不同有机堆肥对土壤性状及微生物生物量的影响

研究不同种类有机堆肥对土壤性状及微生物生物量的短期影响。采用盆栽试验的方式,探讨了施用50 g/kg 的啤酒污泥堆肥(BSC)、 牛粪堆肥(DMC)和菇渣堆肥(SMC)对土壤有机质、 氮磷钾含量、 容重、 持水性、 土壤呼吸及微生物生物量碳、 氮、 磷(SMBC、 SMBN、 SMBP)的影响。结果表明, 与对照相比,施用啤酒污泥、 牛粪和菇渣3种有机堆肥后,土壤中有机质、 全氮、 碱解氮、 有效磷、 速效钾含量显著增加,并且显著降低土壤容重和增大土壤孔隙度（P0.05）;经过1周土壤水分的变化,CK处理的土壤水分消耗率分别是BSC、 DMC和SMC处理的1.26、 1.24、 1.14倍;BSC、 DMC和SMC处理显著提高土壤呼吸（P0.05）,半年后分别与CK相比增加了142.17%、 114.30%、 105.39%;施用啤酒污泥、 牛粪和菇渣3种有机堆肥后显著增加SMBC、 SMBN、 SMBP含量（P0.05）,6个月后,SMBC含量分别是CK 的2.35、 1.84、 1.86倍,SMBN含量分别比 CK 高135.44%、 99.16%、 90.82%,SMBP含量分别是CK 的 2.76、 2.19、 2.04倍。啤酒污泥堆肥含有活性小颗粒对土壤性状和微生物生物量的影响最为明显,其次是牛粪堆肥,菇渣堆肥表现最差。     

不同深度秸秆还田对黄棕壤氮素和微生物生物量碳氮的影响

[目的]研究不同深度秸秆还田对土壤氮素和微生物生物量碳、氮含量变化的影响,为提高还田秸秆利用效率提供科学依据。[方法]采用田间小区试验的方法,共设5个不同处理:对照CK(不添加秸秆),T_0(表面覆盖),T_(10)(10 cm还田),T_(20)(20 cm还田),T_(30)(30 cm还田)处理。[结果]①与对照相比,秸秆还田处理中土壤有机质、全氮和硝态氮含量分别增加了3.98%～29.36%,2.72%～45.52%,10.48%～56.64%,铵态氮降低了7.75%～39.20%;②秸秆还田处理对土壤微生物生物量有显著影响,与对照相比,秸秆还田处理中土壤微生物生物量碳和氮分别增加了5.01%～35.78%和9.69%～52.56%;③运用主成分分析方法评估了秸秆还田各处理土壤质量状况,综合得分次序为:CKT_(30)T_0T_(20)T_(10),在10和20 cm深度秸秆还田对土壤氮素水平和微生物生物量碳和氮含量的提高具有较好的作用,且以10 cm秸秆还田处理效果最为明显。[结论]秸秆还田可以提高土壤氮素水平和微生物生物量碳和氮含量,改良土壤性状,在秸秆还田深度为10和20 cm效果较好,尤其10 cm秸秆还田对土壤中氮素和微生物生物量碳氮的影响最为显著。     

污泥堆肥对盐碱土土壤环境和作物生长的影响

以城市污水处理厂污泥堆肥为研究对象,采用盆栽试验方法研究不同用量(0%,5%,10%,20%)污泥堆肥施入盐碱土后,对玉米、大豆生长情况及土壤环境的影响。结果表明,施用污泥堆肥可降低盐碱土pH值和总盐含量,提高土壤养分及酶活,增加土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮,同时施用污泥堆肥土壤重金属Zn、Cu含量增加,当施用量为20%时,土壤Zn含量超标。另外,玉米和大豆在污泥堆肥施用比例分别为10%和5%时长势最佳,且作物籽粒中重金属含量在国家食品卫生标准范围内。     

不同施肥管理措施对土壤碳含量及基础呼吸的影响

连续7年试验研究了施用15t/hm2和7.5t/hm2有机肥(包括EM堆肥、EM鸡粪肥和传统堆肥)、化肥和对照处理对土壤碳含量与基础呼吸的影响,结果表明:随有机肥施用量的提高,土壤可溶性碳、总有机碳、微生物生物量碳和土壤的基础呼吸随之增加。施用化肥可一定程度提高土壤可溶性碳、总有机碳、微生物生物量碳和土壤的基础呼吸。不同施肥措施对土壤有机碳、微生物生物量碳和土壤基础呼吸的影响趋势为EM堆肥处理>传统堆肥处理>化肥处理>对照,施肥对土壤微生物代谢商的影响趋势为EM堆肥处理<传统堆肥处理<化肥处理<对照。土壤微生物生物量碳与可溶性碳、总有机碳及土壤基础呼吸之间呈极显著正相关。土壤微生物代谢商与土壤可溶性碳、总有机碳、微生物生物量碳及基础呼吸之间呈极显著负相关。     

