黄冠梨采后商品化处理与贮藏保鲜关键技术

黄冠梨采后贮藏期间容易出现果面褐斑和软化与腐烂现象。本文概述了黄冠梨采收、分级、包装、预冷和1-MCP等商品化处理和冷藏保鲜技术,旨在为黄冠梨的采后保鲜实践提供技术指导及参考借鉴。     

晋南地区红富士苹果贮后品质劣变的原因及防范措施

在对近年来山西省晋南地区红富士苹果采后贮藏过程中出现的风味品质下降、虎皮病、果肉果心褐变、耐贮性下降等问题进行深入调查研究的基础上,总结了采收与采后环节引起红富士苹果贮后品质劣变的原因,并提出了相应的防范措施。     

不同采收期对阿克苏富士苹果贮藏品质的影响

以阿克苏红富士苹果为试材,研究了不同采收期对采后果实品质的影响,为苹果选择合理的采收期和保持果实良好的贮藏品质提供依据。结果表明:采收期对苹果呼吸高峰的出现时间影响较小,但对呼吸高峰的峰值影响明显;早期采收的果实硬度较大,但失重率也明显高于其他晚采果实;适宜采收期采收的果实在贮藏期间,其VC、可滴定酸、可溶性固形物含量变化幅度小。用于鲜食的果实可在10月22左右采收,此时果肉硬度为10.01 kg/cm2,固酸比为29.16,口感酸甜。用于长期贮藏的阿克苏红富士苹果的最佳采收期为11月1日左右,低温贮藏150 d后果实硬度≥8.79 kg/cm2,可溶性固形物含量≥14.67%。     

苹果采后商品化处理技术研究

<正>苹果是我国栽培面积和产量最大的树种,是我国第一大果品,从20世纪90年代初总产量就一直处于所有水果之首。目前,我国苹果产量约为3 600万t,是世界最大的苹果生产国和消费国,苹果种植面积、产量和消费量均占世界总量的40%左右,在世界苹果产业中占有重要地位。1.概述苹果采后需要进行商品化处理,将果品由初级产品转变为商品,实现经济效益。苹果采后基本处理包括采收、挑选、分级、清洗、打蜡、包装、预冷、保鲜处理、贮藏、运输等。采后商品化处理对保证果品质量、方便贮运、促进销售、便于食用和提高产品的竞争力具有重要     

晋南苹果贮藏保鲜产业存在的问题及对策

山西省晋南地区属我国农业部确定的优质苹果生产基地,但是当地苹果产后综合技术水平还有待提高,普遍存在着“重采前,轻采后”的意识,以及贮藏设施单一、管理粗放,采收、入库标准不一,贮藏保鲜技术落后和商品化处理环节薄弱等问题,成为当地苹果出口高端市场的瓶颈。本文针对实际生产存在的问题提出了解决方案,为当地及山西省打造晋南果品出口交易平台提供指导性意见。     

猕猴桃保鲜包装的关键点控制

猕猴桃属典型的呼吸跃变型果实,具有明显的生理后熟过程,采后如不及时处理,极易软化腐烂。文章对猕猴桃采收后各个保鲜环节的关键点控制进行了详述,并介绍了近几年来国内外猕猴桃最新保鲜包装方法。     

苹果贮藏效果的影响因素及涂膜处理

<正>苹果贮藏效果的优劣,在很大程度上取决于采收以后的处理措施、贮藏设施设备和管理技术。然而,苹果采收前的诸多因素决定了苹果的生长发育、化学成分和生理性状,而且苹果采收时的质量也直接影响着贮藏寿命,所以采前因素非常重要。1.影响苹果贮藏效果的内在因素(1)苹果的品种差异通常晚熟品种最耐贮藏,中熟品种次之,早熟品种最不耐贮藏。如红富士、国光、秦冠等品种成熟期晚,在常温下能贮藏2个月~3个月,在冷藏条件下贮藏期可达6个月     

大枣贮藏保鲜技术研究进展

综述了新鲜大枣采后生理的研究进展，包括外观及形态变化；呼吸类型及呼吸强度的变化；软化机理的探讨；采后营养成分的变化。同时综述了新鲜大枣贮藏保鲜技术的研究进展，包括品种；采收成熟度；贮藏环境条件；保鲜剂处理；物理处理；包装。     

冬枣采后软化衰老研究

以半红期采收的冬枣为试材,研究其采后软化衰老变化。研究表明：在整个贮藏期（0℃）冬枣的硬度变化具有阶段性,PE活性变化与硬度变化呈负相关,PG可能参与了软化的启动。SOD、POD活性随硬度下降都呈下降趋势,但与硬度的相关性不显著,MDA含量变化与硬度变化呈负相关。     

