中国魔芋种植业如何应对日本重返缅甸

珠芽魔芋葡甘聚糖含量高、粘度大，适宜缅甸高温高湿热区环境生长。因品种多样、气候适宜、土壤肥沃、降雨充沛、人力成本低、土地廉价等独特优势，日本同行加快了入缅的步伐。本文对中日2国魔芋界在缅甸市场的竞争提出应对建议。     

缅甸糖业简况

缅甸全国有甘蔗糖厂8家，日处理甘蔗能力8800吨，年产白砂糖8万吨，还有100多家土糖作坊，年产黄片糖4万吨。机制糖厂中仅有彬马那一糖厂是碳酸法糖厂，原建规模日处理甘蔗1500吨，建于1957年，日本设备。缅甸全国人口4500万，人均年拥有糖量仅3公斤，供求缺口大，市场供应很紧张。缅甸糖业简况     

白魔芋种芋不贮藏和不同药剂处理与产量和田间发病率的关系

1997年陇川县魔芋厂大量引进白魔芋种植33．3hm2，由于软腐病、白绢病的爆发流行，造成严重亏损。究其原因，当时被认为是种芋消毒不严所致。为此，特进行了种芋不同药剂消毒处理的田间试验，结果表明其病害流行主要原因并非种芋消毒不严，而是所引入的种芋贮藏技术（或过于粗糙）不适合陇川生产种植条件所致。     

珠芽魔芋热区(橡胶)林下套种模式展望

热区(橡胶)林下套种模式具备珠芽魔芋所需的高温遮阴环境，为珠芽魔芋多苗接力生长提供10个月超长生长期，大幅增加叶面积指数，改变花魔芋单叶低产原有的模式，种植周期由3 a缩至1-2 a，显著提高生物产量并使其成为高产作物，提高林地产出效益。以胶树落叶为覆盖物可起保墒压草及增加有机质，利于疏松土壤。采用“挖大留小”就地越冬及叶面球茎自然滚落方式可实现珠芽魔芋低成本种植。     

魔芋胶与瓜胶未来产业竞争态势分析

比较魔芋和瓜尔豆生物学特性、现有资源区位优势及魔芋胶和瓜胶产品性状等,魔芋胶在理化指标方面明显优于瓜胶,尤其是粘度及凝胶特性显著好于瓜胶。弥勒魔芋规模种植必将伴随魔芋产量的大幅增加,可提升我国魔芋产业在全球的市场份额及产业集中度,显著增强魔芋胶的竞争力,逐渐动摇瓜胶在传统产业中的现有竞争优势。     

珠芽魔芋组培快繁技术

为探索出一套适于珠芽魔芋的组培快繁技术体系,本研究以珠芽黄魔芋不同发育时期的叶片为外植体,开展组培快繁技术研究。结果表明：以开始伸出鳞片叶片作为外植体材料,75%酒精消毒30 s后,0.1% HgCl₂溶液中浸泡15 min为宜,其成活率达到96.7%;最优愈伤组织诱导培养基配方为MS+TDZ 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L+蔗糖30.0 g/L+琼脂6.0 g/L,其诱导率达到95.6%;最优不定芽诱导培养基配方为MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L+蔗糖30.0 g/L+琼脂6.0 g/L,不定芽诱导率达到71.1%,单位接种质量愈伤组织分化芽数达到2.88;全展叶片苗在MS+NAA 0.25 mg/L+蔗糖15.0 g/L+琼脂 6.0 g/L培养基的生根率达到100.0%,平均根数达到1.36。以开始伸出鳞片叶片为外植体建立的珠芽黄魔芋组培快繁技术体系,达到了魔芋种苗的规模化生产技术水平,对解决珠芽魔芋产业发展中种芋供不应求的问题具有积极意义。     

肥料对魔芋产量和病害影响的试验研究

陇川县1997年引种种植白魔芋33．3hm^2,病害严重发生,收获量622．56t／hm^2。1999年进行了白魔芋种植的肥料试验,结果表明,以足量腐熟农家肥为底肥的施肥措施能显著降低田间发病率和提高球茎产量,其中施腐熟农家肥1000kg、普钙33．4kg、尿素5kg、磷酸二氢钾0．5kg／667m^2作底肥的H处理,与不施肥对照相比可降低发病率50％以上,提高产量420％以上,推算产量可达12t／hm^2。     

魔芋多糖在茶饮料中的稳定作用机理研究

研究了魔芋多糖稳定茶饮料的作用机理。经乙醇沉淀、透射和扫描电镜观察表明,魔芋多糖与茶汤成分及粒子之间发生了强烈的吸附作用,并形成水溶性复合体均匀分散于茶汤溶液中。X-射线衍射和DSC差示扫描量热法分析显示,KGM、茶汤固形物以及魔芋茶饮料的固形物均属无定形粉末。实验还表明,魔芋多糖在茶汤中的分子量均小于水溶液中的分子量,在水溶液中为4.83378×10⁵,红茶汤中为3.41182×10⁵,乌龙茶汤中为3.51307×10⁵。魔芋茶汤具有较强的耐电解质聚沉能力。     

