脂肪和蛋白质水平对工业养殖大西洋鲑消化酶、非特异性免疫及水质的影响

为探讨脂肪和蛋白质水平对工业化养殖大西洋鲑相关消化酶活力、免疫及对水质指标的影响,采用3×2双因素试验设计(3脂肪水平:18%、21%、24%,即F18、F21、F24;2蛋白质水平:38%、48%,即P38、P48),形成6种实验处理的膨化配合颗粒料,每处理3重复,在工业化封闭循环海水养殖(RAS)条件下,选用初重(650.0±45.50)g大西洋鲑720尾进行56 d的养殖实验。结果显示:(1)F21可显著提高大西洋鲑胃、肠、肝脂肪酶活力,比低脂肪分别提高11.52%、14.63%、4.31%;P48使肠、肝胰蛋白酶活力分别提高8.23%、8.33%,且发现其活力水平远高于胃蛋白酶。(2)F18、P48可显著提高肠道AKP酶活力,F18比F21、F24分别提高18.61%、31.70%,P48比P38提高13.69%。(3)F21、F24可显著改善血清的抗氧化能力,F21比F18的SOD活力提高10.32%,同时MDA含量降低4.49%;P48有利于提高血清LZM活力及补体C3含量,P48比P38分别高9.49%、5.93%。(4)低蛋白质水平可显著降低水体中氨氮、硝酸盐的含量,P38比P48分别降低61.70%、28.36%;提高脂肪水平可降低水体氨氮含量,F21、F24比F18分别降低10.00%、8.20%。研究表明,饲料脂肪和蛋白质水平与消化吸收酶、非特异免疫、养殖水氨氮之间关系特征明显;适当提高脂肪水平有利于提高消化道脂肪酶活力,提高蛋白质水平有利于提高免疫力;低蛋白质和中高脂肪组合可有效降低大西洋鲑的氨氮排泄量。     

投饲频率对俄罗斯鲟幼鱼生长、消化酶活力和氨氮排泄的影响

在室内水族箱条件下,以俄罗斯鲟(Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)幼鱼(4.42±0.06 g)为对象,探讨了投饲频率对幼鱼生长、消化酶活力和氨氮排泄的影响。实验采用等量投饲法,共设置4个投饲频率(2次·d-1、3次·d-1、4次·d-1和6次·d-1,分别记为F2、F3、F4和F6组),投饲实验为期42 d。结果表明,随着投饲频率增加,实验鱼的增重率升高,饵料系数下降。其中,F6组增重率最高,为461.33%,但与F3组(409.67%)和F4组(443.33%)之间的差异不显著;相应地,F3、F4与F6组实验鱼的饵料系数显著低于F2组(P0.05),而F3、F4与F6组之间的饵料系数无显著性差异。F2组和F6组肥满度较低,且显著低于F3组和F4组(P0.05);此外,实验鱼脏体比和肝体比随着投饲频率的增加而略有下降,但各组之间的差异均不显著(P0.05);肝脏淀粉酶活性和脂肪酶活性随投饲频率的增加而升高,胰蛋白酶活性的差异则不显著;提高投饲频率还可降低鱼的氨氮排泄率,其中F6组的耗氧率也显著低于其它组。结果显示,适当增加投饲频率可提高俄罗斯鲟的消化酶活力,降低蛋白被用于能量代谢的比例,从而提高了幼鱼的生长速度和饲料利用率。结合本实验的结果和生产实际情况,建议人工养殖鲟鱼幼鱼的投饲频率大于等于4次·d-1为宜。     

