戊唑·咪鲜胺防治小麦赤霉病试验效果

为检验45%戊唑·咪鲜胺水乳剂防治小麦赤霉病的效果,以当地常用的防治药剂作为对照,进行了田间防治试验。在2014年安徽庐江试验区小麦赤霉病流行较重的情况下,于小麦初花期施第1次药,7 d后施第2次药,至小麦赤霉病病情稳定时调查。45%戊唑·咪鲜胺水乳剂不同用量处理的病穗防效达65.49%~91.45%,病指防效达70.38%~92.66%。其中,600、750 mL/hm~2处理的防效均高于对照药剂36%多·酮悬浮剂2 250 mL/hm~2处理和20%烯肟·戊唑醇悬浮剂600mL/hm~2处理。45%戊唑·咪鲜胺水乳剂处理的增产效果明显,增产率达27.83%~35.94%,高于对照药剂。     

不同药剂对小麦赤霉病的防治效果

进行不同药剂防治小麦赤霉病的田间药效试验的结果表明:250g/L嘧菌酯SC、325g/L嘧菌酯·苯醚SC、250g/L嘧菌酯SC+43%戊唑醇SC、43%戊唑醇SC、25%氰烯菌酯SC、30%嘧菌酯·咪鲜胺ME、25%咪鲜胺EC、42%咪鲜·甲硫灵WP对小麦赤霉病防效63.29%~79.1%,较CK增产18.6%~32.7%,赤霉病防效和增产效果均优于30%己唑醇SC、40%多·酮WP。小麦赤霉病适时预防是关键,在小麦齐穗至扬花达5%时施第一次药,间隔7d~10d施第二次药,药剂要交替轮换使用。     

小麦纹枯病生防芽孢杆菌的筛选及鉴定

从河南、北京等地采集小麦植株,分离得到202株内生芽孢杆菌,平板拮抗测定获得27株对小麦纹枯病菌拮抗效果明显的菌株。温室盆栽测定了27个菌株对小麦纹枯病的生防效果,其中菌株M-1、W-2和W-3的防治效果分别为60.4%、59.4%和56.6%。对3株生防菌株进行了分类学鉴定,M-1为多粘类芽孢杆菌,W-2为地衣芽孢杆菌,W-3为枯草芽孢杆菌。     

3株来源于青稞白酒糟醅的生防菌株鉴定及其生物活性

为寻找高效安全且来源于生物源的除草活性物质,以此为先导化合物开发生物源除草剂。从青稞白酒糟醅中分离到的菌株中筛选到3株高效除草活性菌株,经形态特征和分子生物学鉴定后,确定JZ2?1?2为多粘类芽孢杆菌,JZ2?4?5、JZ2?5?2为枯草芽孢杆菌。3株芽孢杆菌的发酵液对供试禾本科杂草野燕麦的种子萌发具有抑制作用,同时对其幼苗发育影响明显,对野燕麦幼苗根长抑制率分别为92.48%、100.00%、100.00%。枯草芽孢杆菌JZ2?4?5发酵液通过茎叶喷施后,盆栽野燕麦植株7 d后大部分死亡,JZ2?5?2、JZ2?1?2对野燕麦防除效果次之。野燕麦叶片的相对含水量、叶绿素含量均有显著降低,MDA含量和SOD酶活性也变化明显。同时证明了3株芽孢杆菌属菌株对油菜菌核病原菌具有较好的拮抗作用。作物安全性结果表明,3株芽孢杆菌属菌株对小麦、青稞安全,对油菜、蚕豆风险高。综上所述,从青稞白酒糟醅中分离到的多粘类芽孢杆菌JZ2?1?2,枯草芽孢杆菌JZ2?4?5、JZ2?5?2具有作为麦田生物源除草剂开发的潜力。     

5亿/mL多粘类芽孢杆菌悬浮剂防治小麦赤霉病试验

<正>根据国家2018年重点研发计划,下达课题任务书《湖北麦区化肥农药减施技术集成研究与示范》(项目编号2018YFD0200506),其中湖北省承担《湖北麦区小麦化肥农药减施增效技术集成研究与示范》。根据项目要求,我省积极开展小麦病虫绿色防控,尽量使用生物农药,以减少化学农药的使用量。我们在天门市和枣阳市进行了5亿/mL多粘类芽孢杆菌悬浮剂对小麦赤霉     