基于废弃物的潞安煤矿废弃地改良土壤基质配比研究

为解决潞安矿区煤矸石山、塌陷地生态修复缺土少肥问题,本研究将粉煤灰、污泥与垃圾堆肥以5%、10%、20%体积比例正交混合配制改良土壤基质进行盆栽试验,观测不同配比土壤的理化性质、养分及重金属含量、高羊茅与紫叶小檗生长状况,并用主成分–聚类分析法筛选最优配比。结果表明:添加垃圾堆肥可以提高土壤有效养分与有机质含量,对土壤理化性质改良有明显效果;添加污泥仅提升土壤有效磷含量;添加粉煤灰在降低土壤容重、增大总孔隙度与非毛管孔隙度上效果明显,但对土壤p H、阳离子交换量(CEC)与碱解氮的改良具有显著负效应。各废弃物改良基质的碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质等含量均较高,土壤重金属含量也处在安全范围,而土壤容重、非毛管孔隙、pH、电导率(EC)与CEC等指标性质较优的处理组为粉煤灰∶污泥∶垃圾堆肥∶土=5%∶20%∶20%∶55%、10%∶10%∶20%∶60%、20%∶5%∶20%∶55%3个处理。经过综合筛选,本研究基质最优混合配比为粉煤灰∶污泥∶垃圾堆肥∶土=5%∶20%∶20%∶55%,可作为当地矿区废弃地生态修复客土材料推荐方案。     

不同保水措施对退化干旱山地新植核桃园土壤养分和微生物的影响

[目的]探索退化干旱山地不同保水措施对土壤理化特征的影响,为北方干旱退化山区土壤环境改良提供科学依据。[方法]以太行山新垦片麻岩山地新植核桃园为试材,进行保水剂、玉米秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖等保水措施的不同组合处理,研究土壤养分和微生物数量的变化。[结果]秸秆覆盖能显著提高土壤养分含量和微生物数量。细菌、放线菌数量和有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效磷、速效钾含量较对照分别提高了14.04%,17.42%,25.53%,60.29%,25.90%,15.31%,143.67%和51.44%。保水剂使得土壤养分含量和微生物数量略有下降。地膜覆盖降低了土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌、纤维素分解菌数量和有机质、全氮、全磷含量,较对照分别降低了27.19%,21.0%,10.11%,31.07%,1.11%,22.06%和6.06%,却提高了土壤全钾、有效磷、速效钾含量,较对照分别提高了12.6%,9.65%,8.09%。多元组合处理对土壤养分含量和微生物数量的影响相互之间差异较大;而保水剂+秸秆覆盖+地膜覆盖的组合并没有达到最佳效果;在所有处理中,保水剂+秸秆覆盖的组合对土壤的改良效果最好,与对照相比,提高土壤细菌、放线菌数量和有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效磷、速效钾含量分别达16.67%,3.37%,6.64%,92.65%,12.67%,1.8%,94.25%和105.76%。[结论]土壤养分、微生物数量与土壤水热气状况密切相关;保水措施在改变土壤水热气状况的同时,也改变了土壤养分和微生物数量。     

城市不同功能区绿地土壤理化性质及微生物生物量的分布特征

为提高城市绿地生态系统服务功能和促进城市可持续发展，本文研究了南京市不同功能区绿地表层土壤养分和微生物量的分布特征。结果显示，土壤pH整体呈碱性且容重偏大；公园绿地土壤全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量显著高于道路绿地；不同功能区绿地土壤有机质含量无显著差异，但公园绿地土壤微生物量碳含量和微生物熵显著高于居住区和道路绿地；公园绿地土壤结构和养分均优于道路绿地。土壤微生物量碳含量与有机质、全氮和速效钾含量呈极显著正相关，与速效磷含量呈显著正相关，与容重呈极显著负相关；土壤有机质与全氮和速效钾含量呈极显著正相关，与速效磷含量和pH无显著相关性，与容重呈显著负相关。因此，勤松土，合理施肥，增加枯枝落叶等凋落物覆盖，提高土壤养护管理水平对修复城市土壤生态和建设生态城市具有重要意义。     

