稀植栽培对旱地冬小麦光合特性、产量及水分利用效率的影响

为了探明稀植栽培对旱地冬小麦光合特性、产量及水分利用效率的影响,在大田试验条件下,测定分析了不同稀植条件下4个主茎和分蘖成穗并重型冬小麦品种旗叶的光合速率、光合量子产量、相对电子传递速率及群体透光特性、小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率.结果表明,在从扬花到蜡熟期,稀植栽培可使小麦旗叶光合速率、光合量子产量、相对电子传递速率和群体透光率提高,各品种之间变化较为一致.播量为450万株/hm~2(传统高产栽培播量)处理比150万株/hm2播量处理旗叶的光合衰减率提高25.2～43.5个百分点,光合量子产量和相对电子传递速率分别降低2.95%～20.68%和10.66%～18.32%,群体上层的光截获量增加,中下部受光条件较差.表明稀植栽培下小麦生育后期在光合能力、电子传递和光能转化方面均具有明显优势.适当降低播量(300～375万株/hm~2),建立合理的群体结构,冬小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率较播量为450万株/hm~2处理分别平均提高12.55%和14.48%,表明适当稀植栽培能显著提高冬小麦的产量和水分利用效率.     

氮素对冬小麦光合物质贮运及籽粒灌浆进程的影响

采用田间试验,以冬小麦西农9814为材料,研究了氮肥对冬小麦光合物质贮运及籽粒灌浆特性的影响.结果表明,适宜的施氮量(276 kg/hm2)提高了冬小麦花期旗叶叶绿素含量及光合速率,延缓了冬小麦旗叶开花后叶绿素降解速率和光合下降速率、提高了冬小麦花前营养器官贮藏物质的运转量和运转率、促进了各营养器官光合同化物向籽粒的运转,增加其占籽粒重的比重、冬小麦籽粒的灌浆速率明显增加;过量施氮(345 kg/hm2)反而降低了冬小麦旗叶叶绿素含量和光合速率、抑制了营养器官光合同化物向籽粒的运转,降低了籽粒灌浆速率和产量.     

冬小麦碳同位素分辨率与产量、旗叶光合性状的关系

为了明确不同水分环境下冬小麦碳同位素分辨率(Δ13C)与产量、光合相关性状之间的关系,研究以12份不同时期育成的主栽冬小麦品种为材料,在水(WW)、旱(WS)两种条件下研究碳同位素分辨率、籽粒产量、光合性状及旗叶气孔密度之间的相互关系。结果发现:光合速率、Δ13C、气孔导度、旗叶叶绿素含量、籽粒产量5个性状在干旱胁迫下表现为下降趋势,且与正常灌溉差异极显著;在两种水分条件下,气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率和Ci/Ca间均呈现极显著的正相关,籽粒Δ13C与籽粒产量均呈正相关,且正常灌溉条件下Δ13C与籽粒产量具有更高的相关性(0.27 WS;0.51 WW);干旱胁迫条件下,Δ13C与光合速率、气孔导度、E、胞间CO2浓度和Ci/Ca均呈正相关,其中与Ci/Ca显著相关;灌溉条件下,Δ13C与光合速率呈负相关(-0.42),与其它4个光合性状无显著相关性;Δ13C与旗叶表皮气孔密度均呈负相关(-0.49,-0.21 WS;-0.56,-0.61WW),其中在灌溉条件下与旗叶下表皮气孔密度呈显著负相关,旗叶表皮气孔密度受开花、灌浆期干旱胁迫影响小,稳定性好。研究表明,灌浆初期的旗叶气孔密度可以作为Δ13C的潜在替代指标。     

限水灌溉对冬小麦灌浆期旗叶叶绿素荧光动力学参数及产量的影响

在池栽、遮雨条件下,利用植物效能分析仪研究了减少灌水次数对豫麦50灌浆期旗叶叶绿素荧光动力学参数及产量的影响.结果表明,不同灌水处理小麦旗叶叶绿素含量和Tm值开花后均较高,然后逐渐降低;Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm在灌浆中、前期差异不大,而在灌浆末期迅速降低.全生育期不灌水处理在灌浆期旗叶叶绿素含量、Tm、Fv/Fo和Fv/Fm较低,而拔节期灌1水处理则较高.减少灌水次数会降低籽粒产量和田间耗水量,而提高了水分利用效率.     

