伊维菌素浇泼剂对绵羊狂蝇蛆的杀灭效果观察

应用伊维菌素浇泼剂对感染羊鼻蝇幼虫的249只绵羊进行驱治试验,并留30只感染羊作为阳性对照组,投药后33～37d剖检。结果：阳性对照组羊鼻蝇幼虫感染率为53．33％,平均感染强度9．5（4～17）：伊维菌素浇泼剂对感染羊鼻蝇幼虫的驱净率97．62％,驱虫率98．74％。     

多拉菌素浇泼剂对小鼠免疫功能影响的试验

检测多拉菌素浇泼剂对小鼠外周血CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞的影响及对小鼠血清中IgA、IgG、IgM的影响。试验结果显示,多拉菌素浇泼剂在高、中、低3个剂量组时,都可使外周血液中CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞的数量发生改变,并且有一定的量-效关联,表明合适剂量的多拉菌素浇泼剂能够改善小鼠特异性细胞免疫功能。给与中、低剂量时,IgA、IgM、IgG均无明显的变化,但在高剂量时,IgA、IgM、IgG均有所降低,但和对照组相比无统计学差异,说明多拉菌素浇泼剂各剂量时对小鼠体液免疫均无显著影响。结果表明,多拉菌素浇泼剂是一种新型的治疗动物寄生虫病较为安全的局部外用药物,适合在兽医临床上广泛推广应用。     

多拉菌素对昆明小鼠血液生化及常规指标影响的研究

为了进一步检测多拉菌素浇泼剂应用的安全性,试验检测了多拉菌素浇泼剂对小鼠外周血谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、总蛋白(TP)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(CRE)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK-NAC)指标及外周血常规指标的影响。结果表明:多拉菌素浇泼剂高、中、低三个剂量组小鼠血清中的ALT、AST、TP、BUN、CRE、ALP、LDH、CK-NAC等生化指标与对照组相比均无显著性差异。在治疗量(5 mg/kg)和3倍治疗量(15 mg/kg)时,多拉菌素对外周血白细胞总数和淋巴细胞比例有正面影响,在一定程度上能提高小鼠的非特异性免疫应答。说明多拉菌素浇泼剂对小鼠的各个器官、组织和代谢无损伤性作用和不良影响,对小鼠的免疫功能没有不良影响。     

瑞香狼毒浇泼剂驱杀小白鼠体内外寄生虫试验

用３种不同方法所获得的瑞香狼毒提取物制成的相应浇泼剂来驱杀小白鼠体内外寄生虫。杀螨效果：９５％（体积分数,下同）乙醇浸液浇泼剂组间差异极显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）,７５％乙醇回流浇泼剂次之,水提物浇泼剂较差。杀线虫效果：乙醇提取的２种浇泼剂驱杀效果不明显,水提物浇泼剂的试验Ⅲ组组间存在显著差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）。     

微量多拉菌素与伊维菌素对牦牛皮蝇幼虫驱除效力的研究

应用多拉菌素注射剂和伊维菌素浇泼剂微量给药,对自然感染皮蝇幼虫的犊牦牛进行驱虫效力研究。结果:给药后28~34d剖检和翌年3、5月份两次摸背检查远期防治效果,多拉菌素注射剂5μg/kg剂量组驱净率分别为85.0%和92.1%,驱虫率分别为93.6%、93.7%;10、20μg/kg剂量组均为100.0%。伊维菌素浇泼剂12.5μg/kg。剂量组驱净率分别为85.0%和91.2%,驱虫率分别为93.3%和93.2%;25、50μg/kg剂量组均为100.0%。对照组牦牛皮蝇1期幼虫感染率85.0%,平均感染强度29.7条;背部皮下瘤疱和皮肤虫孔的平均感染率84.1%,瘤疱和虫孔总数205个。试验证明供试两种药物使用微量驱除牦牛皮蝇1期幼虫高效安全经济,多拉菌素的最佳剂量为10μg/kg,伊维菌素的最佳剂量为25μg/kg。     

