Sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine hydrochloride and xylazine hydrochloride and their reversal with atipamezole hydrochloride in calves

OBJECTIVE: To assess the sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine and xylazine and their reversal with atipamezole in calves. ANIMALS: 25 calves. PROCEDURES: A 2-phase (7-day interval) study was performed. Sedative characteristics (phase I) and cardiopulmonary effects (phase II) of medetomidine hydrochloride and xylazine hydrochloride administration followed by atipamezole hydrochloride administration were evaluated. In both phases, calves were randomly allocated to receive 1 of 4 treatments IV: medetomidine (0.03 mg/kg) followed by atipamezole (0.1 mg/kg; n = 6), xylazine (0.3 mg/kg) followed by atipamezole (0.04 mg/kg; 7), medetomidine (0.03 mg/kg) followed by saline (0.9% NaCl; 6) solution (10 mL), and xylazine (0.3 mg/kg) followed by saline solution (10 mL; 6). Atipamezole or saline solution was administered 20 minutes after the first injection. Cardiopulmonary variables were recorded at intervals for 35 minutes after medetomidine or xylazine administration. RESULTS: At the doses evaluated, xylazine and medetomidine induced a similar degree of sedation in calves; however, the duration of medetomidine-associated sedation was longer. Compared with pretreatment values, heart rate, cardiac index, and PaO(2) decreased, whereas central venous pressure, PaCO(2), and pulmonary artery pressures increased with medetomidine or xylazine. Systemic arterial blood pressures and vascular resistance increased with medetomidine and decreased with xylazine. Atipamezole reversed the sedative and most of the cardiopulmonary effects of both drugs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: At these doses, xylazine and medetomidine induced similar degrees of sedation and cardiopulmonary depression in calves, although medetomidine administration resulted in increases in systemic arterial blood pressures. Atipamezole effectively reversed medetomidine- and xylazine-associated sedative and cardiopulmonary effects in calves.     

RP—HPLC法同时测定白头翁汤中盐酸小檗碱、盐酸药根碱、盐酸巴马汀的含量

目的：建立反向高效液相色谱方法同时测定白头翁汤中盐酸小檗碱、盐酸药根碱、盐酸巴马汀的含量。方法：色谱柱为XPODS—AC。。（250minx4．6mm,5I．Lm）;采用线性梯度洗脱方法,流动相：溶液A为乙腈,溶液B为O．05mol／L磷酸二氢钾（磷酸调pH值至3．0）。0—40min溶液A：溶液B为5：95—45：55;流速：1．0mL／min;柱温：室温;检测器：DAD检测器;检测波长：340nm;进样量：10μL。结果：盐酸小檗碱、盐酸药根碱和盐酸巴马汀分别在62．5-l000μg／mL、46．875—750μg／mL和37．5—600μg／mL范围内线性良好;平均加样回收率分别为99．22％（RSD为3．25％）、98．46％（RSD为1．99％）和99．20％（RSD为1．69％）。结论：本方法简便、灵敏、准确,适用于白头翁汤的质量控制。     

Immobilisation of impala (Aepyceros melampus) with a ketamine hydrochloride/medetomidine hydrochloride combination, and reversal with atipamezole hydrochloride

A combination of medetomidine hydrochloride (medetomidine) and ketamine hydrochloride (ketamine) was evaluated in 16 boma-confined and 19 free-ranging impalas (Aepyceros melampus) to develop a non-opiate immobilisation protocol. In free-ranging impala a dose of 220 +/- 34 microg/kg medetomidine and 4.4 +/- 0.7 mg/kg ketamine combined with 7500 IU of hyaluronidase induced recumbency within 4.5 +/- 1.5 min, with good muscle relaxation, a stable heart rate and blood pH. PaCO2 was maintained within acceptable ranges. The animals were hypoxic with reduced oxygen saturation and low PaO2 in the presence of an elevated respiration rate, therefore methods for respiratory support are indicated. The depth of sedation was adequate for minor manipulations but additional anaesthesia is indicated for painful manipulations. Immobilisation was reversed by 467 +/- 108 microg/kg atipamezole hydrochloride (atipamezole) intramuscularly, but re-sedation was observed several hours later, possibly due to a low atipamezole:medetomidine ratio of 2:1. Therefore, this immobilisation and reversal protocol would subject impalas to possible predation or conspecific aggression following reversal if they were released into the wild. If the protocol is used on free-ranging impala, an atipamezole:medetomidine ratio of 5:1 should probably be used to prevent re-sedation.     

