F一Ⅶ型鹅源禽副黏病毒的分离及其特性研究

从辽宁省某鹅场雏鹅体内分离到1株副黏病毒，该分离毒株具有血凝活性且血凝活性能被NDV标准阳性血清和鹅副黏病毒阳性血清所抑制，能使SPF鸡胚、非免疫鸭胚和鹅胚100％死亡；电镜观察见病毒颗粒呈多形性，多为圆形，有囊膜，直径200nm左右；ELD500为10^8.6／mL，MDT为56h，ICPI为1．94。通过RT—PCR扩增出F基因，鉴定为基因Ⅶ型强毒株，测序结果为HBS209，与CH2000的同源率为91．8％，从而确定分离毒株属于禽副黏病毒Ⅰ型(APMV—Ⅰ)的基因变异强毒株。动物接种试验表明，该毒株对鸭无致病性，对鹅、鸡、鸽的致病率和致死率均达100％。     

鹅副黏病毒的分离与鉴定

从鹅体内分离到一株副黏病毒（DG01株），该病毒具有血凝活性且血凝活性能被新城疫标准阳性血清和鹅副黏病毒阳性血清所抑制，能使SPF鸡胚、非免疫鸭胚和鹅胚100％死亡。电镜观察见病毒颗粒呈多形性，多为圆形有囊膜，直径在200nm左右；ELD50为10^8.6／ml，MDT为56h，ICPI为1．94。对DG01株通过RT-PCR方法，扩增出F基因，鉴定为基因Ⅶ强毒株，测序结果与CH2000同源率为91．8％，因此确定DG01株属于禽副黏病毒Ⅰ型（APMV-1）的基因变异强毒株。动物接种试验表明DC01株对鸭无致病性，对鹅、鸡、鸽具有100％的发病率和致死率。     

一株经鸭胚传递的鸭副黏病毒的分离鉴定及生物学特性

从表现疑似副黏病毒症状的1日龄雏鸭和死亡鸭胚中分离到1株病毒,经HA、HI和病毒中和反应鉴定为副黏病毒,命名为SDFCH株。按常规方法测得SDFCH株的生物学毒力指标MDT、ICPI和IVPI分别为56.6 h、1.78和2.59,鸭胚半数致死量LD50为10-8.5,表明SDFCH株为副黏病毒强毒株。用分离病毒对11日龄鸭胚和7日龄雏鸭攻毒,孵化出的雏鸭和攻毒的雏鸭均出现明显的剖检变化。根据GenBank中NDV F基因序列设计合成了3对引物,通过RT-PCR扩增出了鸭源Ⅰ型禽副黏病毒(APMV-1)SDFCH株的F基因。与已发表副黏病毒F基因相关序列对比结果表明:SDFCH株与鸭、鹅源副黏病毒的同源性较高,核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性均在96.4%~98.0%之间,而与Lasota株同源性较低,核苷酸和氨基酸同源性仅为84.4%和87.9%。表明该毒株相对于传统的Lasota株已经发生了较大的变异。     

疑似鸭瘟病毒的分离培养、鉴定

本实验通过鸭胚尿囊腔接种,对从山东采集的疑似鸭瘟的病鸭肝组织进行了病毒分离,获得了病毒分离株。此病毒用常规疫苗无法预防。对病毒进行负染、电镜观察。经形态学、理化特性、生物学特性、致病性、抗原性和分子生物学特性测定表明该病毒为不耐酸、不耐碱、不耐热、对氯仿处理敏感、核酸类型为双股DNA的有囊膜病毒,直径为120～200nm。此分离株对10日龄鸭胚的死亡率为100%,人工感染15日龄雏鸭的致死率为100%。通过人工感染雏鸭可成功复制出与自然感染病例相同或相近的肉眼病变及组织学病变。     