伊维菌素对绵羊体表寄生虫的影响

为了研究伊维菌素浇泼剂对绵羊体表寄生虫的效果,本实验在不同温度下应用0.5%伊维菌素浇泼剂按0.2、0.5、0.8mg/kg·bw剂量对绵羊沿背中线皮肤一次浇泼给药,并以不浇泼伊维菌素做对照,以羊颚虱和羊蜱蝇转阴率为考察指标,评判不同剂量和不同温度下伊维菌素浇泼剂驱杀绵羊体表寄生虫效果。实验结果表明,0.2mg/kg·bw、0.5mg/kg·bw和0.8mg/kg·bw伊维菌素浇泼剂对羊颚虱转阴率分别为95%、100%和100%,对羊蜱蝇转阴率分别为81.3%、85.7%和92.8%。随着平均温度从13.8℃升高到28.9℃,伊维菌素对羊颚虱和羊蜱蝇转阴率逐渐降低。     

新型广谱驱虫药氨基苯脒类化合物对感染旋毛虫小鼠的疗效的初步观察

目的观察氨基苯脒类化合物(代号9856)对感染旋毛虫小鼠的疗效。方法将氨基苯脒类化合物9856分为3个药物剂量组10 mg/kg、20 mg/kg和30 mg/kg给感染旋毛虫的实验小鼠喂药,观察药物对小鼠体内旋毛虫的4个不同发育期的作用。结果化合物9856 3个剂量组对肠道脱囊期幼虫的减虫率均为100%;对肠道内成虫期,3组的减虫率分别为76%,91.9%和97.4%;对移行期幼虫减虫率分别为65.5%,74.8%和92.3%;对肌肉内成囊期幼虫的减虫率为53.2%,61.5%和87.8%。结论化合物9856对旋毛虫4个发育期都有显著的杀虫效果。     

伊维菌素浇泼剂防治绵羊寄生虫病的效果观察

应用伊维菌素浇泼剂,驱除绵羊体内线虫和体外寄生虫,结果表明,0．5mg／kg体重剂量对主要7属消化道线虫和网尾线虫的虫卵（幼虫）转阴率、减少率均为100％,对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率、减少率分别为87．59／6和91．3％,对线虫的总计驱虫率为99．04％;对绵羊颚虱的杀虫率达100％。表明伊维菌素浇泼剂0．5mg／kg剂量一次用药,驱除绵羊体内线虫和体外绵羊颚虱等寄生虫,高效安全。     

多拉菌素浇泼剂临床前毒理学试验研究

观察多拉菌素浇泼剂对动物的安全药理学和皮肤的毒性作用。用家兔进行皮肤安全药理学试验,用豚鼠进行皮肤刺激性试验和皮肤过敏试验。结果说明多拉菌素浇泼剂对家兔无任何毒性反应,对豚鼠皮肤无刺激性反应,不产生致敏作用。多拉菌素浇泼剂是一种较安全的局部外用药,适合在临床上推广应用。     

埃普利诺菌素浇泼剂对牦牛皮蝇幼虫驱除效果试验

应用埃普利诺菌素浇泼剂驱除牦牛皮蝇幼虫,并设埃普利诺菌素注射剂药物对照组和阳性对照组。结果：剖检埃普利诺菌素浇泼剂300μg/kg,400μg/kg,500μg/kg剂量组牦牛与药物对照埃普利诺菌素注射剂组及伊维菌素浇泼剂组牦牛,均未检出皮蝇1期幼虫,而阳性对照组牦牛皮蝇1期幼虫感染率35.0%,平均感染强度29.4（9～53）条。翌年3、5月份两次触摸检查牛背部皮下瘤疤和皮肤虫孔,4个药物试验组牦牛均未检出,而阳性对照组牦牛两次检查平均感染率45.16%,平均感染强度6.45个。试验证明埃普利诺菌素浇泼剂低、中、高3个剂量对寄生于牦牛的皮蝇幼虫驱净率、驱虫率均达100.0%,高效安全。     

