海水网箱单养及混养褐篮子鱼试验效果初探

为探讨褐篮子鱼（Siganus fuscescens）的养殖模式和网衣清洁作用,在4只传统网箱中进行了不同养殖模式的试验。试验采用单养与混养模式（与日本黄姑鱼Nibea japonica、大黄鱼Pseudosciaena crocea混养）,设置空白对照组、单养组、混养组Ⅰ和Ⅱ。5个多月的养殖试验结果表明,混养组中褐篮子鱼的日增重率高于单养组,养殖成活率均在95％左右,无显著差异。与对照组相比,通过2个月的养殖,单养组和混养组网箱附着的裂片石莼（Ulvafasciata Delile）均被褐篮子鱼摄食干净。由此表明,褐篮子鱼喜欢摄食网衣附着藻类,因此可以减少网箱清洗工作量,并在混养时可提高单位水体的鱼产量。     

点篮子鱼幼鱼摄食浒苔的习性及生长特征

以点篮子鱼(Siganus guttatus)幼鱼为实验对象,通过水下摄像与直接观察相结合的方法,研究了点篮子鱼幼鱼摄食浒苔(Enteromorpha prolifra)的规律及生活习性。研究结果表明,点篮子鱼为白天摄食类型,喜结群,常栖息于水体中下层,警惕性高,容易受到惊吓,应激反应较强,有啃食网衣上附着物的特点。在饵料供应充足的情况下,平均体长(64.5±5.6)mm、体质量(7.6±1.3)g的点篮子鱼幼鱼对浒苔的平均日摄食量(湿重)为8.7 g,相当于自身体质量的1.1倍。日摄食高峰存在于白天的三个时段,第一个高峰时段是4∶00~6∶00,第二个高峰时段是7∶00~12∶00,第三个高峰时段是13∶00~17∶00,对应摄食高峰点依次是5∶00、9∶00、14∶00。点篮子鱼在19∶00~20∶30间有极少量的摄食,而在20∶30~3∶00之间没有观察到摄食行为。以浒苔饲喂平均体长(39.9±2.3)mm、体质量(2.1±0.2)g的点篮子鱼幼鱼,经过90 d养殖,幼鱼平均体长为(66.0±5.8)mm、体质量(9.8±2.2)g,日均增长0.29 mm,日均增重0.09 g。点篮子鱼幼鱼全长(TL)与体长(BL)呈线性关系TL=1.143 9BL+2.108 2(R2=0.944 9),体质量(W)与全长之间为幂函数关系W=0.000 024TL2.938 7(R2=0.954 3)。点篮子鱼幼鱼体质量与全长的幂函数关系中指数为2.938 7,接近3,点篮子鱼幼鱼为等速生长类型。点篮子鱼对浒苔的摄食量较大,利用点篮子鱼生态防治浒苔等大型藻类将会起到很好的效果。     