蛋白质和脂肪对工业培育黄颡鱼仔稚鱼生长和生理因子的影响

为探讨蛋白质和脂肪对工业化培育黄颡鱼仔稚鱼生长和生理因子的影响,实验采用2×2双因素设计,设置2个蛋白水平(48%、52%);2个脂肪水平(9%、13%)。形成4种实验饲粮处理组,每处理3个重复,每重复3600尾实验鱼[平均体质量(4.6±0.3)mg]。实验鱼为2日龄黄颡鱼"全雄1号"仔鱼,以卤虫开食1 d后,逐渐过渡为实验饲料,过渡期为2 d,实验进行21 d。结果显示:113%脂肪水平显著提高实验鱼成活率,52%蛋白水平显著提高实验鱼增重率和饲料利用率。P52L13组成活率极显著高于P52L9组32.67%,显著高于P48L13和P48L9组,其增重率也分别显著高于P48L13和P48L9组40.15%和43.74%;P48L9组成活率分别显著高于P52L9组15.83%,但增重率最低。2生理因子分析表明,52%蛋白、13%脂肪水平分别显著提高黄颡鱼仔稚鱼机体IGF-1和T3含量,并有提高消化酶和吸收酶活力趋势。P52L13组消化酶、吸收酶活力和生长相关激素含量均最高,且后两类均显著提高,AKP活力分别显著高于P52L9和P48L13组37.38%和34.71%,IGF-1水平显著高于P48L9组46.2%;P48L9组消化酶和吸收酶活力均较高,但T3及GH含量均最低,IGF-1水平显著低于其他3组25.76%~31.6%。3本研究新发现,蛋白和脂肪水平较低时,对仔稚鱼生长性能未有提高,但二者组合比例(即蛋脂比)适宜时(本实验条件下为3.95~5.46),有利于工业化培育仔稚鱼存活能力的改善。总之,本研究初步确定,在工业化培育条件下,P52L13组饲料为兼顾黄颡鱼仔稚鱼成活率、生长性能、消化吸收和生长相关激素水平的优良组合;P48L9组饲料为改善黄颡鱼仔稚鱼存活、消化吸收的适宜蛋脂比组合;饲料蛋脂比对鱼类生命早期发育成活具有重要作用。     

不同蛋白质和脂肪水平对细鳞鲑幼鱼生长和肌肉氨基酸含量的影响

本研究旨在探讨不同蛋白质和脂肪水平对细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok)幼鱼生长、体成分以及肌肉氨基酸含量的影响。采用蛋白质水平为40%、45%、50%和55%,脂肪水平为8%和16%,共8组实验饲料。在水温为(16±0.2)℃的循环流水水族箱系统内进行为期10周的养殖试验。采用常规生化分析方法对该鱼肌肉营养学组成及含量进行测定分析。研究结果表明,不同蛋白和脂肪水平对细鳞鲑幼鱼增重率、特定生长率、肥满度和肝体比等均有显著影响(P0.05)。随着蛋白水平增加,增重率、特定生长率、肥满度和肝体比率先升高后降低,其肌肉粗蛋白含量也随之显著升高(P0.05),而对粗脂肪和粗灰分不存在显著影响;随着脂肪水平增加,其肌肉粗脂肪含量也随之显著提高(P0.05),而对水分、粗蛋白和灰分含量不存在显著影响。肌肉中共测定出17种氨基酸(除色氨酸),不同蛋白和脂肪水平对氨基酸总量(WTAA)和必需氨基酸的构成比例(WEAA/WTAA)不存在显著影响。综合生长性能与氨基酸模式的实验结果,本研究认为细鳞鲑幼鱼最适蛋白质和脂肪水平分别为50%和8%,适宜蛋能比为29.36 g/MJ。     

生长轴对半滑舌鳎早期生长发育的调控作用

为深入了解生长轴(GH/IGF axis)对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)生长发育的调控作用,采用定量PCR方法研究了GH/IGF轴5个关键生长因子(GH、GHR1、GHR2、IGF-I、IGF-II)在配子、胚胎发育和仔稚幼鱼生长过程中的差异表达调控特性。结果显示,这5个生长因子都具有亲本遗传的特性,除GH外,精子中其他4个生长因子转录表达水平均显著高于卵子。在胚胎发育阶段, GH mRNA在胚胎发育各时期均有表达,且在细胞分裂初期和孵化期表达水平较高。GHR1和GHR2mRNA在胚胎发育各时期呈现相似的表达水平变化趋势,除囊胚期和原肠胚期外, GHR1 mRNA的表达量均高于GHR2。IGF-I和IGF-II mRNA在胚胎发育各时期均表达, IGF-I在孵化期表达水平最高, IGF-II在胚体下包2/3期和孵化期表达水平最高。除64细胞期和128细胞期外, IGF-II mRNA的表达量均显著高于IGF-I (P0.05)。在仔稚幼鱼生长阶段, GH mRNA表达水平从孵化后3 d开始显著升高,到6 d时达峰值。GHR1 mRNA表达水平自6 d开始显著升高(P0.05),到30 d达峰值。GHR2 mRNA在3 d、20 d、25 d、30 d和60 d均处于显著高表达水平(P0.05)。IGF-I mRNA在3 d表达水平最高, IGF-II mRNA从6 d开始显著上调表达,并保持较高表达水平至45 d, IGF-II mRNA表达量均显著高于IGF-I (P0.05)。偏相关分析发现:这5个生长因子通过正向协同或负向拮抗作用在半滑舌鳎胚胎发育和仔稚幼鱼生长过程中共同起调控作用。研究结果为深入了解GH/IGF轴对鱼类生长调控机制积累了新的素材。     