Comparison of the persistent efficacy of the injectable and pour-on formulations of doramectin against artificially-induced infection with Dictyocaulus viviparus in cattle

The persistent efficacy of the injectable and topical formulations of doramectin was compared against experimental challenges with infective larvae of Dictyocaulus viviparus in two separate studies. Four groups of 10 randomly-assigned calves, negative for lungworm larvae by the Baermann technique, were used in each study. Calves were treated subcutaneously in the midline of the neck or poured down the midline of the back with saline (1 ml/50 kg. injection: 1 ml/10 kg. pour-on) on Day 0 or doramectin (200 microg/kg = 1 ml/50 kg. injection: 500 microg/kg = 1 ml/10 kg. pour-on) on Day 0, 7, or 14. Two additional calves from the same pool of animals were randomly assigned as larval-viability monitors and received no treatment. Calves were inoculated daily with a gavage of approximately 100 larvae of D. viviparus from days 35 to 49 for the injectable study and days 28 to 42 for the pour-on study. The two larval viability monitor calves received approximately 3000 infective larvae in the same manner on Day 49 or 42 for the injectable and pour-on studies, respectively. Equal numbers of calves from each treatment group as well as the larval viability monitor calves were necropsied on days 14 and 15 after the last lungworm inoculation to enumerate the worm burden. The worms recovered were quantified and identified. For each study, geometric mean worm recoveries for each treatment group were back transformed from the natural log-transformed data (worm count +1) and were used to estimate percentage reduction. Doramectin injectable solution was 100.0% efficacious against lungworms for up to 49 days and the pour-on formulation was 100.0%, 93.1% and 81.5% effective in reducing lungworm infection resulting from challenge infection for up to 28, 35, and 42 days post-treatment, respectively.     

Prevalence of trichinosis in southern Louisiana swine

After an outbreak of human trichinosis in Louisiana involving 45 cases and 1 death in 1979 and 1980, a survey of pigs killed in 21 selected small slaughterhouses in southwestern Louisiana was conducted from November 1980 to September 1981. The sera from 1,225 pigs were examined for trichinella antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); 1,223 diaphragms were subjected to peptic digestion and examined for the presence of Trichinella spiralis larvae. One diaphragm (0.08%) was found to contain T spiralis (26 larvae/g of muscle) and 4 of the slaughterhouse sera were positive (0.33% seroprevalence). Pigs in 52 herds throughout the state were also tested for ELISA antibodies. The ELISA-positive pigs were not found among the 267 pigs tested from the 52 herds.     

Persistent efficacy of doramectin pour-on against artificially induced infections of nematodes in cattle.

Two studies were conducted to determine the persistent efficacy of doramectin pour-on against an artificial, trickle challenge of mixed nematodes in calves. In each study, 42, 4-8 months old calves were randomly assigned into four groups of 10 animals each (T1-T4), plus two larval-viability monitor animals. All animals were treated with fenbendazole (10 mg kg(-1)) 14 days prior to the start of the study to clear any existing infection. Doramectin pour-on at 500 microg kg(-1) was used on each animal in Groups T2, T3, and T4 with intervals of 1 week (Day 0, 7, and 14, respectively). Calves in Group T1 were treated with saline solution on Day 0 and at the same volumetric rate (1 ml 10 kg(-1)) as the doramectin treated animals. All treatments were applied in a single passage along the midline of the back, from the withers to the tailhead. Subsequently, trickle inoculations with infective larvae were administered to all calves for 22 consecutive days (Days 14-35). Doramectin pour-on provided > or = 91.9% efficacy against challenge with Dictyocaulus viviparus, Haemonchus spp., and Ostertagia ostertagi for up to 35 days post-treatment and against challenge with Cooperia oncophora, Cooperia punctata, and Oesophagostomum radiatum for up to 28 days post-treatment.     