Response of hypotensive dogs to dopamine hydrochloride and dobutamine hydrochloride during deep isoflurane anesthesia

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the dose-related cardiovascular and urine output (UrO) effects of dopamine hydrochloride and dobutamine hydrochloride, administered individually and in combination at various ratios, and identify individual doses that achieve target mean arterial blood pressure (MAP; 70 mm Hg) and cardiac index (CI; 150 mL/kg/min) in dogs during deep isoflurane anesthesia. ANIMALS: 10 young clinically normal dogs. PROCEDURES: Following isoflurane equilibration at a baseline MAP of 50 mm Hg on 3 occasions, dogs randomly received IV administration of dopamine (3, 7, 10, 15, and 20 microg/kg/min), dobutamine (1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 microg/kg/min), and dopamine-dobutamine combinations (3.5:1, 3.5:4, 7:2, 14:1, and 14:4 microg/kg/min) in a crossover study. Selected cardiovascular and UrO effects were determined following 20-minute infusions at each dose. RESULTS: Dopamine caused significant dose-dependent responses and achieved target MAP and CI at 7 microg/kg/min; dobutamine at 2 microg/kg/min significantly affected only CI values. At any dose, dopamine significantly affected UrO, whereas dobutamine did not. Target MAP and CI values were achieved with a dopamine-dobutamine combination at 7:2 microg/kg/min; a dopamine-related dose response for MAP and dopamine- and dobutamine-related dose responses for CI were identified. Changes in UrO were associated with dopamine only. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In isoflurane-anesthetized dogs, a guideline dose for dopamine of 7 microg/kg/min is suggested; dobutamine alone did not improve MAP. Data regarding cardiovascular and UrO effects indicated that the combination of dopamine and dobutamine did not provide greater benefit than use of dopamine alone in dogs.     

正确使用左旋咪

所谓左旋咪就是“左旋咪唑”，通用名为盐酸左旋咪唑．又名左旋四咪唑或驱钩蛔。它属四咪唑的左旋体类，是一种广谱高效的驱虫药物。     

盐酸克伦特罗的检测方法

本文综述了当前盐酸克伦特罗的检测技术——化学分析法、色谱技术、毛细管区带电泳、免疫分析技术和生物传感器技术及发展趋势。     

HPLC法同时测定麻杏石甘口服液中盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸伪麻黄碱及苦杏仁苷含量

建立一种HPLC法同时测定麻杏石甘口服液中盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸伪麻黄碱及苦杏仁苷含量。使用Waters C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm,)色谱柱,样品前处理使用初始流动相稀释,乙腈∶磷酸盐缓冲液梯度洗脱,采用二极管阵列检测器(HPLC-DAD),波长采集范围为200～400 nm,记录色谱图波长为210 nm,流速为1 m L/min,进样量为10μL。结果表明,盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸伪麻黄碱在0.5～200μg (r2=0.9993,R2=0.9997)、苦杏仁苷在5～20 0μg (r2=0.9992)呈良好的线性关系;平均回收率分别为92.16%,92.03%,90.24%(n=6),RSD分别为0.53%,1.08%、3.20%。该方法简单、准确、重复性好,适用于该制剂的质量控制。     

RP-HPLC法测定阿莫西林-盐酸环丙沙星可溶性粉的含量

应用RP-HPLC法测定阿莫西林-盐酸环丙沙星可溶性粉的含量.采用Shim-pack CLC-ODS C18柱(150 mm×6 mm, 5 μm),以1.5×10-2 mol/L三乙胺溶液(用磷酸调pH至3.0)-乙腈 (体积比85∶ 15)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为229 nm,柱温为40 ℃.在此色谱条件下两者能完全分离,阿莫西林、盐酸环丙沙星分别在22～108 μg/mL和29～146 μg/mL范围内峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均为0.999 9.阿莫西林、盐酸环丙沙星的回收率分别为99.50%～100.20%和99.30%～99.86%(n=5);RSD分别为0.60%～1.00%和0.86%～1.02%(n=5).本法可用于阿莫西林-盐酸环丙沙星可溶性粉的质量控制.     