饲粮蛋白脂肪比对圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegates)生长、消化酶及血清生化指标的影响

为探讨饲粮不同蛋白质和脂肪水平对圆斑星鲽生长、消化酶及血清生化指标的影响,以鱼粉和酪蛋白为蛋白源,鱼油和豆油为脂肪源,配制成蛋白水平为40%、45%、50%,脂肪水平为8%,12%,16%的9组试验饲料(分别表示为P40L8、P40L12、P40L16、P45L8、P45L12、P45L16、P50L8、P50L12、P50L16),每组设3个重复,每重复20尾鱼,经过83 d的饲养试验。结果表明,试鱼成活率不受饲粮中蛋白质和脂肪水平的影响(P0.05)。增重率、特定生长率和摄食率随脂肪水平的增加而显著降低(P0.05),P50L8组试鱼增重率较P40L16组高33.63%,特定生长率高31%。饲料效率随蛋白水平的增加而显著增加(P0.05),P50L8组试鱼饲料效率较P40L8组高24.09%。P50L8组表现出最高的增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率及摄食率。胃蛋白酶随蛋白水平的增加呈现先增加后下降的趋势。胰蛋白酶以P50L8组最高,显著高于P50L12组6.91%(P0.05),和其他各组差异不显著(P0.05)。胃脂肪酶随饲粮中蛋白水平的提高先降低后升高。肠脂肪酶以P50L8组最高,但各组间差异不显著(P0.05)。试鱼血清中总蛋白含量随饲粮蛋白水平的增加显著升高(P0.05),P50L8组谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶均高于其他组,但各组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。甘油三酯和总胆固醇以P50L8组最低,且显著低于P45L12和P45L16组(P0.05),与其他组差异不显著(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮脂肪水平增加未引起蛋白质节约作用,饲粮中蛋白质、脂肪、蛋能比和蛋白脂肪比分别为50%、8%、104.31mg/kcal和6.63时,可满足圆斑星鲽的较快生长及其生理需要。     

饲粮蛋白脂肪比对圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegates)生长、消化酶及血清生化指标的影响

为探讨饲粮不同蛋白质和脂肪水平对圆斑星鲽生长、消化酶及血清生化指标的影响,以鱼粉和酪蛋白为蛋白源,鱼油和豆油为脂肪源,配制成蛋白水平为40%、45%、50%,脂肪水平为8%,12%,16%的9组试验饲料(分别表示为P40L8、P40L12、P40L16、P45L8、P45L12、P45L16、P50L8、P50L12、P50L16),每组设3个重复,每重复20尾鱼,经过83 d的饲养试验。结果表明,试鱼成活率不受饲粮中蛋白质和脂肪水平的影响(P>0.05)。增重率、特定生长率和摄食率随脂肪水平的增加而显著降低(P<0.05),P50L8组试鱼增重率较P40L16组高33.63%,特定生长率高31%。饲料效率随蛋白水平的增加而显著增加(P<0.05),P50L8组试鱼饲料效率较P40L8组高24.09%。P50L8组表现出最高的增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率及摄食率。胃蛋白酶随蛋白水平的增加呈现先增加后下降的趋势。胰蛋白酶以P50L8组最高,显著高于P50L12组6.91%(P<0.05),和其他各组差异不显著(P>0.05)。胃脂肪酶随饲粮中蛋白水平的提高先降低后升高。肠脂肪酶以P50L8组最高,但各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。试鱼血清中总蛋白含量随饲粮蛋白水平的增加显著升高(P<0.05),P50L8组谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶均高于其他组,但各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。甘油三酯和总胆固醇以P50L8组最低,且显著低于P45L12和P45L16组(P<0.05),与其他组差异不显著(P>0.05)。由此可见,饲粮脂肪水平增加未引起蛋白质节约作用,饲粮中蛋白质、脂肪、蛋能比和蛋白脂肪比分别为50%、8%、104.31mg/kcal和6.63时,可满足圆斑星鲽的较快生长及其生理需要。     