多拉菌素浇泼剂在犬体内的药代动力学

本试验对多拉菌素浇泼剂在犬血浆中的药代动力学进行了研究。犬背部皮肤一次浇注多拉菌素浇泼剂(0.1 mg/kg体重),给药后,不同时间点从犬前肢静脉采血。以高效液相色谱法对血浆中药物浓度进行测定,血浆药物浓度—时间数据用WinNonlin 5.2.1的非房室模型药动软件处理。给药后的主要药物动力学参数为:t1/2β为(2.14±0.56)d,T_max为(1.00±0.00) d,C_max为(24.38±4.82) ng/mL,AUC为(89.79±16.90)ng/(d·mL)。提示多拉菌素浇泼剂在犬体内血药浓度维持的时间较长,消除缓慢。     

Efficacy of levamisole pour-on compared with levamisole subcutaneous injection against Dictyocaulus viviparus infection in calves.

The efficacy of levamisole pour-on against Dictyocaulus viviparus was compared to that of subcutaneous levamisole injection. Eighteen calves were raised individually and artifically infected with D. viviparus larvae. Faecal samples were collected 27 and 28 days later and larvae per gram (l.p.g.) determined. The animals were then divided into three comparable groups. Group 1 animals remained untreated as controls. Group 2 animals received levamisole 10% w/v subcutaneous injection at a dose of 5 mg kg-1 and Group 3 received levamisole pour-on 20% w/v at a rate of 10 mg kg-1 applied transdermally. Results of l.p.g. measurements from faecal samples taken 7 and 8 days post-treatment indicated a dramatic reduction in the worm burden of animals in both treatment groups. Necropsies at 14 days post-treatment revealed few adult worms in these groups, indicating a 99 and 98% kill rate for pouron and subcutaneous injection, respectively.     

Efficacy of macrocyclic lactones for the control of larvae of the Old World screw-worm fly (Chrysomya bezziana)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of four macrocyclic lactones for the control of larvae of the Old World Screw-worm Fly (OWS), Chrysomya bezziana, and to examine the effects of excreted residues on the dung fauna. ANIMALS: 100 heifers were divided into five groups of 20 animals. One group remained untreated, whereas the other groups were treated respectively with pour-on formulations of moxidectin, eprinomectin or doramectin, or a sustained-release bolus of ivermectin. PROCEDURES: At intervals of 1 to 15 weeks after treatment, five cattle from each group were challenged with newly-laid eggs of OWS. The efficacy of each treatment was determined 48 h later by comparing the number of myiases in the treated and untreated groups. Abundance of fly larvae in naturally-voided dung pads and the survival of a species of dung beetle, Onthophagus sagittarius, were used to assess the effects of drug residues on the dung fauna. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Moxidectin showed no activity against larvae of OWS during the first 14 days after treatment. Eprinomectin provided protection for 3 days after dosing, but failed at days 7 and 14, whereas doramectin was effective at day 7, but not at days 14 or 21. In contrast, no myiases were established on bolus-treated cattle from 14 to 102 days after treatment. Faecal residues of moxidectin had no effect on the survival of larvae of dung-feeding flies, whereas those of eprinomectin and doramectin reduced survival for 1 to 2 weeks. Dung voided by bolus-treated cattle inhibited fly breeding and had adverse effects on the development and survival of O sagittarius for up to 15 weeks after treatment.     

旋毛虫肌幼虫期胞外囊泡对小鼠免疫保护作用

本试验通过差速超速离心法获得旋毛虫肌幼虫期胞外囊泡(Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae extracellular vesicles,Ts-ML-EVs),经透射电镜观察、纳米颗粒追踪分析、流式细胞术和Western blot鉴定.选择6～8周龄的健康雌性BALB/c小鼠,随机分为4组...     

