6个建鲤家系的遗传结构及不同亲缘关系个体间的遗传差异分析

选用12个微卫星位点对6个建鲤Cyprinus carpio var.jian家系的遗传结构和不同亲缘关系个体间的遗传差异进行分析.结果表明:12个位点在6个建鲤家系中共检测出80个等位基因和172种基因型,平均每个位点检测到等位基因6.7个和基因型14.3种;各家系平均观察杂合度(H0)和期望杂合度(He)分别为0.725～0.883和0.533 ～0.656;平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.440～0.584;固定系数(FIS)计算结果表明,6个建鲤家系都表现为杂合子过剩(FIS＜0);6个建鲤家系遗传分化系数(Lat)值为0.209 4,家系间平均遗传距离为0.458 7;6个家系中的父子间、母子间和同胞子代间的平均遗传距离分别为0.333 1、0.347 7和0.318 0,没有血缘关系个体间的平均遗传距离为0.635 3,且极显著大于亲子之间和同胞子代之间的遗传距离(P＜0.01).本研究表明,6个建鲤家系的多态信息含量丰富,遗传多样性水平较高,具有较大的选育潜力.     

中国美利奴羊(新疆型)及其杂交后代群体遗传多态性研究

[目的]研究4个微卫星标记在3个绵羊群体中的遗传多态性,以期找到与生长性状相关的遗传标记,为标记辅助选择育种提供理论依据.[方法]采用微卫星标记技术研究4个微卫星标记在3个绵羊群体(中国美利奴羊、中国美利奴羊与德国美利奴羊的杂交后代、中国美利奴羊与萨福克羊的杂交后代)中的遗传多态性,利用Popgene( Versionl.32)软件计算等位基因频率(P)、基因杂合度(H)、有效等位基因数(Ne);用PIC - CALC软件计算多态信息含量(PIC).[结果]4个微卫星标记在3个绵羊群体中共检测到26个等位基因,平均每个标记检测到6.5个等位基因,平均有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为4.384 8、5.4520、5.006 8,平均杂合度(H)分别为0.771 3、0.812 2、0.799 6,平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.742 2、0.785 3、0.770 6.[结论]4个微卫星标记在3个绵羊群体中均表现为高度多态,可以用作绵羊遗传多样性的评估,可望作为生长性状选择的遗传标记.     

利用微卫星标记分析6个鲤鱼群体的遗传差异

为了评估和合理利用鲤种质资源,选出13个微卫星位点对框镜鲤、黑龙江鲤、荷包红鲤、兴国红鲤、黄河鲤和建鲤进行遗传多样性分析。结果显示:13个微卫星位点在6个鲤鱼群体中共检测出142个等位基因,所检测到的等位基因片段长度在116～280bp。各鲤鱼群体的平均观察杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)分别在0.564～0.705和0.611～0.776;13个位点在6个鲤鱼群体中平均多态信息含量(PIC)在0.573～0.749。固定系数(FIS)分析表明,只有建鲤群体表现为杂合子过剩(平均FIS<0),其他5个鲤鱼群体表现为杂合子缺乏(平均FIS>0)。试验结果表明,这6个鲤鱼群体多态信息含量丰富,遗传多样性水平较高,具有较大的选育潜力。群体间的遗传距离和聚类分析显示,框镜鲤与兴国红鲤亲缘关系最远,黄河鲤与建鲤的亲缘关系最近。     

4个微卫星标记在波尔山羊中的遗传多态性研究

根据比较基因组学方法,利用绵羊6号染色体上与主效多胎基因(FecB)紧密连锁的4个微卫星标记OarAE101、OarHH55、BM1329和BMS2508,对波尔山羊进行了等位基因频率、多态信息含量、有效等位基因数和杂合度的遗传检测。结果表明,4个微卫星位点在波尔山羊上多态性丰富;OarAE101基因座的多态信息含量(PIC)、有效等位基因数(Ne)、平均杂合度(He)分别为0.847 4,6.553 1和0.862 8;OarHH55基因座分别为0.767 6,4.302 9和0.796 8;BM1329基因座分别为0.841 4,6.305 2和0.857 6;BMS2508基因座分别为0.783 1,4.6104和0.8096。4个微卫星位点均为高度多态位点,可用于波尔山羊遗传多态性评估和多胎性状研究。     