Determination of optimal immobilizing doses of a medetomidine hydrochloride and ketamine hydrochloride combination in captive reindeer

OBJECTIVE: To establish optimal immobilizing doses of medetomidine hydrochloride (MED) with ketamine hydrochloride (KET) for hand- and dart-administered injections in captive reindeer. ANIMALS: 12 healthy 6- to 9-month-old reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Procedure An optimal dose was defined as a dose resulting in an induction time of 150 to 210 seconds, measured from the time of IM injection until recumbency. Initially, each stalled reindeer was immobilized by hand-administered injection. If the induction time was > 210 seconds, the dose was doubled for the next immobilization procedure. If it was < 150 seconds, the dose was halved for the next immobilization procedure. This iteration procedure was continued for each reindeer until an optimal dose was found. Later the reindeer was placed in a paddock and darted with its optimal dose as determined by hand-administered injection. Adjusting to a linear relationship between dose and induction time, optimal darting doses for each reindeer were predicted and later verified. RESULTS: The established mean optimal hand- and dart-administered doses were 0.10 mg of MED/kg of body mass with 0.50 mg of KET/kg, and 0.15 mg of MED/kg with 0.75 mg of KET/kg, producing mean induction times of 171 seconds and 215 seconds, respectively. The mean induction time after darting was 5 seconds greater than the upper limit of the predefined time interval. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The higher dose requirement of MED-KET administration outdoors, compared with indoors, was explained by factors inherent in the darting technique and the different confinements. The iteration and the prediction methods seem applicable for determination of optimal doses of MED-KET in reindeer. The iteration and the prediction procedures may be used to reduce the number of experimental animals in dose-response studies in other species.     

盐酸大观霉素盐酸林可霉素注射液对仔猪保健及治疗断奶仔猪腹泻的临床效果观察

当前生猪养殖过程中发生的各类细菌感染性疾病越来越复杂,细菌耐药性越来越严重,治疗的难度加大,经济损失极大,且严重影响了养猪业的持续发展.初生仔猪相对于养殖的其他阶段较容易发生各类疾病,尤其是消化系统、呼吸系统的细菌感染性疾病,严重影响仔猪的存活率和正常生长.     

Immobilization of Japanese black bears (Ursus thibetanus japonicus) with tiletamine hydrochloride and zolazepam hydrochloride

The effect of anesthetizing with a 1:1 combination of tiletamine hydrochloride and zolazepam hydrochloride (TZ) was evaluated in 75 Japanese black bears. TZ was administered to 43 captive and 11 wild, 8 captives and 13 hibernating captive bears at the doses of approximately 9.0 mg/kg (usual dosage), 18.0 mg/kg (high dosage) and 5.0 mg/kg (low dosage), respectively. Sufficient anesthetic effects were achieved in all bears, and rectal temperatures, heart rates and respiratory rates did not change significantly during an hour handling. Complete blood cell examinations showed no abnormal data. A combination of TZ would be an efficient and safe drug for chemical immobilization of Japanese black bears.     

液相色谱法测定饲料添加剂L-肉碱盐酸盐

本实验建立了反相高效液相色谱测定L-肉碱盐酸盐的方法。采用C8色谱柱,流动相为甲醇和磷酸盐缓冲液,流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温为35℃,检测波长为210 nm,进样量为10μL,并与传统的非水滴定法进行对比。结果表明:L-肉碱盐酸盐的线性范围为25～4000μg/mL,加标回收率为98.6%～99.4%。该方法检测限更低,准确度高。     

浅议瘦肉精的防范

近几年,"瘦肉精"中毒事件不断发生,严重威胁着人民群众的身体健康和生命安全.为保证畜产品的食用安全,严厉打击非法添加"瘦肉精"等违禁添加物的行为,让人民群众吃上放心肉,各级政府部门纷纷开展严厉打击"瘦肉精"的专项整治行动,笔者就如何打击防范瘦肉精谈几点看法,供大家参考.     