凡纳滨对虾与点带石斑鱼混养的试验研究

在2.5m×4.0m×2.0m的水泥池中,按3.0×106尾/hm2的密度放养体长2~3cm、4~5cm和8~9cm的凡纳滨对虾。每种规格的对虾3口池塘,其中两口池塘在对虾养殖10d后,分别放入5尾体长为12.3~13.6cm和17.6~18.8cm的点带石斑鱼,另一池单独饲养凡纳滨对虾作为对照组。60d的养殖结果显示,单养池中2~3cm、4~5cm的凡纳滨对虾的质量增加显著低于混养(P0.05),但存活率显著高于混养(P0.05);混养时对虾规格越大增长越快,存活率越低,其中凡纳滨对虾2~3cm,点带石斑鱼17.6~18.8cm及凡纳滨对虾4~5cm,点带石班鱼17.6~18.8cm混养组合的质量增加最大(分别为7.88g与7.67g)。单养和混养时,8~9cm的凡纳滨对虾存活率差异不显著(P0.05)。方差分析显示,对虾规格与养殖模式间的交互作用对对虾质量增加和存活率影响极显著(P0.01);混养时对虾规格对鱼的质量增加影响不显著(P0.05),17.6~18.8cm的点带石斑鱼平均质量增加显著大于12.3~13.6cm(P0.05),对虾规格越大,混养鱼的捕食量越小,凡纳滨对虾8~9cm,点带石班鱼17.6~18.8cm的混养组合对虾存活率高,鱼虾的交互作用对鱼的质量增加和捕食量均有极显著影响(P0.01)。凡纳滨对虾混养的利润显著大于单养(P0.05),其中凡纳滨对虾4~5cm、点带石斑鱼17.6~18.8cm,凡纳滨对虾4~5cm、点带石斑鱼12.3~13.6cm,凡纳滨对虾2~3cm、点带石斑鱼17.6~18.8cm混养组合的利润显著高于其他混养组合(P0.05),凡纳滨对虾8~9cm的养殖利益显著低于其他规格对虾。建议凡纳滨对虾体长达到4~5cm开始混养点带石斑鱼。     

乌苏里拟鲿苗种培育技术

选用经人工繁殖刚开口摄食的乌苏里拟鲿水花，在池塘和水族箱内同时进行培育。池塘每667m^2投放水花3万尾，水族箱内投放水花400尾。3个月培育结果表明，池塘养殖的乌苏里拟鲿体长由1．21cm增长至15．31cm，体重由0.023g／尾增重至28．25g／尾，成活率为96．8％；水族箱培育的乌苏里拟鲿体长增长至5．76cm，体重增长至1.92g／尾，成活率为33％。雌雄个体生长不均，池塘培育雌性个体平均体长为10．2cm，体重为16．5g／尾，雄性个体平均体长为21,8cm，体重为60Ag／尾；水族箱培育雌性个体平均体长为5．6cm，体重为1．49g／尾，雄性个体平均体长为6．6cm，体重为2．42g／尾。     

海水网箱养殖长鳍篮子鱼的摄食与生长特性

于2005年10月至2006年5月对海水网箱养殖长鳍篮子鱼(Siganus canaliculatus)的摄食与生长特性进行了研究。结果表明,长鳍篮子鱼主要栖息于水体中下层,喜结群,易受惊,活动能力较强,具有争抢食物的习性,喜摄食网衣上附着的藻类。初始体重17.8±3.2 g的长鳍篮子鱼经187 d养殖,平均体重达68.4 g,日均增重0.27 g,平均瞬时增重率为0.72%。长鳍篮子鱼的生长速度受水温影响明显,采样阶段平均水温23.0℃时瞬时增重率达到最高值2.10%,当水温降到16.0℃以下时,瞬时增重率出现最低值0.22%。长鳍篮子鱼的全长与体长呈线性关系,相关方程式为:LT=0.7228LB+5.6424;体长与体重呈幂函数关系,相关方程式为:W=0.00002L3.0559,其生长属于等速生长类型。     

太平洋鲑苗种培育技术初探

于2004年1月26日从北京引进太平洋鲑苗种5000尾，采用水泥池微流水方式进行苗种培育试验，投喂人工配合饲料，经过70d的培育，使原来放养规格为平均体长5．8cm，平均体重3．2g，增长到平均体长13．5cm，平均体重35．9g，成活率达98％，饲料效率达74．8％左右。     