蛋白营养对工业养殖大菱鲆(Scophthatmus maximus L.)幼鱼生长、氨氮排泄及肌肉氨基酸的效应

在封闭循环水养殖条件下,选用体重为(145.08±0.56)g大菱鲆(Scophthatmus maximus L.)幼鱼,进行4种饲粮蛋白质水平(41%、46%、50%和55%,即Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组)的单因素实验74 d,研究蛋白营养变化对工业养殖大菱鲆幼鱼生长、氨氮排泄及肌肉氨基酸的影响。结果显示:(1)实验鱼增重率的提高随饲粮蛋白含量升高先快后慢,Ⅲ、Ⅳ组增重率极显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组18.48%–65.95%(P0.01),Ⅲ、Ⅳ组间无显著差异;饲料系数则相应下降,Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别极显著低于Ⅰ组25.64%、28.21%(P0.01),Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组间无显著差异;(2)实验鱼氨氮排泄率与饲粮蛋白水平呈正相关,即随饲粮蛋白水平提高,实验鱼氨氮排泄率呈先缓增后趋平稳趋势,饲粮蛋白含量超过50%时,排泄率急剧上升。氨氮排泄率呈明显昼夜节律性,即摄食后排泄率逐渐升高,6–8 h达排泄高峰,后逐渐降低,以此周期性循环。早投喂后6 h各组排泄率达高峰,Ⅳ组极显著高于其他3组17.95%–35.07%(P0.01);晚投喂后8 h各组排泄率达1 d内第2次高峰,Ⅳ组极显著高于Ⅰ组31.27%(P0.01),显著高于Ⅱ组14.25%(P0.05);(3)17种常见氨基酸在各处理组鱼肌肉内含量丰富,总量均高于65 mg/100 mg,且随饲粮蛋白含量升高呈渐增趋势,其中,Ⅲ、Ⅳ组无论肌肉氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸含量,还是鲜味氨基酸含量,均略高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组,但4组间差异不显著(P0.05);饲粮蛋白含量变化对实验鱼肌肉氨基酸组成比例无显著影响。总之,饲粮蛋白水平过高,不能显著改善生长性能,却会显著提高氨氮排泄;同时,既不能改变肌肉氨基酸比例,也难以显著增加肌肉氨基酸积累。研究表明,大菱鲆幼鱼饲粮适宜蛋白质水平为45%–50%。     

杀鲑气单胞菌对大西洋鲑游泳行为和血细胞数量的影响

为探讨利用鱼类行为及血细胞数量变化预警杀鲑气单胞菌(Aeromonas salmonicida)病害发生的可行性,监测了生产中感染杀鲑气单胞菌的大西洋鲑(Salmo salar L.)的游泳行为,以及杀鲑气单胞菌攻毒后大西洋鲑血细胞数量的变化。实验采用同一养殖基地和同一批次的大西洋鲑,其中现场实验鱼选自生产车间健康的和感染杀鲑气单胞菌的养殖鱼,攻毒实验中处理组实验鱼每尾背肌注射100μL、浓度为3.05×107CFU/m L的菌液,对照组注射等体积灭菌生理盐水。现场实验表明,感染杀鲑气单胞菌的大西洋鲑临界游泳速度较健康鱼低26.7%(P0.05),摆尾频率与游泳速度的线性回归方程的斜率也存在显著差异(P0.05)。攻毒实验表明,从攻毒的第4天开始,处理组大西洋鲑白细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞和粒细胞数量较对照组均发生显著变化,其中第6天的变化最为显著,白细胞总数、粒细胞数分别降低了2.8%和43.9%(P0.05),淋巴细胞数及单核细胞数分别升高了63.3%和23.9%(P0.05),且处理组4种血细胞数随时间呈现显著的线性变化(P0.05)。研究结果表明通过监测大西洋鲑游泳行为(临界游泳速度和摆尾频率)以及血细胞相关指标的变化可快速判断其健康状况,为病害的早期预警提供依据。     