枫泾猪微卫星基因座的遗传多样性分析

为分析枫泾猪的遗传多样性,采用ISAG/FAO联合推荐的30个猪微卫星标记,以等位基因数、基因杂合度、多态信息含量、固定指数等遗传参数为指标,评估了枫泾猪群体内的遗传变异情况.结果显示,30个微卫星座位上共检测到128个等位基因,平均观察等位基因数(Na)与平均有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为4.266 7±1.3374和3.012 9±0.875 5;平均观察杂合度(H.)、平均期望杂合度(He)和Nei期望杂合度(Nei)分别为0.839 5±0.2829、0.635 6±0.1573、0.6291±0.1557;各微卫星座位的多态信息含量(PIC)在0.0200～0.7674之间,平均PIC为0.5684±0.1618;30个微卫星座位中,仅座位S0355和S0068处于统计学意义的Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P=1.0000、P=0.2945),其他座位均处于不平衡状态.该研究结果可为枫泾猪的保护利用提供理论依据.     

应用两类遗传标记方法分析湖羊和同羊的遗传多样性

随机抽取湖羊 6 3只、同羊 6 5只分别进行 14个结构基因座和 7个微卫星标记的遗传检测 ,比较由两种遗传标记获得的群体基因平均杂合度 (H)、多态信息含量 (PIC)及群体有效等位基因数 (Ne)。结果表明 :由微卫星等位基因频率获得的群体基因平均杂合度、多态信息含量及有效等位基因数显著大于由结构基因座获得的 ,且在两群体中变化趋势一致。提示 :结构基因座和微卫星标记是绵羊群体遗传多样性研究的可靠遗传标记 ,而微卫星标记揭示更为丰富的遗传变异 ;两绵羊群体在结构基因座和微卫星DNA两个层次上具相当的遗传多样性 ;微卫星标记可有效用于近缘群体间的遗传分析。     

合浦珠母贝家系遗传多样性与性状相关性

采用8对微卫星引物对合浦珠母贝12个家系的遗传多样与性状的相关性进行分析,结果显示,平均等位基因数(Ao)、平均有效等位基因数(Ae)、平均观测杂合度(Ho)、平均期望杂合度(He)和平均多态信息含量(PIC)等遗传参数与性状的表型参数总体上呈凸形曲线关系,表明中等遗传参数的家系性状表型普遍较好.但总体上,生长较快的家系,各遗传参数平均较大.     

微卫星分子标记对德国镜鲤两家系遗传多样性的比较分析

利用35个微卫星分子标记对黑龙江松浦实验站2个家系德国镜鲤的观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)、多态信息含量(PIC)和有效等位基因数(Ae)等进行遗传检测,根据基因频率计算遗传相似系数和Nei氏标准遗传距离,χ2检验估计Hardy-Weinberg平衡,并与其亲本的各项遗传指标进行比较。2个家系共检测到108个等位基因,平均每个基因座扩增得到3.0857个等位基因,片段长度在136~383 bp之间。结果显示,2个家系的多态性指标均适中,多态信息含量分别为0.4376、0.3254,多态性扩增的基因座的有效等位基因数在1.0339~4.6997个不等,平均有效等位基因数依次为2.2706、1.8432,无偏期望杂合度在0.183 1~0.8006之间,平均值分别为0.5123、0.3881。但连锁不平衡分析表明,这2个家系在较大的选择压力下,已偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡,讨论了出现这种现象的可能原因。     

微卫星标记BMS2508和Bulge5在河南淮山羊中的遗传多样性研究

用2个微卫星标记,通过PCR扩增,利用12％非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和银染显色等方法对河南淮山羊进行微卫星DNA遗传多态性进行研究.结果显示:在Bulge5基因座上检测出6个等位基因,其片段大小在105～140 bp之间,其多态信息含量(PIC)、有效等位基因数(Ne)、平均杂合度(He)分别为0.7340、3.182 0、0.8325;BMS2508位点有6个等位基因,其片段大小在100～150 bp之间,其多态信息含量、有效等位基因数、平均杂合度分别为0.843 0、3.706 0、0.8446.说明BMS2508和Bulge5等2个微卫星位点在河南淮山羊上均为高度多态位点,利用微卫星DNA多态性预测山羊的生产性能是可行的,本研究为山羊的选育、保种和开发利用提供了理论依据.     