投喂频率对点篮子鱼生长性能影响

以初始平均体重(114.71±3.631)g、体长(15.70±0.352) cm的点篮子鱼为研究对象,探讨不同的投喂频率对其生长性能及体成分的影响.结果表明,投喂频率对点篮子鱼的存活率没有显著影响(P＞0.05),试验期间各个试验组存活率均为100％.而投喂频率对点篮子鱼的特定生长率(SGR)、日均增重(DWG)和增重率(WG)有显著影响(P＜0.05).每天投喂1次(F1)到4次组(F4)的点篮子鱼的SGR、DWG和WG随投喂频率的增加而显著性升高,而每天投喂5次组(F5)的SGR、DWG和WG显著低于F4组.随着投喂频率的提高,点篮子鱼的摄食率(FR)逐渐上升.饵料系数(FCR)与投喂频率呈正相关.鱼体水分和灰分含量随着投喂频率的增加而下降,F1到F4组间有显著性差异(P＜0.05),F4到F5无显著性差异.各试验组鱼体蛋白质含量无显著变化,而脂肪含量随投喂频率增加显著增加(F1到F4组间差异显著(P＜0.05),F4与F5无差异).综合本试验点篮子鱼的生长性能、饲料转化率和体成分变化,认为人工养殖点篮子鱼的最适投喂频率为4次/d.     

海水网箱养殖褐菖鲉试验

宁德三都澳海区褐菖鲉(Sebasticus marmoratusCuvier)经375 d不同方式的网箱养殖比较,与大黄鱼混养的褐菖鲉个体平均体重增重量达80.9 g,成活率72.8%;单养Ⅱ网箱底部投放石莼等活体藻类,褐菖鲉个体增重量为71.0 g,成活率72.5%;单养Ⅰ只放养褐菖鲉,个体增重量为61.6 g,成活率67.1%。生长速度和成活率:混养单养Ⅱ单养Ⅰ,可知褐菖鲉与大黄鱼混养效果最好。水温高于26℃,褐菖鲉极易死亡,采取网箱底部投放大型活体藻类、不投饵或少投饵、不更换网衣等度夏措施是养殖成功的关键。     

南麂列岛海域黑鱾网箱养殖试验初报

自2001年5月5日起,对南麂列岛自然海域22500尾规格为1～2cm的黑鱾(Girella melanichthys)鱼苗进行了12个月的中间培育,至2002年5月5日平均叉长达14.5 cm,平均体重达93.7 g,成活率59.3%.其中培育出的1800尾中苗再经26个月的养成试验,至2005年7月5日,单养黑鱾均重达397.7g,养殖成活率84.5%;而与鮸状黄姑鱼混养的黑鱾均重达504.4 g,养殖成活率93.7%.     

白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)在拟穴青蟹体内增殖的研究

拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)因肉质鲜美、生长快速而成为我国主要的海水养殖经济蟹类,但是随着养殖规模的不断扩大,病害问题也越发严重。本研究通过流行病学调查和定量PCR跟踪检测的方法,研究了拟穴青蟹对白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)的易感性和WSSV在拟穴青蟹体内的增殖情况。结果表明,拟穴青蟹是WSSV的自然宿主,自然携带率为8.47%。WSSV可通过口服途径感染拟穴青蟹,并在拟穴青蟹体内快速增殖,注射感染5 d后,病毒量达到感染1d时的1.1×109倍,当病毒累积到一定量后即可致死拟穴青蟹。研究表明,拟穴青蟹是WSSV的天然宿主,在虾蟹混养过程中可以通过摄食WSSV感染虾而带毒或发病,并因此成为WSSV传播媒介,从而对虾蟹混养条件下WSSV的防治效果产生重要影响。     

Production of Australian Red Claw Cherax quudricarinatus in Polyculture with Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

Abstract— Australian red claw crayfish Cherax quudricarinurus were cultured in monoculture and in polyculture with male Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloricus in nine 0.02-ha earthen ponds. Red claw with an average weight of 7 g were stocked in all ponds at 2/ m². Tilapia with an average weight of 19 g were stocked in six ponds at either 0.5 or 1/m². A sinking 32% fish diet and dry alfalfa hay was provided to all ponds as feed and forage. After 135 d, red claw survival was similar (19–24%) in all treatments while average weights were 76 g in monoculture and 48 g in both polyculture treatments. Lower than expected survival was a result of stress caused by poor shipping conditions. Tilapia survivals were similar (84–90%) in all ponds and had an average weight of 403 g when stocked at 1/m² and 444 g when stocked at 0.5/m². Red claws are generally considered non-aggressive, especially when compared with other clawed crustaceans. This lack of aggressiveness is suggested as a cause for decreased growth in polyculture with tilapia.     

