积材。探讨了组坯方式、压缩率、热压温度、热压时间4个因素对竹木复合强化单板层积材弹性模量(MOE)和静曲强度(MOR)的影响。结果表明:表层为一层竹帘的竹木复合强化单板层积材的MOE和MOR较大,分别是13．43GPa、148．13MPa,与表层为杨木单板次表层为竹帘组坯方式相比分别增加了33．63％、56．16％。确定了竹木复合强化单板层积材较合理的制造工艺参数。     

响应面法在桉木LVL生产中的应用

采用响应面法（RSM）,研究了单板厚度和涂胶量对桉木单板层积材（L、几）力学性能的影响。结果表明：单板厚度和涂胶量对桉木LVL的垂直加载和平行加载条件下的静曲强度（MOR┷、MOR／／）和弹性模量（MOE┷、／dOE／／）有显著影响。实验值与预测值的决定系数为0．72,0．79,0．59,0．69。本研究所获最佳工艺条件为：单板厚度2．0啪,涂胶量233g·m＾-2在此工艺条件下压制的桉木单板层积材垂直加载条件下的静曲强度（MORJ和弹性模量（MOE上）分别为85MPa与15118MPa,平行加载条件下的静曲强度（MOR／／）和弹性模量（MOE／／）分别为87MPa与15288MPa,回归模型的预测值与实验值的相对误差最大为9％,最小为3％。实验产品的MOR和MOE分别达到结构用单板层积材国家标准的优等品和140E级别。     

杨木单板的湿热处理对单板层积材性能的影响

杨木单板的湿热处理规律以及对杨木单板层积材性能影响的研究结果表明,单板湿热处理后产生了塑化,形成了一部分不可恢复的变形,密度平均增加了38.7%;对抗拉强度的影响不显著;对单板压缩率和膨胀率有着特别显著的影响,单板平均压缩了27.8%,经24h水浸泡,单板恢复膨胀仅18.7%.单板湿热处理后经过低压压制,可以得到与高压压制相同密度的板材,且板材的断面密度差异小,水平剪切强度提高了27.1%,静曲强度增加了17.8%,弹性模量没有显著变化,吸水厚度膨胀率降低了约10个百分点.     

Radial and between-family variations of the microfibril angle and the relationships with bending properties in Picea jezoensis families

With emphasis on tree breeding for wood quality in Picea jezoensis, we aimed to evaluate radial and between-family variations in the microfibril angle (MFA) of the S₂ layer in the latewood tracheids in 10 open-pollinated families of 43-year-old P. jezoensis trees. In addition, the relationships between MFA/wood density with the modulus of elasticity (MOE) or modulus of rupture (MOR) were investigated. Significant differences in MFA between families were found from the pith toward the bark. MFA showed higher values around the pith area, although some families showed relatively lower values than others around this area. In addition, due to a larger coefficient of variations of MFA near the pith, the potential for juvenile wood MFA improvement may be greater compared with mature wood. MOE was correlated with MFA in juvenile wood and with wood density in mature wood, whereas MOR was mainly correlated with wood density at radial positions in both woods. Therefore, to improve the MOE and MOR of P. jezoensis wood, both MFA and wood density would be factors to consider in both juvenile and mature woods. On the other hand, there are indications that, only wood density would be an important criterion for improving mature wood properties.     

红松幼龄材与成熟材力学性质的差异

本文研究了人工林和天然林红松幼龄材与成熟材力学性质的差异.结果显示,成熟材的所有力学性质均高于幼龄材.幼龄材与成熟材的抗弯弹性模量差异在人工林红松中达0.01水平显著,天然林红松也达到0.01水平显著;人工林红松抗弯强度和弦向横纹抗压强度差异达0.05水平显著.抗弯强度、顺纹抗压强度、横切面硬度和弦向横纹抗压强度4项指标的差异达0.05水平显著.     

Variation in wood properties among five full-sib families of Norway spruce (Picea abies)

Genetic- and environmental variation and correlation patterns were characterized for modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and related wood traits: latewood proportion, wood density, spiral grain, microfibril angle and lignin content in five full-sib families of Norway spruce. The families were evaluated on the basis of clearwood specimens from the juvenile -mature wood transition zone of 93 sampled trees at age 30 year from seed. Family-means varied significantly (p < 0.05) for all wood traits studied except lignin content. MOE varied between 7.9–14.1 GPa among trees and 9.4–11.0 GPa among families. MOR varied between 47–87 MPa among trees and 61–71 MPa among families. Families remained significantly different in an analysis of specific MOE (MOE/density) and MOR (MOR/density). Hence, solely relying on wood density as a wood quality trait in tree breeding would not fully yield the potential genetic gain for MOE and MOR. Correlations between wood structural traits and specific MOE and MOR are presented and discussed.     