Presence of Trichinella spiralis in free-living red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Sweden related to trichinella infection in swine and man

One thousand one hundred and fifty-one free-living foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from different parts of Sweden were investigated. Totally 19.6 % were infected with trichinella. Infected foxes were found in all counties except the geographically isolated island of Gotland. In the different counties 6–48 % of investigated foxes were infected.Trichinella was more common in old foxes than in young, 40 % and 11 %, respectively. Regarding male and female, however, the frequency was the same.The number of trichinella per g of muscle varied between 0.05 and 200. Less than 1.0 trichinella larva per g muscle was established in 27.3 % of the foxes, between 1 and 49.9 trichinella larvae in 69.3 % and 50 or more trichinella larvae per g muscle in 3.4 % of the foxes. The number of trichinella larvae per infected fox was roughly the same in both sexes as well as in different age groups.The potential danger of transmitting trichinella from foxes and other carnivores to swine and man is pointed out.The high frequency of trichinella in foxes, 19.6 %, was compared to the very low frequency in swine, 0.00018 %, and in man, 0.00003 %.     

PCR检测感染早期小鼠血液中旋毛虫幼虫的研究

为了研究PCR检测感染小鼠血液中旋毛虫DNA的敏感性,应用旋毛虫1.6 kb重复序列为扩增靶序列对旋毛虫(T1)、乡土旋毛虫(T2)、布氏旋毛虫(T3)、伪旋毛虫(T4)和南方旋毛虫(T7)肌幼虫DNA进行PCR扩增,并检测小鼠感染20、100、300条T1肌幼虫后不同时间的外周血.结果表明,T1、T4和T7肌幼虫可扩增出特异性目的条带(510 bp),而T2和T3无扩增产物;1、0.04和0.02条T1、T4和T7肌幼虫均能扩增到清晰的目的条带(510 bp).20条幼虫感染小鼠后5 d～6 d,PCR阳性率均为7.69%;100条幼虫感染小鼠后5 d～12 d可检出旋毛虫DNA,其中感染后5 d～7 d的阳性率分别为30.77%、38.46%及30.77%;300条幼虫感染小鼠后5 d～15 d可检出旋毛虫DNA,感染后7 d的阳性率为61.54%,感染后6 d与8 d～10 d的阳性率均为53.85%. 3组旋毛虫感染小鼠PCR阳性率间的差异有统计学意义(p<0.01),PCR阳性率随感染剂量的增加而升高(p<0.01),100条与300条感染小鼠感染后不同时间的PCR阳性率与检测时间有相关性(p<0.01).以上实验结果表明PCR检测感染小鼠血液中旋毛虫DNA的敏感性与感染程度和检测时间有关,对感染早期旋毛虫抗体阴性宿主有一定诊断价值.     

The effect of simulated rainfall on the efficacy of doramectin pour-on against nematode parasites of cattle.

Two studies were conducted with doramectin topically administered at 500 microg/kg body weight to assess retention of therapeutic efficacy against nematode infections of cattle before, and after, simulated rainfall. In the first study, 50 heifers, with patent nematode infections, were allocated to one of five treatment groups. An untreated control group and one doramectin-treated group were not exposed to simulated rainfall. Simulated rainfall was applied at a rate of 25.4 mm of water in 35 min to three of the five groups: one group immediately before treatment, the second group 90 min after treatment, and the third group 24 h after treatment. Fecal samples were collected for determining egg counts 14 days after treatment. Percentage efficacy ranged from 97.3% to 100% in all treated calves, regardless of exposure to simulated rainfall. The second study involved 40 mixed-sex cattle that were allocated to one of four treatment groups (one saline control and three doramectin-treated groups). All cattle were confirmed to be free of nematode infections prior to oral gavage with infective larvae of Dictyocaulus viviparus, Cooperia oncophora, and Ostertagia ostertagi. Twenty-six days after infection, three groups were treated with doramectin pour-on and exposed to 20 mm of simulated rainfall over 40 min: one group 60 min before treatment, the second 20 min after treatment, and the third 40 min after treatment. Approximately two weeks after treatment, all cattle were necropsied for worm counts. In all treated groups, the percentage efficacy against O. ostertagi and D. viviparus was >99% to 100%. Percentage efficacy against Cooperia ranged from 97% to 98%. Results indicated that doramectin pour-on remains efficacious against nematodes of cattle when administered immediately before or after rainfall.