广东4个地方鹅品种的遗传多样性分析

用磁珠富集法筛选的19对微卫星引物和从GenBank搜索12个微卫星引物检测广东4个地方鹅品种的遗传多样性。利用等位基因频率计算各群体的平均遗传杂合度(H)、多态信息含量(PIC)和群体间的遗传距离(DA),分析其遗传多样性。结果表明,31个微卫星引物中有25个微卫星引物在4个鹅群体中的多态信息含量均为中度多态,可作为有效的遗传标记用于各鹅品种的遗传多样性和系统发生关系的分析。4个广东地方鹅品种的平均杂合为0.611 9-0.672 7,均较高,最高的是乌棕鹅(0.672 7),最低的是阳江鹅(0.611 9),且杂合度的高低与PIC的大小体现了较高的一致性,表明广东4个地方鹅品种均具有丰富的遗传多样性;4个鹅品种被聚为2类:狮头鹅和乌棕鹅聚为第1类,阳江鹅和马冈鹅聚为第2类。     

元江鲤种群遗传多样性

选择12对微卫星标记检测了于2011年采集自元江(红河上游中国江段)5个样点192尾鲤的群体遗传多样性。共检测到201个等位基因,每个位点等位基因2-27个。各群体各位点平均等位基因(N_A)12.25-14.67个,平均有效等位基因(N_E)8.28-9.73个,平均观察杂合度(H_O) 0.7765-0.8037,平均期望杂合度(H_E)0.7761-0.8080,平均多态信息含量(PIC) 0.7534-0.7843。元江鲤种群192个个体各位点N_A、N_E、H_O、H_E、PIC分别为16.50、11.26、0.7927、0.8049、0.7966,种群遗传多样性水平高。元江鲤群体之间遗传分化小,可作为一个种群管理单元进行管理。增殖放流要防止遗传多样性丧失。     

菊黄东方鲀野生和人工选育群体遗传变异的SSR和ISSR分析

利用SSR和ISSR两种分子标记技术,对菊黄东方鲀的人工选育群体(SH)和野生群体(YS)的遗传变异和遗传结构进行了联合分析。SSR分析的结果显示,14个微卫星位点总共获得了146个等位基因,选育和野生群体的平均期望杂合度(He)分别为0.730 0和0.832 3,平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.705 1和0.813 6;ISSR结果显示,选育和野生群体的平均Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)分别为0.267 2和0.282 3,平均Shannon信息指数(I)为0.407 2和0.425 6,表明菊黄东方鲀选育群体的遗传变异程度低于野生群体。此外,两种分子标记遗传分化的结果显示,两个群体的遗传分化指数分别为0.061 9(SSR)和0.061 5(ISSR),表明两个群体已经产生了中等程度的遗传分化。综上,本单位菊黄东方鲀的人工选育群体仍然具有相对较丰富的遗传变异以供进一步的遗传改良。     

Genetic potential analysis of German mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) using microsatellite markers

Using 30 microsatellite markers and combining quantifiable characteristics such as body weight, body length and body width, we evaluated the genetic potential of 3 German mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) populations. Number of effective alleles (Ae), observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity values and polymorphic information contents (PIC) were all calculated. Two hundred and eighty-seven alleles and 559 genotypes were detected. The DNA fragment length was 109–400 bp. The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium was checked and the phenomenon of some disequilibrium was studied according to the χ² test. The results showed that the level of genetic variability was moderate, but genetic potential of Shuanglai population was much lower than that of Huanxin and Songpu breeding populations. PIC of the three populations of German mirror carp were between 0.08787 and 0.5377, both highly and moderately polymorphic markers were 13. The number of the Ae was between 1.1014 and 6.4665. The Ho and He heterozygosity values were 0.0968–0.9892 and 0.0926–0.8554, respectively. The linkage correlation was analyzed using the data of body weight, body length and body width, and 30 loci. The result showed that there existed 2 loci, HLJ319 and HLJ693, associated with body length. The HLJ693 locus was significantly correlated with body weight trait. The HLJ677 locus was linked with body width. And then the result was verified in Recombinant Inbred Lines (RIL) of common carp. It showed that the HLJ319 locus was significantly linked with body length, the same as the result of quantitative trait loci (QTL) location for common carp. __________ Translated from Hereditas (Beijing), 2007, 29(12): 1509–1518 [译自: 遗传 (北京)]     