生物质材料与拮抗微生物复配对烟草生长及青枯病发生的影响

为研究防控烟草青枯病的策略,选取了生物质材料牡蛎粉分别与拮抗微生物哈茨木霉菌(Trichoderma harzianum,Th)、多粘类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus polymyxa,Pp)复配后进行田间小区试验.通过分析烟株农艺性状、青枯病发病情况和产量产值,探究了生物质材料与拮抗微生物菌剂复配对烟草生长及青枯病的影响.结果表明:与单用哈茨木霉、多粘类芽孢杆菌相比,牡蛎粉与哈茨木霉、多粘类芽孢杆菌复配之后对烟草青枯病的防控效果较好,在发病高峰期的相对防治效果分别为77.13%,62.67%.对比单独使用效果,多粘类芽孢杆菌对烟草青枯病的防效高于哈茨木霉,发病高峰期时,多粘类芽孢杆菌的相对防效为67.46%,高于哈茨木霉的36.17%.2种拮抗微生物菌剂对烤烟前期农艺性状均有很好的促进作用,其中牡蛎粉的复配施用可以提升拮抗微生物菌剂的促生功效.     

多粘类芽胞杆菌DN-1防治水稻纹枯病初步研究

多粘类芽胞杆菌是一种能防治多种病原真菌病害的生防细菌。本文通过抑菌率测定、盆栽试验、田间防效试验首次研究不同浓度多粘类芽胞杆菌DN-1对水稻纹枯病的防治效果,试验结果表明当终浓度在5~120亿芽孢/L(667 m2用水量50 L)时,对水稻纹枯病室内抑菌率达62.21%~90.54%;盆栽试验防效达46.19%~77.11%;药后12、24 d,2013年田间防效分别达43.43%~75.70%、59.01%~79.64%;2014年田间防效均分别达50.72%~77.26%、53.65%~77.29%;DN-1终浓度在120亿芽孢/L时两年间田间防治效果与井冈霉素A 60 g.a.i/hm2处理相当,低于噻呋酰胺60 g.a.i/hm2处理。     

枯草芽孢杆菌防治棉花黄萎病试验示范效果初报

枯草芽孢杆菌1 000亿芽孢/g可湿性粉剂是德强生物股份有限公司研发的一种新型生物制剂,近年兵团结合棉田加压滴灌系统,在棉花常年连作的10个示范点,开展了该药剂的大田滴灌施药试验示范,多点试验结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌使用剂量100g/667m~2,滴施2~3次,对棉花黄萎病平均防效达51.42%,增产幅度13.48%,在棉花上表现出较好的防病和增产效果。     

草莓根腐病防控生物药剂筛选与田间防治效果验证

草莓根腐病是陕西关中地区草莓生产中的主要病害之一。采用组织分离法对引起草莓根腐病的病原菌进行分离,通过形态学和分子生物学的方法鉴定其为茄腐镰刀菌Fusarium solani和尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了4种植物源农药对上述两种镰刀菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,1.5%苦参 ? 蛇床子素水剂(AS)对尖孢镰刀菌的抑菌活性最强,EC₅₀值为2.7 μg/mL,0.3%苦参碱乳油(EC)对茄腐镰刀菌的抑菌活性最强,EC₅₀值为4.5 μg/mL。选择室内抑菌活性较高的3种植物源杀菌剂和3种微生物菌剂 (枯草芽孢杆菌、多粘类芽孢杆菌和哈茨木霉菌) 为供试药剂进行田间试验,发现1000亿芽孢/g枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂(WP) 600倍液对草莓根腐病的防治效果最好,达69.25%,10亿芽孢/g多粘类芽孢杆菌 WP 800倍液、1.5%苦参 ? 蛇床子素 AS 700倍液、2亿芽孢/g哈茨木霉菌 WP 200倍液防治效果分别为63.14%、62.84%和59.74%。因此推荐使用枯草芽孢杆菌 WP、多粘类芽孢杆菌 WP、苦参 ? 蛇床子素 AS 和哈茨木霉菌 WP 作为草莓根腐病的田间防治药剂。     

拮抗细菌对番茄植株抗灰霉病的诱导

通过拮抗细菌多粘类芽孢杆菌W3、Y2和地衣芽孢杆菌W1 0诱导接种和灰霉病菌挑战接种试验 ,明确了 3菌株培养液和去菌液对番茄植株抗灰霉病的诱导作用。 3株拮抗细菌的诱导抗病效果为 2 3 .4%～ 64.5% ,其中W3诱导作用最强。W 3培养液及其去菌液处理后 5d ,诱导效果达最大值 ,且 1 2d后仍有诱抗作用。在 1 0 2 ～ 1 0 1 0 cfu/ml范围内 ,拮抗细菌的诱导活性随浓度增加而增强 ,以≥ 1 0 8cfu/ml的效果最好。拮抗细菌处理叶上部各叶片间诱抗效果无明显差异。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.