金诺丰叶面肥对旱地冬小麦陕农981旗叶光合和灌浆特性及产量的影响

以冬小麦陕农981为材料,采用单因素随机区组设计,研究了不同时期喷施叶面肥金诺丰对陕农981灌浆期旗叶光合特性、籽粒灌浆特性和产量的影响.结果表明:金诺丰能够提高小麦灌浆期旗叶的光合速率和籽粒灌浆速率,分别较对照提高14.5%和10.7%;增加籽粒干物质的积累量,较对照增加2.6%;产量构成三要素都有不同程度提高,成穗数、穗粒数、千粒重分别平均提高8.0%、7.5%和2.6%.不同时期喷施对产量的影响大小依次是拔节期＞开花期＞灌浆期＞分蘖期＞返青期.     

水分亏缺对小麦芒和旗叶光合特性及蔗糖、淀粉合成的影响

为明确水分亏缺对小麦芒和旗叶光合特性及蔗糖、淀粉合成的影响,选用盆栽试验,在小麦灌浆期对盆栽采用正常供水（CK）及水分亏缺（WD）处理,测定旗叶和芒光合参数、相对水分含量、叶绿素含量等生理指标,分析蔗糖和淀粉合成关键酶活性及相关基因表达水平。结果表明,水分亏缺下旗叶净光合速率（P_n）、叶绿素（Chl）含量和相对水分含量（RWC）相比芒显著下降,花后24 d旗叶和芒P_n分别下降了87.7%和14.4%,Chl含量分别下降了54.1%和12.3%,RWC分别下降了13.9%和1.5%;同时,水分亏缺减少了光合碳同化物的产生,花后24 d旗叶和芒中蔗糖含量分别下降了50.1%和18.2%,淀粉含量分别下降了46.4%和18%,表明芒中碳同化物合成受水分亏缺影响较旗叶小。灌浆过程中旗叶和芒中丙二醛（MDA）含量均持续上升,水分亏缺下花后24 d旗叶和芒中MDA含量分别增加了50.8%和14.0%,表明在逆境下芒的抗氧化能力优于旗叶。总之,水分亏缺下芒具有较高的光合效率、保水性以及衰老延迟特性,并且在灌浆中后期仍有较高的蔗糖和淀粉合成能力,从而保障对小麦籽粒产量的光合贡献。     

干旱对不同抗旱性小麦旗叶光响应特征和产量的影响

为了探讨干旱对不同抗旱性小麦品种的光响应差异及其对产量的影响,于2013—2014年和2014—2015年,在防雨棚池栽条件下以强抗旱性小麦品种晋麦47(JM47)和弱抗旱性小麦品种偃展4110(YZ4110)为材料,设置拔节后持续干旱(W1,50%±5%最大田间持水量(MFC))、开花后干旱(W2,拔节至孕穗期70%±5%MFC、开花后50%±5%MFC)和拔节后适墒(W3,75%±5%MFC)3个水分处理,研究不同处理对小麦旗叶净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和瞬时水分利用效率(IWUE)光响应曲线和产量性状的影响。结果表明,灌浆前期和灌浆中期小麦旗叶Pn、Gs、Tr和IWUE的光响应曲线均呈减幅增加甚至出现拐点后略有降低的趋势,Ci呈相反趋势。不同处理间Pn、Gs和IWUE的差异表现为灌浆前期大于灌浆中期,Gs的差异大于Ci。与W3相比,两品种W1和YZ4110品种W2的Pn、Gs、Tr和IWUE光响应曲线降低,Ci光响应曲线提高;JM47品种W2的Pn、Gs和IWUE光响应曲线灌浆前期提高,灌浆中期降低;W1和W2的旗叶表观量子效率(α)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)和光补偿点(LCP)分别增加22.8%、40.5%、24.6%和12.0%、22.2%、12.4%,光饱和点(LSP)和最大光合速率(Pn_(max))分别降低38.1%、3.0%和13.9%、6.0%。与YZ4110相比,W1和W2下JM47旗叶Pn、Gs、Tr光响应曲线的上升幅度、Ci光响应曲线的下降幅度大,Pn_(max)和灌浆前期的α值、LSP分别高26.1%、3.3%、8.1%和31.6%、4.7%、11.0%。而灌浆中期的Rd分别低9.2%和6.6%。W3处理两品种的产量无显著差异,而W1和W2处理JM47的两年平均产量分别较YZ4110提高18.8%和10.9%。旗叶Pn_(max)可作为小麦抗旱性强弱的筛选指标,提高灌浆前期的旗叶Pn_(max)有利于优化产量构成因素,而提高灌浆中期的旗叶Pn_(max)对提高产量更有利。综上,强抗旱性品种可在拔节后持续干旱或花后干旱的条件下优化旗叶光响应特征,使籽粒产量提高8.9%～24.9%。     