不同种皮色泽花生籽仁的品质性状研究

测试了白、黄、暗黄、粉红、红、紫、褐、黑、花白（白红花皮）等９种色泽花生籽仁外观和内在品质。结果表明，不同色泽籽仁，其果仁性状有一定差距。粗蛋白含量，红＞ 暗黄＞ 花白＞ 黑＞ 褐＞ 粉红＞ 黄＞ 紫＞ 白；粗脂肪含量，黄＞ 红＞ 暗黄＞ 花白＞ 粉红＞ 白＞ 褐＞ 黑＞ 紫；油酸、亚油酸比值（Ｏ／Ｌ），红＞ 褐＞ 粉红＞ 紫＞ 黑＞ 白＞ 黄＞ 花白＞ 暗黄；氨基酸、饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸、总糖等含量也存在差异。     

全周期间作模式胶园内间作疣柄魔芋的叶片特征和效益分析

通过在全周期间作模式胶园的宽行中间作疣柄魔芋,分析不同位置疣柄魔芋的叶片特征、产量和经济效益,以探索疣柄魔芋在胶园中的适应性。结果表明,在叶片数、叶柄长、小叶长、叶柄基部直径、叶片叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)和块茎重量6个性状中,除SPAD值在不同位置之间无显著差异外,其余5个指标差异均达到显著水平(p＜0.05),且均以东侧大于西侧;每667 m2胶园间作魔芋的经济效益明显高于橡胶,橡胶和魔芋纯收入分别为255、1 501元。     

橙汁魔芋水晶软糖的生产工艺

以魔芋精粉为主要原料,以橙汁作为增味剂并辅以其他食品添加剂,对pH值、果胶量、糖酸比和凝胶温度等因素进行分析并采用正交法优选,制得有橙汁风味、营养丰富的水晶软糖,同时对产品进行感官、理化和微生物分析。结果表明,pH4．5,果胶含量1．1％,糖酸比90：1,凝胶温度63℃,最佳干燥时间18h,干燥温度55℃条件下可研制出组织状态、色泽和口感均优良的软糖。     

Controlled release of diclofenac from matrix polymer of chitosan and oxidized konjac glucomannan

The controlled release of diclofenac sodium (DFNa) from a chitosan-oxidized konjac glucomannan (CTS-OKG) polymer film was studied. Konjac glucomannan (KGM) was initially oxidized by sodium periodate and then cross-linked to CTS via imine bonds (-C=N-) to form the new CTS-OKG copolymer. The DFNa loaded CTS-OKG polymers were characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Finally, the release profiles of DFNa from the CTS-OKG polymer matrices were evaluated in a simulated gastrointestinal fluid system comprised of two hours in simulated gastric fluid (SGF; pH 1.2) followed by 24 h in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF; pH 7.4). A 1:2:1 (w/w/w) ratio of CTS:OKG:DFNa prepared at room temperature for 3 hours gave the highest % encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 95.6 ± 0.6 and resulted in a minimal release of DFNa (<1% over 2 h) in SGF (pH 1.2) and a significantly improved sustained release in SIF (pH 7.4) with ~6% and 19% release over 8 and 24 h, respectively), some 15- and five-fold lower than that of the two commercial DFNa preparations, Diclosian and Voltaren. This formulation may be used for further study as a long term intestine controlled release drug model (at least 3 days).     

静电纺丝制备魔芋葡甘聚糖-纳米四氧化三铁纳米纤维膜结构及性能

将魔芋葡甘聚糖-纳米四氧化三铁共混,通过静电纺丝技术进一步制备纳米纤维膜,研究纳米四氧化三铁、KGM、甘油、Na₂CO₃含量对纳米纤维膜力学性能的影响。结果表明,纳米Fe₃O₄、KGM、甘油、Na₂CO₃含量对纳米纤维膜性能有较大影响,当纳米Fe₃O₄含量为1.0%,KGM含量为1.2%,甘油含量为0.1%,Na₂CO₃含量为0.1%时,制得的纳米纤维膜的拉伸强度为28.35 MPa,断裂伸长率为6.42%。X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电镜（SEM）证明静电使KGM分子和Fe₃O₄粒子间存在着较强的相互作用,形成纤维表面的微孔结构薄膜。此外其静电纺丝增加了薄膜的性能,静电纺丝使膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别提高了72.4%和32.0%,水蒸汽透过系数和氧气透过率分别降低了35.2%和49.7%,且通过静电纺丝可使膜具有一定抗氧化性能。     

稻文化的再思考3:稻与社稷——印度、泰国等东南亚、南亚主要国家

东南亚、南亚地区是世界上重要的稻米产区,稻米在民众饮食生活和国家社会政治中占有重要地位,民众生活中也保存了非常悠久和丰富的稻作文化习俗及稻谷起源神话传说。本文分析了水稻在东南亚、南亚主要国家印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、缅甸的作用、地位、生产、消费、文化等情况,并指出了印度、印度尼西亚稻文化的主要标志。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.