MAP在梅童鱼保鲜中的应用

本文研究了0-4℃贮藏条件下,梅童鱼在不同气体组(60％CO2 40％N2、60％CO2 20％O2 20％N2)MAP的保鲜效果。经与空气对照组比较表明：采用60％CO2 20％O2 20％N2及60％CO2 40％N2混合气体对样品进行包装,保鲜效果明显优于空气对照组,且以60％CO2 20％O2 20％N2配气比例的保鲜效果最佳,其保质期高达20d。     

0 ℃冷藏条件下鲢阻抗特性与鲜度变化的相关性

为了更好地了解0 ℃冷藏条件下鲢（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix）鱼体的阻抗特性与鲜度的变化规律及相关性,建立鱼体鲜度快速检测方法,分别测定了鲢鱼片的品质指标[菌落总数、肌苷和次黄嘌呤浓度总和/ATP关联物浓度总和（K值）、汁液损失、感官评价]以及鲢鱼体的阻抗变化率（Q值）,分析了Q值与各品质指标的相关性。结果显示,随贮藏时间的延长,鱼片的菌落总数、K值和汁液损失率逐渐增加,感官评分和鱼体的Q值逐渐减小。第15天鱼片的菌落总数为（6.85±0.07）log cfu·g-1,K值为（63.97±1.93）%,汁液损失率为（6.26±0.01）%,感官评分为10.0±1.4分,Q值为（22.92±2.60）%,此时鱼片失去食用价值。Q值与菌落总数、K值、汁液损失和感官评价的相关系数R分别为0.972、0.976、0.945和0.984（P〈0.01）,表明Q值与各鲜度指标具有良好的相关性。在0 ℃贮藏条件下用Q值可快速、无损伤地评估鲢鲜度。     

Instrumental Textural Changes in Raw White Shrimp During Iced Storage

The general objective of this work was to evaluate the changes in the texture of raw white shrimp, stored whole in ice for up to 14 days, by instrumental texture analysis of the flesh after peeling off the carapace. Effect of test method (relaxation, compression, texture profile analysis, cutting, and penetration tests), test speed (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mm/s), and test position on sample (second, third, and fourth segments of abdominal musculature) were studied to measure the textural attributes of shrimp. Mechanical parameters (force at yield point, stiffness, toughness, and shear/penetration work) increased significantly during the 14 days of storage. Shrimp muscle maintained firm texture up to 4 days of storage after harvesting. At that time, the texture became soft, stiffness of the skin layer increased, and then pH values in the shrimp reached a value higher than 7 (alkaline). A linear model with a high coefficient of determination (R² > 0.75, for all parameters obtained from the penetration test with the spherical probe) described adequately the mechanical properties of iced shrimp during storage. Comparing several methods, the penetration test on the second flesh segment using a spherical probe at a speed of 0.1 mm/s and using penetration work as a parameter gave the best results to clearly indicate the changes in textural properties of iced shrimp with a high correlation coefficient during storage time (R² = 0.83), while other test methods failed to provide an indication of deterioration.     

电子鼻技术的研究进展及其在水产品鲜度评价中的应用

水产品的质量管理是水产加工企业的重要环节。传统上，水产品的鲜度主要是采用感官评价或气相色谱分析的方法进行的。这些方法费时昂贵，而且不便于对产品质量的适时监测。因此，高效、快捷的水产品质量监测技术的研究受到了很大关注。利用电子鼻测水产品的鲜度，被公认是一种快速、可靠、可实现自动检测、而且对水产品无任何伤害的新型技术。本文阐述了电子鼻的工作原理和化学传感器技术的研究进展，并且讨论了电子鼻技术在水产品鲜度评价中的应用和未来发展前景。     

鲤鱼冷藏中的鲜度变化与货架期

以感官、化学和微生物为指标,研究了养殖鲤鱼在0℃(冰藏)、5℃、10℃和15℃贮藏过程中的鲜度变化和货架期,并对菌落总数、嗜冷菌、假单胞菌、挥发性盐基氮与感官评价的一致性程度进行了探讨。结果表明,在0℃、5℃、10℃、15℃的贮藏过程中,鲤鱼的高品质期分别为426 h、189 h、95 h和58 h,货架期分别为713 h、382 h、146 h和87 h。各温度高品质期终点和货架期终点时菌落总数分别为6.63±0.45 lg cfu/g、7.18±0.29 lg cfu/g,假单胞菌数分别为5.69±0.75 lg cfu/g、6.50±0.33 lg cfu/g,挥发性盐基氮均值分别为9.90±0.52 mg/100 g、20.52±0.34 mg/100 g。各温度下高品质期终点和货架期终点时各指标均值均无显著差异(P0.05),表明菌落总数、假单胞菌和挥发性盐基氮作为鲤鱼低温贮藏的鲜度指标与感官鲜度评价有较好的一致性。     