饲料脂肪水平对梭鱼脂肪沉积、脂肪代谢酶及抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了探讨饲料脂肪水平对梭鱼(Chelon haematocheilus)脂肪沉积、脂肪代谢酶及抗氧化酶活性的影响,选取360尾平均体质量为(5.4±0.2)g的梭鱼鱼种,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复20尾鱼,分别投喂脂肪含量为2.71%、5.79%、8.23%、11.85%、14.39%、16.91%的6组等氮饲料,饲养60 d,测定相应生物学指标及酶活。研究结果表明,随着脂肪水平的升高,肝体指数、脏体指数显著升高(P<0.05),肥满度8.23%组最大,其显著高于2.71%组(P<0.05);梭鱼全鱼、肝脂肪含量显著升高(P<0.05),14.39%组全鱼脂肪含量最高,16.91%组肝脂肪含量最高。饲料脂肪水平对肝脂肪代谢酶有显著影响(P<0.05),其中脂蛋白酯酶(LPL)、肝酯酶(HL)、总酯酶(GE)活性随着饲料脂肪水平的升高显著增高(P<0.05),16.91%组显著高于2.71%、5.79%、8.23%组(P<0.05);苹果酸脱氢酶活性呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05);血液中甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(CHO)、游离脂肪酸(EFA)有升高趋势,但各组差异不显著(P>0.05);脂肪水平16.91%组高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL)含量最高,显著高于脂肪水平2.71%的组(P<0.05);肝胰脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随着饲料脂肪水平的升高呈先上升后下降的趋势,8.23%组活性最高,丙二醛(MDA)含量16.91%组显著高于其他5组(P<0.05)。结果显示,肝是梭鱼脂肪沉积的主要场所,肝脂肪沉积比肌肉更敏感,高脂肪饲料还使脂肪分解酶的活性增强,血脂含量增加;适宜的饲料脂肪水平可提高梭鱼的抗氧化能力,脂肪水平过高则会导致抗氧化能力下降。     

Long-term effects of dietary fat level and feeding rate on growth, feed utilization and carcass quality of Atlantic salmon

Two extruded diets designed to have fat levels of 220 g kg⁻¹ (F22) and 300 g kg⁻¹ (F30) were fed to Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. in two different experiments during the sea rearing period (from 0.2–0.3 kg to 3–4 kg). Each diet was fed restricted and isoenergetically at two feeding rates to fish in triplicate groups. In one of the experiments, a supplementary group of fish was fed to satiation with the F30 diet. All fish were slaughtered and evaluated for quality according to a commercial standard.
No difference in growth was observed between fish fed the two diets at similar feeding rates and the growth was proportional to the amount of dietary energy offered. Feed conversion ratios decreased according to higher energy content in the F30 diet, and the nitrogen and phosphorus retention increased significantly. Fish fed the F30 diet revealed a higher incidence of sexual maturity. Fat content in cutlets and dressed carcasses were significantly affected by feeding rate but not by dietary fat level. Fish fed the F30 diet had more visceral fat and, consequently, lower dress-out percentage. Mortality, liver size and liver colour were not significantly affected by dietary fat level.
These experiments showed that even large differences in dietary fat level employed for the entire sea rearing period of Atlantic salmon, did not, or only marginally affected the cutlet and dressed carcass fat content. The high fat diet improved the feed utilization, thus decreasing the discharge to the environments. Furthermore, it resulted in greater growth at ad libitum feeding.     

Influence of dietary fat level and whole-body adiposity on voluntary energy intake by juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) under self-feeding conditions