干旱对关中地区不同年代小麦品种旗叶光合特性的影响

以陕西关中地区70年间大面积推广的冬小麦品种为材料,研究了干旱胁迫对冬小麦花后旗叶光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,随着小麦品种的更替,抗旱性逐步增强,干旱胁迫下20世纪50年代以前品种五指麦、碧蚂1号比适宜水分条件下分别减产18.2%、38.3%,而90年代后品种小偃22仅减产2.3%。不同品种小麦收获前期旗叶净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、气孔导度受干旱影响均有所下降,但旗叶胞间CO2浓度则表现为增加趋势,碧蚂1号、小偃22号花后各阶段旗叶气孔导度平均降低了5%、18%,旗叶胞间CO2浓度则提高了9%、8%,说明干旱胁迫下花后旗叶净光合速率的降低并非是由气孔导度降低引起的。     

水氮互作对小麦旗叶光合特性、籽粒产量及氮素和水分利用率的影响

在高产条件下,研究了水氮互作对小麦旗叶光合特性、籽粒产量及水分和氮素利用率的影响.结果表明:(1)同一灌水处理下,旗叶光合速率、蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性、蔗糖含量和籽粒产量均随施氮水平的增加而提高,千粒重、氮素收获指数和氮素表观利用率随施氮水平的提高而降低.(2)同一施氮水平下,W1(底墒水+拔节水+开花水)、W2(底墒水+冬水+拔节水+开花水)和W3(底墒水+冬水+拔节水+开花水+灌浆水)处理的旗叶光合速率、蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性和蔗糖含量在开花后0～14 d无显著差异;开花21 d后,W3处理显著高于W1和W2处理.(3)在N0(不施氮)和N1(180 kg/hm2)水平下,W1和W2处理的籽粒产量显著低于W3处理,在N2(240 kg/hm2)水平下则反之;氮素表观利用率和氮素生产效率为W0相似文献   

测墒补灌对新麦26产量、品质及耗水特性的影响

于2015—2016年选用优质小麦品种新麦26进行大田试验,在拔节期和开花期分别设置目标相对含水量为田间持水量的70%、75%、80%进行补灌。通过3个测墒补灌处理W70、W75、W80和一个传统灌溉Wck,用全生育期补灌水(W0)为对照,研究不同生育时期和不同目标含水量的测墒补灌对冬小麦产量、耗水特性、品质等的影响。结果得出:冬小麦在拔节期和开花期补充灌水量为WckW80W75W70;四个灌水处理下冬小麦对土壤水的消耗量主要分布在0～80 cm土层且测墒补灌处理增加了对土壤水的消耗比例。三个测墒补灌处理下的冬小麦湿面筋含量显著高于Wck。水分利用效率为W75W70W80WckW0,W70、W75、W8处理之间差异不显著。W75处理下籽粒产量显著高于W70。综合考虑不同处理的灌水量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率等指标,可得在本试验条件下在冬小麦的需水关键期(拔节期、开花期)将土壤墒情保持在田间持水量的75%为较佳灌水处理,冬小麦高产节水成效显著。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.