Fish freshness categorization from eyes and gills color features using multi-class artificial neural network and support vector machines

Developing new techniques to determine fish freshness and quality can enhance nutritional value of the overall household food basket. In this research, digital image analysis was utilized to assess the freshness of rainbow trout fish by tracing the color attributes of its eyes and gills. The image data were collected from left and right eyes and gills in a 10-day ice-storage duration, and color components were extracted in RGB, HSV, and L*a*b* color spaces. Analysis of variance revealed that the RGB components of both eyes and gills had a significant change towards getting brighter during the ice-storage. Feature extraction was fulfilled from the color spaces, and then artificial neural networks (ANNs) and support vector machines (SVMs) were applied for classification of the ice-storage durations. The overall accuracies of the developed models demonstrated that the ANN somewhat outperformed the SVM for both the extracted features from the eyes and gills. Moreover, the gills’ features could describe the variance in the storage durations more efficiently than those extracted from the eyes. Finally, it was concluded that the applied colorimetric system along with the developing models could be employed as a successful non-destructive approach for evaluation of fish freshness.     

BOOK REVIEW

No abstract available for this article.     

鲈鱼在微冻保鲜过程中的质量变化

以感官评价、细菌总数、T-VBN、pH、ATPase活性、K等作为鲜度指标,研究鲈鱼在微冻(-3℃)保鲜过程中的质量变化规律,评价鲈鱼微冻保鲜的可行性.结果表明,鲈鱼在微冻过程中,①感官评分变化在前、中、后3个10天内下降速度分别为0.07、0.09、0.12分/天,但差异不显著;②细菌总数变化第30天下降至初始菌数的1/100;③T-VBN变化第30天时为0.156 6 mg/g,远未达到2级鲜度指标上限;④pH变化前10天一直下降,第10天最低为6.3,而后缓慢上升;⑤ATPase活性下降速度很快,第20天下降至0.005 3μmol/(min@mg),基本丧失活性;⑥K变化前5天由5.2%迅速升到22.33%,此后上升速度趋于缓慢,第30天达到34.362%.微冻可以明显抑制其细菌总数的增长,并维持其较低的T-VBN和K值.但是,微冻条件下鲈鱼的蛋白质变性速度较快.     

Chemical Parameters for Traceability of Raw Material Freshness of Tropical Surimi

ABSTRACT

Changes in chemical parameters of tropical fish used for surimi production—namely, threadfin bream (TB; Nemipterus spp.), lizardfish (LZ; Saurida spp.), and goatfish (GF; Upeneus spp.)—during ice storage and their respective washed mince were investigated. Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), trimethylamine (TMA), hypoxanthine (Hx), and total biogenic amine (BA) content of mince increased with storage time. Crude protein of fish and their respective washed mince reduced as storage time of fish was prolonged. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that washed mince produced from fish stored in ice for 7–12 days showed chemical characteristics that were distinct from those of washed mince prepared from spoiled fish. The TMA, TVB-N, and Hx content of washed mince appeared to be sufficient raw material freshness indicators in these three species.     

大菱鲆0、25℃贮藏的鲜度变化和货架期

以感官、化学和微生物为指标,对大菱鲆在冰藏(0℃)、室温(25℃)贮藏过程中的鲜度变化和货架期进行了研究,并探讨了菌落总数(TVC)、挥发性盐基氮(TVBN)、三甲胺氮(TMA)与感官评价的一致性程度。结果表明,0℃和25℃贮藏大菱鲆,高品质期分别为526 h和26 h,货架期分别为763 h和49 h;TVC在高品质期终点分别为6.88、6.38 lg(cfu/g),在货架期终点分别为7.67、7.90 lg(cfu/g);TVBN在高品质期终点分别为15.97、16.46 mg/100g,在货架期终点分别为33.1、28.58 mg/100 g;TMA在高品质期终点分别为1.29、0.74 mg/100 g,在货架期终点分别为12.89、11.37 mg/100g。各指标间均无显著性差异(P>0.05),表明TVC、TVBN值、TMA值作为大菱鲆贮藏中的品质指标保持较好的一致性。大菱鲆0℃和25℃贮藏的主要腐败菌均为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas spp.),其次为腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens)。     