The influence of dietary fat level and whole‐body adiposity on voluntary energy intake of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) was examined using self‐feeders. Groups of lean fish [crude fat (CF) = 7%] and fat fish (CF = 11%), pretreated with a commercial diet with or without supplemental pollock oil, were self‐fed one of three fat level diets (CF = 8%, 13.5% and 19%) for 48 days at 17 °C. Final body weight (BW) and total digestible energy (DE) intake (kJ per fish) were positively affected by the initial BW. Relative to the initial BW, however, fat fish consumed less DE than lean fish. Although the effect of dietary fat level was not significant, percentage weight gain and daily DE intake per BW (kJ kg^?1 BW day^?1) of fat fish were significantly lower than those of lean fish (ancova with initial BW as a covariate, P < 0.05). Energy digestibility, feed efficiency and protein retention were improved with the dietary fat level; however, there was no difference resulting from body fat level. The whole‐body fat levels at the end of the experiment increased with the dietary fat level. Between groups self‐fed the same diet, fat levels of the initially fat fish were still higher than those of the lean fish. The results of the present medium‐term study suggest that rainbow trout adjust DE intake from diets with fat levels ranging from 8% to 19%. Although body fat level affects neither energy digestibility nor protein utilization, a high body fat level may reduce DE intake and consequently depress growth.     

浒苔多糖对华贵栉孔扇贝血淋巴中SOD酶和溶菌酶活性的影响

于华贵栉孔扇贝体内注射了0.1%,0.25%,0.5%3个不同浓度的浒苔多糖后,在24,48,72 h分别测定了华贵栉孔扇贝血淋巴中SOD酶和溶菌酶活力。结果表明:0.1%和0.25%实验组扇贝血淋巴中SOD酶活仅在注射24h后显著地高于对照组(P<0.05),而0.5%实验组在注射24 h后极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),而且在注射48h和72 h后仍显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0.1%实验组对扇贝血淋巴中溶菌酶的作用无显著影响,而0.25%和0.5%实验组对扇贝血淋巴中溶菌酶活力在不同测定时间都表现出明显的促进作用,其中0.5%实验组对血细胞中溶菌酶作用效果极显著(P<0.01);说明浒苔多糖具有增强华贵栉孔扇贝免疫活性的作用。     

Macronutrient self-selection in European sea bass in response to dietary protein or fat restriction

Because European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) has strictly carnivorous feeding habits, protein and fat are the most important dietary components. In this paper we study the effect of restricted availability of protein and fat on the feeding behaviour and macronutrient selection. To this end, five groups of 20 sea bass with a body weight of 100.0 ± 20.1 g (mean ± SD) were raised in five circular 450‐L tanks. Each group could choose among three self‐feeders (experiment 1 and 2), each containing a different, incomplete, diet: P + CH (55.4% protein, 18.5% carbohydrate, DM diet), P + F (55.4% protein, 18.5% fat) or F + CH (36.9% fat, 36.9% carbohydrate) or between two self‐feeders (experiment 3), each containing protein (100%) or carbohydrate–fat (52.7% and 47.3% respectively). In experiments 1 and 2, sea bass selected a diet consisting of 65.3% digestible energy (DE) protein, 26.2% DE fat and 8.4% DE carbohydrate. The composition of the self‐selected diet did not differ when sea bass selected between the two diets in experiment 3. When fish were deprived of protein for two weeks, or deprived of fat for three weeks, they were unable to sustain their previous energy intake. This phenomenon was particularly evident during protein fasting, with the intake of fat and carbohydrate being negligible. During the first 2–3 days, after each fasting period, sea bass showed hyperphagic behaviour, but restricted availability of specific nutrients did not trigger any subsequent increased intake of these specific macronutrients. In conclusion, although sea bass were able to self‐compose a nutritionally balanced diet from three or two incomplete diets, no specific hunger was elicited after two weeks of protein fasting or three weeks of fat fasting.     