Effects of Stocking Size and Density of Tilapia on Macrobrachium rosenbergii in Polyculture

Studies were conducted to determine the effect of stocking size and density of prawns in polyculture.
In one experiment, postlarval prawns (av. wt. 0.02 g) were stocked in six 0.02 ha earthen ponds at 35,00O/ha. Two ponds were stocked with tilapia fry (av. wt. 0.14 g) and two were stocked with tilapia fingerlings (av. wt. 30.1 g), each at 10,000/ha. Two control ponds had no tilapia. Tilipia stocking size had no effect on prawn growth. Mean weight of prawns after 70 days of culture ranged from a low of 4.5 g when cultured with tilapia fingerlings to a high of 6.6 when cultured in monoculture. Prawn survival was adversely affected by tilapia fry. Average prawn survival in tilapia fry ponds was 65% compared to 75% and 91%, respectively, in tilapia fingerling and monoculture ponds.
In a second experiment, postlarval prawns were stocked in nine 0.02 ha earthen ponds at 40,000/ ha. Six ponds were stocked with 30 g tilapia fingerlings, three at 5,000/ha and three at 15,000/ha. Three control ponds received prawns only. After 100 days of culture, prawn weight ranged from an average of 15.9 g in monoculture ponds to 11.5 g in polyculture ponds. Survival was highest (93.8%) in low density polyculture ponds. Survival was lowest (85.6%) in prawn monoculture ponds. Tilapia reproduction had a negative impact on shrimp production.     

Comparison of food selection and growth performance of koi carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.) in mono- and polyculture rearing in tropical ponds

To compare the effect of polyculture against conventional monoculture on ornamental carp production, investigations on food selection and growth performance of koi carp (K), Cyprinus carpio L. and goldfish (G), Carassius auratus (L.) were conducted in a 11‐week rearing experiment in two monoculture (100% K and 100% G) and five polyculture (90% K–10% G, 70% K–30% G, 50% K–50% G, 30% K–70% G and 10% K–90% G) conditions in tropical ponds. There were three replicates for each treatment. Environmental conditions and food availability were similar in all the treatments. Ivlev's electivity index showed that both fish species avoided phytoplankton and preferred cladocerans to other zooplankton groups (copepods and rotifers) in monotypic conditions. However, in the polyculture treatments, the positive electivity of goldfish towards cladocerans reduced significantly (P<0.05), while the percentage of copepods, rotifers and phytoplankton in the gut content increased. No significant differences in weight gain, specific growth rate and deformities were recorded at harvest for koi carp between the different treatments (P>0.05). Even the survival rate of koi carp recorded above 90% in all the treatments. However, the goldfish recorded significantly better weight gain, specific growth rate and survival in monoculture (100% G), compared with the polyculture treatments (P<0.05). Goldfish deformities were lowest (P<0.05) in the monoculture treatment (2.42%). The number of marketable fish above a set size limit of 4 g total weight was significantly higher in the two monoculture treatments, compared with the five polyculture treatments (P<0.05). Keeping in view of the dietary similarities of koi carp and goldfish, and the aggressive nature of koi carp in polyculture, it is suggested to refrain from polyculture of goldfish and koi carp until further documentations relating to optimum stocking density and management of polyculture of ornamental carps are available.     

