QuEChERS-GC/MS法测板栗中10种有机磷农药残留

用QuEChERS方法对板栗样品中10种有机磷农药进行前处理优化,建立了板栗有机磷残留量的快速前处理方法,并进行验证。通过对比不同的提取溶剂、取样量、除水剂用量、净化剂用量确定板栗QuEChERS前处理的最佳组合,净化完成后用GC/MS检测。10种有机磷农药的线性相关系数均0.998,最低检出限为0.010~34 mg/kg,平均回收率为80.1%~105.4%,相对标准偏差值为3.5%~8.9%。该方法准确、快速、净化效果好,适用于板栗中多种有机磷农药残留的快速检测。     

MSPD-GC-MS/MS法测定竹笋中26种有机氯农药残留量

以基质固相分散-气相色谱-串联质谱法(先将粉粹的竹笋样品经弗罗里硅土基质固相分散技术净化,然后用20 m L丙酮—正己烷溶液(1+2,v/v)淋洗,GC—MS/MS检测,外标法定量)检测竹笋中26种有机氯农药残留量。结果表明:26种有机氯农药在5~200μg/m L范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.99。在0.01~0.1 mg/kg浓度范围内,26种目标物的平均加标回收率为81.1%~108.9%,相对标准偏差在3.3%~9.5%。该方法具有较好的准确度和精密度,各项技术指标均能满足竹笋中26种有机氯农药的检测需要。     

固相萃取-液相色谱串联质谱测定枸杞中有机磷农药残留

采用固相萃取-液相色谱串联质谱仪,建立枸杞中9种有机磷农药的快速测定方法。样品经乙腈提取,过Carbon/NH2固相萃取柱净化,氮吹至干,残留物用乙腈-水（3：2,V/V）溶解后测定,采用正离子扫描方式进行仪器方法学研究,确定监测离子对,进行SRM模式定性定量分析。该方法的检出限（LOD）为0.12～9.8μg/L;在10～200μg/L范围内线性关系良好（r〉0.9961）。在20～100μg/L的添加水平上,9种有机磷农药的平均回收率在80.7%～122.4%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）为2.75%～14.7%。该方法操作简单,灵敏度高,可用于枸杞中9种有机磷农残的测定。     

食用林产品中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留量测定

建立了分散固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用法测定食用林产品(香菇)中14种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留量的方法。样品经乙腈提取,PSA和少量GCB混合吸附剂分散固相萃取净化,然后采用HPLC-MS/MS测定,外标法定量。14种氨基甲酸酯类农药在0.005~0.100 0 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.995 8。在0.01~0.05 mg/kg浓度范围内,14种目标物的平均加标回收率为70.0%~104.5%,相对标准偏差为3.2%~9.1%。该方法简单、快速、灵敏,可满足香菇中14种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的检测需要。     

蔬菜水果中有机磷农药多残留快速扫描技术研究

建立了毛细管气相色谱法测定蔬菜水果中28种有机磷农药残留量的分析方法,对实验水果蔬菜经乙腈提取,盐析,浓缩液丙酮溶解定容,采用ENVI-Carb固相萃取小柱净化,以10%丙酮-正己烷混合液洗脱,洗脱液采用DB-17毛细管柱和火焰光度检测器测定,一次进样可对蔬菜水果中28种有机磷农药进行检测,并且通过采用DB-1毛细管柱和氮磷检测器进行确证实验,准确度高。结果表明:样品加标平均回收率在72.8%～102.3%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在2.1%～6.6%之间,检出限(LOD)在0.017～0.200mg/kg之间。实验表明,该检测方法简便、快速、灵敏、准确,各项技术指标均能满足农药残留检测的要求,适合蔬菜水果中有机磷农药多残留的日常检验。     

南竹过热水萃取物成分的GC／MS分析

以新鲜南竹为原料,采用工业可利用的竹片浸提工艺进行过热水萃取,然后利用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)联用技术对萃取物成分进行分析,结果表明:在新鲜南竹片过热水萃取物GC/MS分析中,共分离出36个峰,鉴定出25个化合物,占总峰面积的97.35%.主要成分为二十七烷(cas)(26.2%)、14-á-H-pregna(15.71%),2,6,10-甲基-十四烷(15.55%)、甲基-9,10-二氟次甲基-9-十八碳二烯酸(12.84%)、1,2-邻苯二甲酸二丁基酯(8.93%)、1,2-邻苯二甲酸,双2-甲丙酯(2.65%)、1-五十七醇(1.88%)、isochiapinb(1.88%)、10-甲氧基-nb-à-甲基二十九醇(1.63%)等.南竹过热水萃取物中绝大部分成分具有医药作用,并含有香料.     

免疫亲和柱在果蔬有机磷农药残留测定前处理中的应用研究

建立了一种可快速净化果蔬中有机磷农药残留测定的方法。在NY/T 761-2008标准的基础上,采用多功能的免疫亲和柱(MycoSep 226 AflaZon+)对杨梅Myrica rubra,黄瓜Cucumis sativus,辣椒Capsicum annuum样品的有机磷农药提取液进行净化,净化过程可在1 min内钟完成,净化液可直接用于测定,并可明显降低对检测设备的污染程度。试验结果表明,所测定的敌敌畏、丙溴磷、乙酰甲胺磷等19种常见有机磷农药在0.02～1.00 mg·L~(-1)范围内有良好的线性关系,相关系数(r~2)均大于0.999;重现性良好,多次重复测定相对标准偏差仅0.84%,明显优于标准规定处理方法;低、中、高浓度的加标回收率分别在85.4%～96.1%,89.7%～97.1%,90.2%～103%之间,总体回收率均在85%以上。     

GC-MS和LC-MS/MS检测木制品中三种有机磷酸酯阻燃剂

为探索木制品中阻燃剂检测方法,本文利用微波辅助萃取探索并比较了两种木材及其制品中3种有机磷阻燃剂检测方法。气相色谱-质谱方法(GC-MS)检测TCEP、TCPP、TDCP三种阻燃剂回收率87.0%~111.2%,相对标准偏差3.6%~16.3%,检出限分别29,20,14μg·kg~(-1);液相色谱-串级质谱方法(LC-MS/MS)检测TCEP、TCPP、TDCP三种阻燃剂回收率82.7%~98.3%,相对标准偏差1.8%~10.8%,检出限分别8,2,15μg·kg~(-1)。两种方法提取效果较好,准确度和精密度满足试验要求,均能够有效地检测木材及其制品中3种有机磷阻燃剂。     

分散固相萃取-气相色谱三重四极杆串联质谱法测定玫瑰花茶中13种菊酯类农药残留

建立了分散固相萃取-气相色谱三重四极杆串联质谱法测定玫瑰花茶中的13种菊酯类农药的分析方法。玫瑰花茶经乙腈和甲酸(99∶1_v/v)提取后,QuEChERs净化,MRM模式测定,外标法定量。以QuEChERs作为前处理方法,优化吸附剂组合和用量,以及碰撞能和驻留时间。结果表明:13种菊酯含量在10～200μg/L间呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r^2均大于0.995。以空白基质进行3个水平添加浓度0.02～0.20 mg/kg,平均回收率为75.4%～87.6%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.9%～7.7%,该方法的简单快速,灵敏度、准确度和精密度均符合菊酯类农药测定的技术要求。     

苹果中有机磷农药快速检测方法的建立

利用气流吹扫微萃取技术和GC-MS,建立了快速、一步检测苹果中残留有机磷的方法。优化相关参数,并分析了苹果中有机磷农药的残留情况。该研究为水果样品中残留农药的快速检测提供了基础技术支撑。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。