Estimation of the internal shear strength distribution of the element for laminated veneer lumber by nonlinear least-squares method

Until now we developed an estimation method for strength distributions of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) element by nonlinear least-squares method (NLM). Estimated strengths by this method were modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) in the horizontal use direction and the vertical use direction, tensile strength and compression strength. But to use LVL for structural members, shear strength was also needed. Therefore, we tried to estimate the shear strength distribution of LVL element by NLM same as MOE and MOR in the horizontal use direction and the vertical use direction, the tensile strength of LVL and the compression strength of LVL in the previous reports. We conducted shear strength test for LVL and estimated element shear strength distribution by LVL strength data in the horizontal and vertical use direction. Next, we simulated LVL shear strength distribution using element shear strength distribution and compared with experimental ones in each use direction. They were overlapped in both use direction. Therefore, we could validate NLM for estimating element shear strength distribution.     

桉木单板层积材生产工艺的优化

采用响应面法(RSM)和中心组合旋转设计(CCRD),研究了桉树单板层积材(LVL)的生产工艺条件,并对优化工艺所得的预测值进行了实验验证。方差分析结果表明:面粉添加量对桉木LVL的静曲强度(MOR)和弹性模量(MOE)有着显著影响,而热压温度和热压时间的影响不显著。通过回归分析,建立了相应的回归模型。回归模型的预测值与实验值的拟合良好,说明回归方程能用来预测和优化桉木LVL的力学强度性能。最佳工艺条件为:热压温度130℃,热压时间1.5 min/mm,面粉添加量5%(质量分数)。在此工艺条件下压制的桉木LVL垂直加载条件下的静曲强度(MOR⊥)和弹性模量(MOE⊥)分别为89 MPa和16 722 MPa,平行加载条件下的静曲强度(MOR∥)和弹性模量(MOE∥)分别为88 MPa和15 067 MPa,MOR和MOE分别达到了结构用单板层积材国家标准的优等品和140E级别。     

Growth and wood quality of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) planted in Akita prefecture (II). Juvenile/mature wood determination of aged trees

Variations of certain anatomical and mechanical indices within tree stems of aged sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) trees planted in Akita prefecture were studied. The determination of the juvenile/mature wood boundary was also discussed, and the effects of wood structure on mechanical properties were investigated. On the basis of radial and vertical variation of the anatomical and mechanical indices, modulus of elasticity (MOE)/ shear modulus (G) was chosen as the index for determining the juvenile/mature wood boundary. The increase rates of MOE/G at the points of 1%, 2%, and 3% were discussed. It was found that for aged trees, all three points were thought to be effective for dividing juvenile and mature wood. However, for younger trees, the point of 2% was recommended, which was mostly consistent with the result obtained by the increase rate of 1% for tracheid length (TL). Among mechanical properties, the MOE showed more significant juvenile/mature wood differences than did modulus of rupture (MOR) and . By correlation analysis, it was suggested that microfibril angle largely contributed to the indices of MOE and G, and specific gravity largely contributed to the indices of MOR and .Part of this report was presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Fukuoka, March 2003     

Prediction of wood stiffness, strength, and shrinkage in juvenile wood of radiata pine