黄金鲈♀×伊犁鲈♂杂交代的形态特征与人工养殖技术

对黄金鲈♀×伊犁鲈♂杂交后代的形态特征与黄金鲈和伊犁鲈进行了比较,并就其人工养殖技术进行了探讨。结果表明:2龄杂交鲈体长26.5～31.5cm,(L=28.53±1.69cm),体重339.0～650.5g,(=447.31±94.23g)。体长为体高的3.58～3.93倍,两背鳍分离,第一背鳍棘14～16根,体侧扁,长椭圆形,形态特征与黄金鲈相似,体背为灰绿色,颜色介于黄金鲈与伊犁鲈之间,身体两侧有5～9条黑色横斑,属于温、冷水性鱼类,生长的最适温度为22～25℃,室内养殖条件下,投喂颗粒饵料,并辅以动物性饵料,生长迅速,日均增重率可达0.62g/d。     

鲈鲤苗种培育及苗种生长特性的研究

为研究鲈鲤(Percocypris pingi)苗种的生长特性,开发鲈鲤育苗技术,采用水泥池流水单养模式,在自然水温条件下,开展了10日龄至110日龄鲈鲤苗种培育试验。经过100 d的培育,鲈鲤鱼苗体质量从(46.45±4.03)mg增加到(2600.09±105.18)mg,平均体长从(16.22±0.46)mm增长到(50.78±2.97)mm,平均成活率为82.00%;体质量变异系数在4.05%~24.80%,体长变异系数在2.49%~7.32%,体质量变异系数大于体长变异系数;体质量变异系数整体呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,体长变异系数整体变化较为平缓,在整个培育阶段,鲈鲤种群生长离散呈现从加剧到减弱的变化规律;体质量特定生长率在(0.91±0.49)%/d~(7.75±2.18)%/d,体长特定生长率在(0.47±0.29)%/d~(1.94±1.46)%/d,体质量特定生长率大于体长特定生长率;在水温16.8~23.0℃条件下,鲈鲤生长状况良好,特定生长率相对较高,当水温高于23.0℃之后,特定生长率呈降低趋势,表明16.8~23.0℃是鲈鲤鱼苗适宜的生长水温范围;肥满度变化范围在(1.09±0.10)~(2.85±0.18)g/cm^3,肥满度变化呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势;体长(x)和体质量(y)的拟合方程为y=0.0015x^3.7566(R^2=0.9806),b值为3.7566;全长(y)和体长(x)的拟合方程为y=1.223x-0.5055(R^2=0.9908)。试验结果表明,鲈鲤苗种在水泥池流水单养模式及自然水温条件下生长状况良好,16.8~23.0℃是鲈鲤苗种的适宜生长水温。     

配合饲料中不同蛋白含量对方斑东风螺稚螺生长和体组成的影响

为探讨人工配合饲料中不同蛋白水平对方斑东风螺稚螺生长和体组成的影响。采用蛋白质含量分别是18.58%,24.30%,30.08%,36.44%,42.64%和48.86%的配合饲料进行了试验。试验水温(28.5±1.5)℃,海水盐度1.0178±0.0008,pH值7.9±0.5,试验期6周。结果表明:配合饲料各组中,当蛋白水平高于36.44%(IV组)时,方斑东风螺稚螺壳高和壳宽增长率以及增重率均显著高于18.58%～30.08%组;各组间成活率差异不显著(P0.05)。配合饲料中不同蛋白水平对方斑东风螺肉中水分、灰分和磷的含量均有显著的影响(P0.05),肉中蛋白含量各组间差异不显著(P0.05)。采用折线回归模型分析配合饲料中蛋白水平与增重率的变化关系,通过折线回归方程y1=5.573X-1.84(R2=0.922);y2=2.367X+135.33(R2=0.823)。可见,0.34～1.18 g方斑东风螺稚螺配合饲料中,适宜的蛋白质添加水平为42.78%。     

Growth, Survival, Yield, and Size Distributions of Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus in Polyculture and Monoculture Systems in Puerto Rico

Abstract.— Tilapia and freshwater prawn production in Puerto Rico for monoculture and polyculture systems were compared. The experiment consisted of three treatments with three replicates each. The stocking rates for the prawn monoculture, fish monoculture and polyculture treatments were respectively: 7 prawns/m², 1 tilapia/M², and 7 prawns with 1 tilapia/ m². The mean stocking size for tilapia and prawn were respectively, 7–8 g and 1–1.3 g. After 145 d of culture, yields and mean weight of tilapia in monoculture and polyculture system were not significantly different. Total yields were 2,942 and 2,769 kg/ha, respectively. Mean weights were 348 g in monoculture and 331 g in polyculture. Yields and mean weight of prawns in monoculture and polyculture were significantly different. Total yields were 1,367 and 951 kg/ha, respectively. Mean weights were 55 g in monoculture and 31 g in polyculture. Total yield in polyculture was 3,720 kg/ha showing an increase over the production separately obtained in prawn and fish monoculture.     