Genetic diversity analysis of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) distributed in China based on allozyme markers approach

Using starch gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the genetic diversity of 19 populations of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) distributed in China has been evaluated based on seven allozyme systems. Among the 14 enzyme loci studied, 12 of them showed polymorphic, giving a total of 40 alleles. The average allelic number (A) and the average effective allelic number (Ae) were 3.004 and 2.178, whereas the average of expected heterozygosity (He) and the observed heterozygosity (Ho) were 0.525 and 0.440, respectively. The total genetic differentiation (H _T ) in the 19 populations tested was 0.536, including 0.515 within population (H _S ) and 0.021 among populations (D _ST ). The mean coefficient of genetic differentiation (G _ST ) was 0.038, indicating that 3.8% of genetic differentiation was resulted from the populations, and the rest from those within the population. The genetic distance among the 19 populations was small, ranging from 0.015 to 0.065. Cluster analysis based on AVERAGE showed that populations with closer geographical distribution had higher genetic similarity than that in populations with far away distribution. There was no evident geographic differentiation pattern in Chinese black locust populations at a biochemical level.     

Analysis of genetic diversity and structure across a wide range of germplasm reveals genetic relationships among seventeen species of Malus Mill. native to China

China is a center of diversity for Malus Mill. with 27 native species including 21 wild species and six domesticated species. We applied a set of 19 simple sequence repeat markers to genotype 798 accessions of 17 species (12 wild species and five cultivated species) of Malus originating from 14 provinces in China. A total of 500 alleles were detected. Diversity statistics indicated a high level of genetic variation as quantified by the average values of the effective allele number (N_e), expected heterozygosity (H_e), and Shannon’s Information Index (I) (10.309, 0.886, and 2.545, respectively). Malus sieversii (MSR; H_e=0.814, I=2.041, N_e=6.054), M. baccata (MBB; H_e=0.848, I=2.350, N_e=8.652), M. toringoides (MTH; H_e=0.663, I=1.355, N_e=3.332), and M. hupehensis (MHR; H_e=0.539, I=0.912, N_e=0.579) showed a higher level of genetic diversity in this study than the previous studies. MSR and MBB contributed to the origin and evolution of some accessions of M. domestica subsp. chinensis (MDC). However, other accessions of MDC showed a closer genetic distance with MBB and cultivated species, especially M. robusta (MRB), M. asiatica (MAN), and M. prunifolia (MPB). Not all accessions of MDC were descended from MSR in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. This research provides novel insights into the genetic relationships of Malus native to China, which will be useful for genetic association studies, germplasm conservation, and breeding programs.     

Microsatellite Analysis of Genetic Diversity Between Loach with Different Levels of Ploidy

We used microsatellite markers to investigate the genetic parameters of three different polyploidy populations of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus from Honghu City, Hubei Province. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis banding patterns of diploid（2n）, triploid（3n） and tetraploid loaches（4n） were analyzed with Pop Gen software. A total of 68 alleles were obtained from seven microsatellite loci and the polymorphism information content（PIC） indices were all above 0.5. The average expected mean heterozygosity values（He） were 0.8420, 0.7186 and 0.8521; the average observed mean heterozygosity values（Ho） were 0.9674, 0.9785 and 0.8928; and the HardyWeinberg P values were 0.3078, 0.3151 and 0.3762, for diploid, triploid and tetraploid individuals, respectively. The results indicated that the three populations were highly polymorphic, with no deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium observed at all the seven microsatellite loci. This indicated a high level of genetic diversity within the populations. A cluster analysis diagram showed that the shortest genetic distance was between diploid and tetraploid loaches and they shared a close phylogenetic relationship. The triploid and tetraploid individuals had the most distant phylogenetic relationship.     