Pharmacokinetics of procainamide hydrochloride in dogs

Pharmacokinetics of procainamide hydrochloride were studied in 2 groups of dogs. In a group of 6 dogs, procainamide was administered IV at a small dose of 8 mg/kg (group 1), and blood samples were obtained for 3.5 hours. In another group of 6 dogs, procainamide was administered IV and orally at an average dose of 25.5 mg/kg (group 2) in a crossover manner. Blood samples were obtained for 48 hours. In 2 dogs (previously used in part II), N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) was administered IV at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Plasma samples were assayed for procainamide by fluorescence polarization immunoassay, and NAPA samples were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography. In group 1, the elimination of procainamide was described by a 1-compartment, open pharmacokinetic model. The elimination half-life was 2.43 hours, the apparent volume of distribution was 1.44 L/kg, and the systemic clearance was 0.412 L/kg/hr. In group 2, 2 of the 6 dogs were described by a 1-compartment model, and 4 of the 6 dogs were described with a 2-compartment pharmacokinetic model. The elimination half-life for the IV dosage was 2.85 hours, the apparent volume of distribution was 2.13 L/kg, and the systemic clearance was 0.519 L/kg/hr. For the orally administered dose, the bioavailability was 85%, and the absorption half-life was 0.5 hours. There was no evidence of acetylation of procainamide to NAPA or deacetylation of NAPA to procainamide. The estimated elimination half-life of NAPA was 4.7 hours.     

猪尿液中盐酸克仑特罗的检测与分新

盐酸克仑特罗是一种β2肾上腺素受体激动药，临床上用于治疗人的支气管哮喘，20世纪70年代，美国将其引入畜禽生产，起到了促进肌肉生长，减少胴体脂肪，改善生产性能的效果。但人们很快发现，这种人工合成的化学物质有极强的热稳定性和生化稳定性，动物食用后，能在内脏和组织中形成蓄积性残留，     

盐酸沃尼妙林肠溶微丸的研制

沃尼妙林是新一代截短侧耳素(pleuromutilin)类抗生素。试验以丙烯酸树脂水分散体为肠溶包衣材料,单因素与正交试验筛选处方及工艺条件,用流化床包衣技术及挤出-滚圆法制备10%盐酸沃尼妙林肠溶微丸。研制的肠溶微丸外观、含量和释放度在加速试验条件下均保持稳定;以75~150 g/t饲料混饲给药,10%盐酸沃尼妙林肠溶微丸对猪痢疾有良好治疗效果,明显优于痢菌净。研究表明,盐酸沃尼妙林肠溶微丸质量符合药学要求,具有良好的体外肠靶向性,可用于猪肠道疾病的防制。     

Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline hydrochloride in rabbits

Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline HCl (OTC) was studied in rabbits. After 10 mg of OTC/kg of body weight was administered IV, the distribution half-life was 0.06 hour, terminal half-life was 1.32 hours, volume of distribution area was 0.861 L/kg, and total body clearance was 0.434 L/kg/h. After 10 mg of OTC/kg was given IM, the absorption half-life was 2.09 hours, extent of absorption was 71.4%, and total body clearance of the absorbed fraction was 0.576 L/kg/h. Based on these kinetic data, a dosage of 15 mg of OTC/kg, every 8 hours was developed. This dose given IM for 7 consecutive days resulted in observed steady-state maximum and minimum concentrations (mean +/- SD) of 4.7 +/- 0.3 micrograms/ml and 3.2 +/- 0.6 micrograms/ml, respectively. Twice this dose (30 mg of OTC/kg, every 8 hours) given IM caused anorexia and diarrhea.     

Anesthesia induced by administration of xylazine hydrochloride alone or in combination with ketamine hydrochloride and reversal by administration of yohimbine hydrochloride in captive Axis deer (Axis axis)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the anesthetic dose and cardiopulmonary effects of xylazine hydrochloride when used alone or in combination with ketamine hydrochloride and evaluate the efficacy of yohimbine hydrochloride to reverse anesthetic effects in captive Axis deer. ANIMALS: 35 adult (10 males and 25 females) Axis deer (Axis axis). PROCEDURES: All deer were anesthetized by IM administration of xylazine (3.5 mg/kg; experiment 1), a combination of ketamine and xylazine (1.25 and 1.5 mg/kg, respectively; experiment 2), or another combination of ketamine and xylazine (2.5 and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively; experiment 3). In addition, female deer were also anesthetized by IM administration of a third combination of ketamine and xylazine (1.5 and 1 mg/kg, respectively; experiment 4). Ten to 40 minutes after induction, anesthesia was reversed by IV administration of yohimbine (5, 8, or 10 mg). RESULTS: In male deer, experiment 3 yielded the most rapid induction of anesthesia. In females, experiment 4 yielded the best induction of anesthesia without adverse effects. All doses of yohimbine reversed anesthesia. Duration of anesthesia before administration of yohimbine had no effect on recovery time. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A combination of ketamine and xylazine can be used to induce anesthesia in Axis deer. Furthermore, anesthetic effects can be reversed by administration of yohimbine.