Development of optimal ways to predict juvenile wood stiffness, strength, and stability using wood properties that can be measured with relative ease and low cost is a priority for tree breeding and silviculture. Wood static modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), radial, tangential, and longitudinal shrinkage (RS, TS, LS), wood density (DEN), sound wave velocity (SWV), spiral grain (SLG), and microfibril angle (MFA) were measured on juvenile wood samples from lower stem sections in two radiata pine test plantations. Variation between inner (rings 1–2 from pith) and outer (rings 3–6 from pith) rings was generally larger than that among trees. MOE and MOR were lower (50%) in inner-rings than in outer-rings. RS and TS were higher (30–50%) for outer-rings than inner-rings, but LS decreased rapidly (>200%) from inner-rings to outer-rings. DEN had a higher correlation with MOR than with MOE, while MFA had a higher correlation with dry wood MOE than with MOR. SLG had higher significant correlation with MOE than with MOR. DEN and MOE had a weak, significant linear relationship with RS and TS, while MOE had a strong negative non-linear relationship with LS. Multiple regressions had a good potential as a method for predicting billet stiffness (R ² > 0.42), but had only a weak potential to predict wood strength and shrinkage (R ² < 0.22). For wood stiffness acoustic velocity measurements seemed to be the most practical, and for wood strength and stability acoustic velocity plus core density seemed to be the most practical measurements for predicting lower stem average in young trees.     

玻璃纤维增强杨木单板层积材弯曲性能的初步研究

研究玻璃纤维对杨木单板层积材弯曲性能的增强效果.试验结果表明:玻璃纤维对杨木单板层积材的纵横向静曲强度(MOR)、弹性模量(MOE)的增强效果显著,特别是横向的MOR、MOE的增强幅度更大,横向的MOE、MOR值分别提高了79.6%、60.2%.     

密实型杨木单板层积材制造技术

介绍了单板层积材、密实型单板层积材在国内外的研究和利用概况.探讨了采用低分子量酚醛树脂浸渍处理杨木单板的方法制备杨木单板层积材的生产技术.结果表明:施胶量相当时,浸渍方式与涂胶方式生产的单板层积材相比,密度相当,吸水厚度膨胀(24hTS)降低了24%,胶合强度提高了:16%,弹性模量(MOE)和静曲强度(MOR)分别提高了20.17%和44.76%.采用浸渍树脂方式生产的密实型强化杨木单板层积材随着吸药量的增多,密度增大;24hTS减小;胶合强度随着吸药量的增加先增大而后趋于平稳;MOE和MOR先增大后减小.当吸药量为168%时,MOE、MOR达到最大,分别为15.34GPa和135.31 MPa.密实型强化单板层积材能够满足建筑和木结构等结构材要求,具有良好的发展空间.     

结构用竹集成材物理力学性能研究

测定结构用竹集成材及其竹指接集成材的主要物理力学性能,并将测试结果与几种人工林单板层积材以及常见建筑用材种的相关性能进行比较.结果表明:竹集成材的水平剪切强度、静曲强度以及弹性模量等力学性能非常优越,浸渍剥离性能较差.     

Flexural and visual characteristics of fibre-managed plantation Eucalyptus globulus timber

ABSTRACT

The main goal of this study was to investigate the visual characteristics, recovery rate, and flexural properties of sawn boards from a fibre-managed plantation Eucalyptus globulus resource as a potential raw material for structural building applications. The impacts of the visual characteristics, strength-reducing features, and variation in basic density and moisture content on the bending modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) of the boards were investigated. The reliabilities of different non-destructive methods in predicting MOE and MOR of the boards were evaluated, including log acoustic wave velocity measurement and numerical modellings. The MOE and MOR of the boards were significantly affected by the slope of grain, percentage of clear wood, and total number of knots in the loading zone of the boards. The normal variation in basic density significantly influenced the MOE of the boards while its effect on the MOR was insignificant. The numerical models developed using the artificial neural network (ANN) showed better accuracies in predicting the MOE and MOR of the boards than traditional multi-regression modelling and log acoustic wave velocity measurement. The ANN models developed in this study showed more than 78.5% and 79.9% success in predicting the adjusted MOE and MOR of the boards, respectively.     

Influence of Ammoniacal Copper Quaternary treatments on mechanical properties of blue-stained Lodgepole Pine wood

Three concentrations （2.8%, 2.0%, 1.2%） of Ammoniacal Copper Quaternary （ACQ） was selected to treat Lodgepole pine wood for evaluating ACQ treatment on mechanical properties of blue-stained wood. The bending modules of elasticity （MOE）, modules of rupture （MOR）, toughness and shearing strength parallel to grain on tangential surface, are tested according to the criteria GB1927-1943-91. Non-treated sample were also tested according to the same procedure. The results showed that the three groups specimen impregnated by different concentrations of ACQ solution met the AWPA standard 2003 of America （UC4A 6.4g/cm^3）. There were significant difference of toughness between treated wood and non-treated wood （p=0.01）, but there were no statistically significant differences among three concentrations in terms of toughness, and toughness of treated wood was approximately 20% lower than non-treated. MOR, MOE as well as sheafing strength parallel to grain were found to be not significantly different between treated wood and non-treated one, and there were no statistically significant difference among three concentrations of ACQ too. Toughness, MOR, MOE and sheafing strength parallel to grain increased with decrease of concentration of ACQ, but they were hardly affected by ACQ preservatives.     