运用TRAP标记分析5个鲤群体的遗传多样性

运用TRAP标记技术,选取10个多态性较好的引物组合对荷包红鲤、黄河鲤、建鲤、兴国红鲤和黑龙江野鲤等5个鲤群体进行遗传多样性分析,其中固定引物是根据目标候选基因-GHR基因的序列设计。结果表明,共扩增出168个位点,其中多态性位点134个,平均多态位点比例为80.41%,平均多态性信息含量为0.29。分子变异方差分析(AMOVA)结果显示群体内的方差贡献率达96.97%,表明各个鲤群体内存在较大的遗传变异。种群再分效应固定指数(FST=0.030 26,P＜0.05)表明不同鲤群体间有显著的遗传分化。基于目标候选基因的TRAP标记对5个鲤群体进行聚类分析,结果表明建鲤和兴国红鲤首先聚成一类,然后黄河鲤和黑龙江野鲤聚为一类,再与荷包红鲤聚为一类。     

长江口江豚的遗传多样性现状及种群动态

长江口地处长江与东海、黄海的交汇处,是窄脊江豚东亚亚种和长江亚种的重叠分布区和死亡率高发区。筛选出16个多态性微卫星位点,对采自长江口的36头窄脊江豚东亚亚种样本作了遗传多样性和种群动态分析。结果显示,除了2个微卫星位点显著偏离了Hardy-Weinberg平衡外,其他14个位点均未偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡。16个微卫星位点共获得了129个等位基因,平均等位基因数达8. 1个。计算获得的平均观察杂合度(Ho)为0. 733,平均期望杂合度(He)为0. 758,多态性信息含量(PIC)均在0. 5以上。其遗传多样性水平与印度洋江豚和海豹等海洋哺乳动物相近,但明显高于大熊猫、东北虎等陆生珍稀哺乳动物。杂合度检验和Mode-shift模型分析显示,该种群未经历过近期的遗传瓶颈效应。Msvar软件的4次模拟均未发现该种群在历史上发生过明显的有效数量波动,估算的当前有效种群大小约为5 623头。研究显示,在长江口发现的窄脊江豚东亚亚种个体,属于一个大而稳定的种群。     

Analysis of genetic diversity among seven goat populations in the middle and lower valley of Yangtse River and southeast coastal regions in China

The genomes of seven native goat populations were screened by using microsatellites as molecular markers; the populations were Yichang white, Matou, Xiangdong black, Fuqing, Daiyun, Huanghuai and Yangtse River Delta white goats. A total of 23 microsatellite markers were used and genetic diversities and genetic distances were also determined. The results showed that only 21 loci showed polymorphism in all populations. BM0203 was a homozygotic locus in every population, but more than one allele was found among all populations. Alleles of BM6444 were homozygotic in Xiangdong Black and Yichang White goats, but more than one allele was detected in other populations. Average heterozygosity of all populations was 0.819 0, and the mean polymorphism information content (PIC) of all seven populations was 0.630 5–0.691 9. An unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram was constructed on Nei’s standard genetic distance. Matou and Xiangdong black were grouped at first, then Fuqing, Daiyun, Yangtse River Delta white and Huanghuai goats joined them respectively. Finally, Yichang white goats clustered with all of the above. Translated from Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2006, 37(1): 1–6 [译自: 畜牧兽医学报]     

Study on polymorphisms of microsatellite DNA of six Chinese indigenous sheep and goat breeds

The genomes of six populations were screened using microsatellites as molecular markers, including Ujmuqin sheep, small-tailed Han sheep, Tan sheep, Hu sheep, Tong sheep and Yangtse River Delta (YRD) white goat. A total of seven microsatellite markers were used and genetic diversity and genetic distance were also determined. The results showed that there were 224 alleles in six populations, all seven loci showed polymorphism in all populations. The average heterozygosity of all populations was 0.949 9, and the mean polymorphism information content (PIC) of all six populations was 0.842 5–0.929 4. The six sheep (goat) popualtions were lowly differentiated with all loci, and the coefficient of phaenotype differentiation (Fst) was 2.6%, which was consistent with the coefficient of gene differentiation (Gst). The global heterozygote deficit across of all populations (Fit) amounted to 0.5%. The overall significant deficit of heterozygotes because of inbreeding within breeds (Fis) amounted to −2.2%. Two Unweighted Pair-group Method using Arithmetic Averages (UPGMA) dendrograms were constructed on the basis of Nei’s standard genetic distance (DS) and Nei’s genetic distance (DA) respectively. Hu sheep and Tong sheep were grouped at first, Ujmuqin sheep and small-tailed Han sheep clustered and then clustered with Tan sheep. Finally, Yangtse River Delta white goat joined in with all above. From this study, Ujmuqin sheep belongs to “Mongolia sheep” group, which corresponds with the historical records exactly. Ujmuqin sheep and small-tailed Han sheep, Tan sheep, Hu sheep and Tong sheep all vest in the “Mongolia sheep” group.