投喂频率对点带石斑鱼生长和血浆抗氧化指标的影响

为寻找工厂化养殖点带石斑鱼的适宜投喂频率,研究了不同投喂频率对点带石斑鱼[初始体重(238.99±5.32)g]生长和血浆抗氧化指标的影响。投喂频率设1次/d(F_1)、2次/d(F_2)、3次/d(F_3),每次饱食投喂,连续喂食试验鱼28 d、56 d和84 d后采样。结果显示,随着投喂频率的增加,0~28 d、29~56 d和57~84 d三个阶段的增重率、特定生长率均显著增加(P0.05)。0~28 d和29~56 d阶段F_2组的蛋白质效率显著高于F_1和F_3组(P0.05),57~84 d时F_2组显著高于F_1组(P0.05),与F_3组差异不显著(P0.05);0~28 d阶段F_2组的饲料效率显著高于F_1和F_3组(P0.05);29~56 d和57~84 d阶段F_2组饲料效率显著高于F_1组(P0.05),与F_3组无显著差异(P0.05)。28 d时投喂频率对血浆抗氧化指标均无显著影响(P0.05);56 d时投喂频率对血浆总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)无显著影响(P0.05);F_1组总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)显著高于F_3组(P0.05),与F_2组无显著差异(P0.05);F_3组的丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于F_1组(P0.05),F_1组与F_2组无显著差异(P0.05);F_2组的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)显著高于F_1组(P0.05),与F_3组差异不显著(P0.05)。84 d时投喂频率对血浆T-AOC和MDA无显著影响(P0.05);F_2组血浆T-SOD、CAT显著高于其它组(P0.05),血浆GSH-PX显著高于F_1组(P0.05),与F_3组差异不显著(P0.05)。研究表明,初始体重为(238.99±5.32)g的点带石斑鱼,适宜投喂频率为2次/d。     

The effect of 3,3′,5-triiodo-L-thyronine and 17-α-methyltestosterone on growth and body composition of the glass stage of the eel (Anguilla anguilla L)

This study was undertaken to determine the influence of orally administered 3,3,5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T₃) or 17--methyltestosterone (MT) on growth and body composition of the eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) during the glass stage.Elvers receiving 20 or 40 ppm of T₃ in the food weighed significantly more (P < 0.05) than controls. However, after 61 days of treatment a dosage of 60 ppm was not efficacious.Terminal percentages of body protein were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in elvers that received 20 ppm or 40 ppm T₃ in their diets, than in the control. Crude body fat content was higher (P < 0.05) in elvers receiving 20 ppm (29% fat) or 40 ppm (28% fat), than in the controls (26% fat). Compared to the control, diets containing T₃ at 20 or 40 ppm increased the body glucose concentration.Glass eels fed a diet containing 1 or 10 ppm MT grew significantly more slowly (P < 0.05) than the controls.Total body protein content was higher (P < 0.05), but total body crude fat content was lower (P < 0.05) in elvers fed a diet with 1 or 10 ppm MT compared to the controls. Total body glucose concentration of elvers administered 10 ppm MT was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of the control groups.     

Effects of dietary fat levels on growth, feed efficiency and biochemical compositions of Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis

A feeding experiment was conducted for 10 weeks with Eurasian perchPerca fluviatilis juveniles (33.1–35.9ginitial body weight) using three dietary fat levels (11.7, 15 and 19.3%). Theresults showed that increasing dietary fat content increased growth, feedefficiency and protein utilization of perch (P < 0.05) but did not affectmortality. Lipid analysis showed that the composition of some perch tissueswerealso significantly affected by increasing dietary fat content, with an increaseof lipid deposition in the viscera (from 64.9% in fish fed 11.7 % fat to 78.8%in fish fed 19.3% fat) and liver (from 12.4 to 23.8%) (P < 0.05), while themuscle composition was not affected by the dietary treament. Highdocosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) and high docosahexaenoicacid/eicosapentoenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) ratios were found in the liver andmuscle lipids as compared to the dietary fatty acid compositions, suggestingthat Eurasian perch might possess a high capability of converting the longchainhighly unsaturated fatty acids, especially DHA from its dietary precursors.     

中华绒螯蟹“蟹黄”与“蟹膏”的营养成分比较分析

本试验对中华绒螯蟹"蟹黄"与"蟹膏"的粗蛋白、氨基酸、粗脂肪、脂肪酸、卵磷脂和维生素等营养成分进行了测定分析。试验结果表明,蟹黄与蟹膏中的粗蛋白质含量为29.79%和9.64%,蟹黄显著高于蟹膏(P0.05);至少共含有17种氨基酸,蟹黄中的必需氨基酸显著高于蟹膏(P0.05),4种致鲜氨基酸比例明显高于蟹膏(P0.05);蟹黄、蟹膏中粗脂肪含量为44.3%和34.9%,差异不显著(P0.05),不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,蟹黄高于蟹膏,差异不显著(P0.05);蟹黄中卵磷脂、维生素A、D、E的含量均显著高于蟹膏(P0.05)。试验表明,蟹黄比蟹膏具有更高的营养与食用价值。