Manufacturing of LVL using cost-effective resin impregnation and layup technologies

The purpose of this study was to develop a cost-effective method to manufacture high-performance laminated veneer lumber (LVL) from mountain pine beetle (MPB)-affected veneers through partial resin impregnation and optimum board layup. Dry MPB-affected veneer sheets were segregated into two stress grades based on dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOE). A new phenol formaldehyde resin with a 30% solids content was formulated for resin impregnation. To reduce resin consumption, only veneer sheets used as outer layers were dipped in the resin for 5?min and then dried to manufacture 13-ply LVL. The bending properties, shear strength and dimensional stability of these LVL billets were examined and compared to those from the controls made from entirely untreated veneers. The results demonstrated that high-grade (E1) MPB-affected veneers had lower resin solids uptake than low-grade (E2) counterparts based on a 5?min dipping. Compared with the controls, the LVL billets made from resin-impregnated veneers for outer layers yielded increased surface hardness, significantly improved dimensional stability, shear strength and modulus of rupture on both edgewise and flatwise as well as better appearance with no cosmetic concerns. However, the improvement in LVL bending MOE was dependent on initial veneer stress grade. For high-grade (or density) E1 veneers, the use of impregnated veneers resulted in insignificant improvement in bending MOE. The optimum product layup was to place one ply of impregnated E1 grade veneer each for product face and back. By contrast, for low-grade (or density) E2 veneers, the use of impregnated veneers yielded a significantly higher flatwise bending MOE compared to the controls. The recommended product layup was the placement of two plies of impregnated E2 grade veneer sheets each for product face and back.     

浸渍塑化杨木单板顺纹弯曲性能研究

本研究以酚醛树脂为浸渍液,杨木单板为木材试样,对经浸渍塑化处理的杨木单板进行三点弯曲试验,探索了木/竹复合层合板的组分材料--塑化杨木单板受不同压力时的顺纹弯曲弹性性能,并分析了其与塑化压力间的关系.结果表明,塑化杨木单板的静曲模量和静曲强度与塑化压力呈非线性关系.通过对杨木单板试验研究,为木材/竹材复合材料制造过程中的结构设计和生产工艺提供一定的理论依据和基本思路,并对产品的设计、组织现场生产和产品质量评估提供一定的参考.     

Physical and mechanical properties of particleboard from roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) stalks and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) wood particles

Abstract

The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of particleboard manufactured from roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) stalks and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) wood. The manufacturing parameters were various roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) ratios in the mixture (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) and press time (3, 5 and 7 min). Modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bonding (IB) strength values and thickness swelling (TS) after 24-hour water soaking of the panels were determined according to the procedure of European Union (EN) Standard. The results of the study demonstrate that roselle stalks can be an alternative raw material source for particleboard industry. With an increase of roselle particles from 0% to 100%, the TS was reduced, and the IB, MOR and MOE were increased. The highest MOE, MOR, IB strength and TS values of the samples were found as 2754.18, 16.81, 0.89 N/mm² and 15.26% for the panels made using 100% roselle with a 7-min press time, respectively.     

杉木材性株内变异的研究Ⅰ.木材力学性质和木材密度

对１５株浙江产杉木株内不同高度和圆周不同方位上木材的抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、顺纹抗压强度和木材密度的差异，木材密度的径向变异模式和木材力学性质与木材密度的相关关系进行了测定和分析。主要结果是：抗弯强度和抗弯弹性模量在株内不同高度上差异特别显著；顺纹抗压强度和木材密度未表现出显著差异；在圆周不同方位上，三项力学性质和木材密度均为南北向高于东西向，差异不显著；木材密度径向变异模式在不同高度和不同方位上均为接近水平有一定波动的直线；三项力学性质与木材密度的相关关系在不同高度和不同方位上均特别显著，但不同力学性质与木材密度的相关系数有明显差异，不同高度上和圆周不同方位上，亦有差异。