梨园秸秆还田腐解特征及对土壤性状的影响研究

为探究梨园秸秆还田腐解特征及对土壤理化性状和生物性状的影响,在梨园布置覆膜对照(CK)、秸秆覆盖(S)、秸秆覆盖+腐解菌肥(S-BM)、双倍秸秆覆盖+腐解菌肥(2S-BM)田间试验。结果表明:秸秆覆盖150天后,S-BM处理的腐解率为62.4%,S和2S-BM处理的腐解率均为50%,氮、钾释放率以S-BM处理最高;秸秆覆盖提高了土壤最低温,降低了土壤最高温,减小了土壤温度振幅;2S-BM处理显著降低了土壤体积质量,提高了土壤水溶性有机碳含量;秸秆覆盖显著增加了0~5 cm土层有机碳含量,2S-BM处理对0~15 cm土层速效养分含量的提升效果显著,S和S-BM处理显著提高了0~5 cm土层速效钾含量;2S-BM处理的土壤细菌、真菌数量以及微生物生物量碳、氮含量在梨树生育后期明显提高;2S-BM、S-BM和S处理分别能增产86.9%、17.8%和28.7%。秸秆覆盖对土壤的改善是由上到下的,当梨园秸秆还田量为45 000 kg/hm2时,土壤的改良效果非常明显。     

蔬菜废弃物堆肥对设施蔬菜产量和土壤生物特性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了蔬菜废弃物堆肥对小白菜的增产效果、土壤养分含量、土壤微生物量和酶活性的影响。结果表明,蔬菜废弃物堆肥能够显著提高盆栽小白菜的产量和品质,其中30 t/hm2的高量蔬菜废弃物堆肥将产量提高了66.26%,将品质指标Vc、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量显著提高了35.64%、183.36%和39.42%。蔬菜废弃物堆肥能够显著提高土壤质量,有机质、总氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量和土壤微生物量碳、氮,以及土壤淀粉酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、脱氢酶活性的土壤质量指标。与牛粪相比较,高用量的蔬菜废弃物堆肥处理在小白菜产量、可溶性蛋白含量、土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量、磷酸酶活性上显著高于牛粪;而在可溶性糖含量、土壤有机质含量、土壤微生物量、淀粉酶、脱氢酶活性上显著低于牛粪。综合而言,蔬菜废弃物堆肥能够提高土壤质量,增加蔬菜产量和品质;在蔬菜产量方面,蔬菜废弃物堆肥优于牛粪,在蔬菜品质和土壤质量方面,蔬菜废弃物堆肥与牛粪相当。     

不同有机替代对黄土旱塬土壤碳、氮组分及冬小麦产量的影响

探讨黄土旱塬冬小麦区不同有机肥替代化肥氮对小麦产量及土壤碳氮组分的影响,为该区减施化学氮肥、促进小麦提质增效和农业绿色可持续发展提供理论依据。于2019年在山西黄土旱塬冬小麦种植区设置100%化肥N处理(HF)、10%腐殖酸N+90%化肥N (F1)、30%腐殖酸N+70%化肥N (F3)、50%腐殖酸N+50%化肥N (F5)、10%有机肥N+90%化肥N (Y1)、30%有机肥N+70%化肥N (Y3)、50%有机肥N+50%化肥N (Y5)7个试验处理,系统研究了不同比例腐殖酸、有机肥替代化肥对小麦产量及产量构成和土壤碳、氮组分含量的影响。结果表明:F3、F5、Y3和Y5处理,分别较HF显著提高9.7%,8.0%,9.2%和18.2%。同时,Y5对土壤中各种活性有机碳、氮组分含量的提高均有显著促进作用,提高幅度在36.8%~114.4%和27.8%~105.4%;Y3处理下可溶性、水溶性、微生物有机碳、氮和轻组有机碳、氮组分的含量较HF显著提高21.1%~156.8%;F3和F5处理下土壤中可溶性、微生物和轻组有机碳、氮组分含量较HF显著提高25.4%~119.3%。可溶性有机碳、微生物有机氮、轻组有机氮与籽粒产量呈极显著正相关;可溶性有机氮通过促进公顷穗数增加而提高冬小麦产量;总有机碳、水溶性有机碳和微生物有机氮则通过提高穗粒数达到增产效果。综上,在黄土旱塬冬小麦种植区进行30%~50%的有机肥和腐殖酸替代化肥后,可达到显著增产效果,同时提高土壤中活性碳、氮组分的作用。其中,50%有机肥替代处理的增产与培肥地力效果更为显著,适宜在当地推广应用。     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.