密度胁迫对凡纳滨对虾稚虾免疫指标及生长的影响

将体长为（3.59±0.26）cm的凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）按1 800尾.m-3、1 500尾.m-3和1 200尾.m-3的密度分别饲养在注水0.3 m3的圆形玻璃纤维桶（容量为0.5 m3）中30 d,检测了基本水质因子、对虾肝胰腺和肌肉组织中的酚氧化酶（PO）活力、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力、抗菌活力（Ua）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）活力、体质量增长和成活率,研究了不同放养密度对凡纳滨对虾稚虾免疫指标及生长的影响。统计分析发现,试验过程中水体理化因子均在适宜范围,各处理间水质因子的差异不显著;对虾的PO活力、Ua和AKP活力均随着密度的增加而降低,SOD活力则反之;对虾的体质量增长、体质量特定增长率和成活率随着密度的增加而降低,成活率差异显著（P〈0.05）。结果表明,凡纳滨对虾（体长〈4.8 cm或体质量〈1.2 g）在密度为1 200～1 800尾.m-3时,密度胁迫可明显影响其免疫指标和生长。     

Polyculture of Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Notemigonus crysoleucas

A polyculture study was conducted in southwest Louisiana comparing production of Malaysian prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii , in monoculture and polyculture with Golden shiners, Notemigonus crysoleucas .
This test revealed stocking of shiners at 24.7/m² with prawns at 4.4/m² resulted in increased total pond production over monoculture of prawns at 4.4/m² with equal prawn yields in both systems and little increase in labor. Feeding rates were based on prawn biomass. Food conversion ratios ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 in polyculture and 0.9 to 1.1 in monoculture when total production was considered. Prawn production averaged 640 kg/ha in polyculture and 629 kg/ha in monoculture. Mean size of prawns was 19 g in polyculture and 20 g in monoculture. The polyculture of shiners with prawns added an average of 307 kg/ha of the bait fish to pond production.
Shiners did not compete seriously with prawns when stocked at these rates. This practice could result in added revenues to producers culturing these species together.     

Growth performances for monoculture and polyculture of hatchery‐reared juvenile spotted babylon,Babylonia areolata Link, 1807, in large‐scale earthen ponds

This study was conducted to determine the feasibility of growing out hatchery‐reared spotted babylon juvenile (Babylonia areolata) in earthen ponds. The growth, survival and water quality for monoculture of spotted babylon were compared with the two polyculture trials with sea bass (Lates calcarifer) or milkfish (Chanos chanos). This study provided good results for growth and survival of spotted babylon in earthen ponds. The mean body weight gain of snails held in the monoculture was 5.39±0.08 g, and 4.07±0.16 and 4.25±0.11 g for those held in the polyculture with sea bass or milkfish respectively. Food conversion ratios (FCR) were 2.69, 2.96 and 2.71 for snails held in the monoculture and polyculture with sea bass and milkfish, respectively, and the final survival rates were 84.94%, 74.30% and 81.20% respectively. There were no significant differences in each parameter of water quality among the treatments but significant differences among the culture period were present (P<0.05). Salinity and total alkalinity showed the greatest changes during the culture period for all treatments. Seawater temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrite–nitrogen and ammonia–nitrogen gradually changed over the culture period for all the treatments. The present study indicated the technical feasibility for monoculture and polyculture of B. areolata to marketable sizes in earthen ponds.