A History of the Development of Sensory Methods for the Evaluation of Freshness of Fish

It is well-established in fish technology that freshness should be measured primarily by sensory procedures, though considerable effort has been expended in looking for nonsensory alternatives. A variety of methods for sensory evaluation of freshness has been described and this historical review traces developments of these methods. Much of the source material derives from the research literature such as research journals and reports of research, and the use of sensory methods in commercial quality control has scarcely been documented. There is a brief discussion of possible future developments in sensory evaluation of freshness.     

Biochemical,Physical, Chemical,and Microbiological Assessment of Blue Shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris) Stored in Ice

Postmortem changes in blue shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris) muscle were studied on the basis of biochemical, chemical, physical, and microbiological changes during an 18 day storage period at 0°C. Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) content, breakdown products, K-value, pH, trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), water holding capacity (WHC), color, and texture (shear force) changes were examined. Also, total mesophilic and psychrophilic bacterial counts were measured. K-value increased linearly (r² = 0.98) from an initial value of 1.37 ± 0.59 to 59.42 ± 6.05% at Day 18. Spoilage indicators TVB-N and TMA-N increased from 29.56 ± 1.33 and 0.69 ± 0.25 to 39.04 and 2.04 ± 0.59 mg of N/100 g at Day 18, respectively; meanwhile, the total viable counts of mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria increased from 3.48 ± 0.44 and 2.61 ± 0.29 log CFU/g to 6.27 ± 0.21 and 7.14 ± 0.39 log CFU/g, respectively, which indicated spoilage at the end of the storage period. The pH, texture, WHC, and color were affected (p < 0.05) during the storage period. Overall, results indicate that blue shrimp muscle quality was maintained for 12 days of storage in ice.     

Extractive component changes in the foot muscle of live small abalone during storage

ABSTRACT: Changes in the freshness indices and extractive components in the foot muscle of live small abalone Haliotis diversicolor during storage at 5°C, 15°C, and 25°C were investigated. The pH values declined with storage time. Volatile basic nitrogen and the K -value increased gradually with storage time at 15°C and 25°C, but changes were small at 5°C. The onset of initial decomposition of samples was observed after 3.5 days at 5°C, after 2.5 days at 15°C, and after one day at 25°C. Adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate degraded rapidly within the early days of storage. In contrast, levels of adenosine monophosphate increased and exhibited prolonged accumulation throughout the storage period. The total amount of free amino acids increased markedly during storage. The dominant free amino acids, such as taurine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, and arginine, also increased after storage.     

日本沼虾冰藏期间ATP降解产物变化及鲜度评价

鱼类贮藏期间的各种生物化学变化已有诸多报导，但对虾类的这些变化则报道较少［１］。１９８６年Ｎａｋａｍｕｒａ和Ｉｓｈｉｋａｗａ［２］研究了日本对虾在２０℃贮藏时Ｋ值与鲜度之间的关系。１９９０年等对日本对虾在不同贮藏温度下的ＡＴＰ及其降解产物、多胺类化合物、挥发性盐基氮（ＶＢＮ）以及乳酸含量的变化进行了研究［１］。结果表明Ｋ值、ＶＢＮ和乳酸的含量似乎可以用作为日本对虾新鲜度的潜在指标，而腐胺和次黄瞟吟含量似乎可以用作为腐败的指标。 本文以日本沼虾为材料，研究冰藏对其ＡＴＰ及它的降解产物的变化以及对其…     

Quality Indices of Squid (Photololigo duvaucelii) and Cuttlefish (Sepia aculeata) Stored in Ice