鸭肿头败血症病毒的生物学特性

为了进一步明确近年来在四川广汉、华阳等养鸭地区流行的鸭肿头败血症(Duck swollen head septicemia)的病原特征,对分离的鸭肿头败血症病毒(Duck swollen head septicemia virus,DSHSV)XD株、NF株进行培养特性、毒力、形态、理化性质、与鸭瘟病毒抗原相关性等方面的生物学特性研究。结果证明:该病毒能在鸭胚上繁殖并传代,不能在鸡胚、鸭胚成纤维细胞、鸡胚成纤维细胞上繁殖。鸭胚半数致死量为10-5.78/0.2 mL。病毒粒子呈球形,大小65～70 nm,无囊膜。核酸类型为ds RNA。基因组大于19 kb。病毒不能凝集鸡、鸭、鹅、兔、绵羊红细胞。对氯仿不敏感,对热有一定抵抗力,对酸碱有较强抵抗力。与鸭瘟病毒无抗原相关性。     

鸭副黏病毒F基因变异分析

<正>1鸭副黏病毒F基因变异分析分离到10株鸭源副黏病毒,血凝效价在22～26,10株副黏病毒分离株MDT为50.4～60.0h,ICPI为1.66～1.78,按照毒力判断标准表明分离株均属于强毒株。鸭副黏病毒F基因起始序列为ACGGGTAGAA、终止序列为TTAAGAAAAA,     

鸭病毒性肿头出血症病毒培养特性与形态观察

试验对鸭病毒性肿头出血症病毒在鸭胚上的培养特性、毒力、病毒的纯化及其形态进行了研究。结果表明:该病毒不能感染鸡胚,能在鸭胚上繁殖并传代,在鸭胚上的半数致死量为1×10~(-7.24)/0.2mL;氯化铯超速离心纯化的病毒效果优于蔗糖离心法,电镜观察病毒粒子呈球形或椭圆形,大小为60～80nm,无囊膜。     

四川省鸭瘟病原的分离鉴定

用9～10日龄鸭胚和血清交叉中和试验从四川省七个疑似鸭瘟发病片区分离鉴定了七株鸭瘟病毒。经测定,这七个毒株与鸭瘟标准强毒AV1221F16代的血清型、抗原性一致,没有血凝特性,对氯仿敏感,属于DNA病毒;鸭胚半数致死量DELD50为10^-4.59～10^-5.92/0.2mL;本动物回归使四川麻鸭在3～7天死亡;电镜下观察成熟病毒粒子呈球形成近似球形,带有囊膜,直径150～160nm,具有疱疹病毒的典型形态结构。     

鸭传染性产蛋减少症（暂定名）的病原分离初报

本文对2010年在成年蛋鸭中流行的以产蛋下降为特征的未知疫病病原进行了初步鉴定。病原能在鸭胚、鸡胚和细胞上复制增殖,对鸭胚、鸡胚的致死率达100%。鸭胚病毒分离物不具有血凝性,在透射电镜下可观察到直径为50~100 nm、有囊膜带突起的病毒粒子。病毒对酸敏感、能耐受pH9的碱性环境,50℃1 h可使病毒失去感染能力。SPF鸡人工感染试验结果显示,感染鸡生长缓慢、致死亡率低、能回收病毒。说明引起鸭产蛋量下降的疫病病原是病毒性的,并导致鸡感染发病,我们将此病暂称为鸭传染性产蛋减少症。     

鹅类新城疫病原研究

用鹅胚分别从扬州地区附近两地患病鹅群的病鹅肝、脾中分离到2株病毒,电镜观察病毒颗粒大小不等,形态不一,具有囊膜和纤突结构,病毒粒子大小100～300nm。两毒株能凝集鸡和人O型红细胞,并为鹅康复血清所抑制,对鹅、鸡及鹅胚、鸡胚、鸭胚都有致病力,但对鸭无致病力,人工感染健康鹅可复制出与自然病例一致的病状,病毒对鹅胚LD（50）为10(10.4）,MDT67．4h,鹅的LD（50）为10(7.5)。用鸡新城疫Ⅰ系苗对该鹅病有良好预防效果。根据病毒鉴定、临床表现及免疫效果将该病暂定为鹅类新城疫。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.