The objective quality indices of squid (Photololigo duvaucelii) and cuttlefish (Sepia aculeata) stored in ice were compared with the subjective counterparts. Sensory (overall quality rating, quality index method [QIM], and multisample difference test), microbiological (total viable count [TVC], psychrophilic count), chemical (trichloroacetic acid-soluble peptide [TCA-soluble peptide], trimethylamine nitrogen [TMA-N], total volatile bases nitrogen [TVB-N], ammonia content, and protein pattern), and physical analyses (expressible drip, color, and texture) were determined in both species during 16 days of iced storage. As storage time increased, TCA-soluble peptide, TVB, ammonia content, and expressible drip were increased (p < 0.05). TMA content was markedly increased after 10 and 8 days of storage in squid and cuttlefish, respectively. Both TVC and psychrophilic count increased as the storage time increased (p < 0.01). Myosin heavy chain was degraded with coincidental decrease in shear force and sensory texture during storage (p < 0.05). According to the overall rating score, shelf life of both species in ice was estimated to be 6 days. The increases in ammonia content and expressible drip were highly correlated with the decrease in overall quality rating and increase in quality index score of squid and cuttlefish (p < 0.01).     

发酵鸡粪养鱼试验

用充氧动态发酵机加工鸡粪，并将这种发酵鸡粪添加到饲料中，进行池塘和网箱养鱼试验，均取得良好效果。     

溶菌酶复合保鲜剂对水产品的保鲜作用

以对虾、带鱼段、扇贝柱和矛鱼条为试样，采用浸保鲜液、加入保鲜冰等保鲜方式，并运用正交试验法得出了在冷藏（5℃）与冰藏（0-1℃）条件下溶菌酶复合保鲜剂的有效配方，由于采用复配方式，扩大了溶菌酶的原抗菌谱范围，又增强了抗菌作用强度，结果表明，这种复合保鲜剂的作用显著，在其他条件相同的情况下，可延长保鲜期约一倍时间。     

Change in translucency of squid mantle muscle upon storage

ABSTRACT:   Change in the translucency of squid mantle muscle during itsstorage at 0°C was studied by monitoring L* valueand turbidity. Two indicators showed that squid mantle muscle lostits translucency and reached maximal turbidity within 24 hof storage. Thickness of mantle muscle also increased by 15% in12 h, earlier than the loss of translucency. ATP contentdecreased with storage time and was completely lost in almost 24 h,a similar period to translucency loss, but later than rigor contraction.Development of black color on skin surface by chromatophores wasfully achieved in 24 h. It was thus concluded that ATPcontent was well correlated with a loss of translucency or increasein the turbidity of mantle muscle and development of dark coloron the surface skin of mantle.     

养殖大黄鱼加工和冰藏过程中鲜度和细菌类型的变化

通过对养殖海水以及捕获、加工、流通和冰藏等整个供应链过程养殖大黄鱼的温度履历、感官、化学、微生物的品质监测,评估养殖海水、碎冰和加工过程中大黄鱼细菌卫生状况,分析其在整个过程鲜度和细菌相变化。结果表明,养殖海水和碎冰的菌落总数分别为4.99±0.41 lg cfu/g和3.90±0.32 lg cfu/g,大肠菌群数分别为30~450 MNP/100 g和低于30 MNP/100 g;新捕获养殖大黄鱼的菌落总数为3.82±0.38 lg cfu/g,假单胞菌数为3.13±0.58 lg cfu/g,嗜冷菌数为2.82±0.60 lg cfu/g,大肠菌群数为低于30 MPN/100 g;冰藏第18天时TVBN含量为28.62±0.51 mg/100 g,菌落总数、假单胞菌数、嗜冷菌数和大肠菌群数分别为6.24±0.06lg cfu/g、6.01±0.25 lg cfu/g、5.68±0.21 lg cfu/g和30 MPN/100 g。养殖海水和新捕获鱼中细菌种类繁多,革兰氏阴性菌分别占其总菌株数的64.9%和56.8%;革兰氏阳性菌分别占其总菌株数的27.0%和42.0%;优势菌群为黏性威克斯菌、腐败希瓦氏菌和假单胞菌属。加工结束后,假单胞菌(34.9%)、玫瑰小球菌(32.6%)和缺陷短波单胞菌(14.0%)成为主要菌群。冰藏第4天时仅分离出4种不同类型的细菌,腐败希瓦氏菌比例上升明显,冰藏第10天和第18天时,所占比例分别为63.5%和69.1%,是冷却链养殖大黄鱼产品的优势腐败菌。