采收期对澳洲青苹苹果采后品质及虎皮病的影响

研究了在常温（20±1）℃和冷藏（0±0.5）℃条件下澳洲青苹苹果不同采收期对果实采后品质、生理和虎皮病发病率的影响。结果表明,晚采果实的品质和风味相对较好。常温贮藏条件下,晚采果实的乙烯跃变出现时间较早,但采收期对乙烯峰值的大小影响不大,直至果实严重腐烂也未发生虎皮病;冷藏条件下,延迟采收期能明显抑制和延缓澳洲青苹苹果虎皮病的发生,保持果实较高的可溶性固形物含量;贮藏后期早采果实的腐烂率急剧升高是由极其严重的虎皮病造成的。但果实采收越晚,耐贮性越差,腐烂率高而且腐烂出现的时间早,不宜长期贮藏。因此,综合上述因素,建议辽西地区澳洲青苹苹果贮藏果实应于生长发育后期（163～170 d）的10月中下旬采收,常温20℃条件下贮藏30～40 d,冷藏0℃条件下贮藏180 d内,虎皮病发病率低,可保持良好的品质与风味。     

采后嘎拉苹果果实细胞壁代谢及关键酶基因表达特性研究

以嘎拉苹果为试材,研究其果实细胞壁代谢及关键酶基因表达特性及受1-MCP、乙烯利和低温的影响效应。结果表明,常温下,嘎拉果实硬度变化与WSP显著正相关,与CSP和半纤维素显著负相关,与ISP的关系不大;1-MCP和低温处理显著抑制了WSP含量上升,减缓了CSP和半纤维素降解。嘎拉果实细胞壁酶中,β-Gal活性最高、增加最快,其基因表达亦迅速增加,α-L-Af活性和基因表达虽增加速率低于β-Gal,但二者变化规律相似,均显著受到1-MCP和0℃低温的抑制;PG和PME活性和基因表达量亦呈增加趋势,但未能完全被1-MCP处理和0℃低温所抑制;相关性分析表明,其细胞壁酶活性变化均与硬度呈显著负相关性,并显著受到1-MCP和低温的影响。但是,乙烯利处理虽对嘎拉果实软化有一定的促进作用,但效果不显著。     

Optimal sampling strategies for evaluating fruit softening after harvest in apple breeding

Environmental variance components associated with year, tree, and harvest date were estimated for fruit softening after harvest in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) to determine their relative importance and design optimum sampling strategies to discriminate genotypes in apple breeding. Fruit were stored after harvest under 20± 2 ^∘C and 80± 5%RH. Softening was evaluated by adapting the change in firmness during storage to a linear regression and defining the regression coefficient as the softening rate. Environmental variances associated with genotype × year interaction, among trees, year × tree interaction, and among harvest dates were all very small, namely, 2.7, 0.1, 5.2, and 5.7%, respectively, to the total variance obtained from the analysis of variance for the softening rate. The variance associated with genotype, at 57.3%, was very large. On the basis of the number of fruit necessary for firmness measurements, two times harvest is an efficient strategy to determine a genotype mean for the softening.     

Impact of harvesting time and fruit firmness on the tolerance to fungal storage diseases in an apple germplasm collection

Blue mold and bitter rot, caused by Penicillium expansum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, respectively, are two of the most devastating diseases during and after storage of apple. The present project was conducted to evaluate the level of tolerance to these diseases in apple germplasm, and investigate possible associations with other fruit characteristics such as harvest date, firmness at harvest, softening (loss of firmness during storage) and sun-exposure. Apples were harvested at a maturation stage suitable for storage, inoculated with spore suspensions of P. expansum (127 cultivars) or C. gloeosporioides (70 cultivars), and stored for 6 or 12 weeks for early- and late-maturing cultivars, respectively. Fruit firmness was measured after harvest and after storage, and the difference was used as a measure of fruit softening. Average lesion diameter varied significantly among both early- and late-maturing cultivars. The amount of damage caused by the two diseases was significantly correlated across cultivars. Regression analyses indicated that lesion diameter was positively affected by fruit softening and negatively affected by harvest date and firmness at harvest. Impact of the independent variables was quantified with partial least squares discriminant analysis; approximately 40% of the genetic variation could be explained by these variables with harvest date being the most important. The effect of sun-exposure was analyzed on six bi-colored cultivars but the results were not conclusive. Cultivars that showed relatively small symptoms in spite of being early-maturing and/or only medium firm, may have other traits that are beneficial for storage and could therefore be especially useful in breeding programs.     

Influence of Md-ACS1 allelotype and harvest season within an apple germplasm collection on fruit softening during cold air storage

Previous studies have demonstrated a relationship between Md-ACS1 allelotype and apple fruit softening at ambient temperatures. The present study was undertaken to further examine the influence of this allelotype (-1/1, -1/2 or -2/2) and its interaction with harvest season (early or late) on changes in internal ethylene concentrations (IEC) and fruit softening during cold air storage. This was carried out by describing natural differences found among old apple cultivars/species and modern commercial cultivars. For late maturing cultivars, Md-ACS1-1/1 was firmer at harvest than Md-ACS1-2/2 with the heterozygote intermediate. However harvest firmness showed no differences among for the early season Md-ACS1 allelotypes. The Md-ACS1-2/2 allelotype had a slower rate of postharvest IEC increase and flesh softening compared with Md-ACS1-1/1 and -1/2 allelotypes, and late maturing cultivars had a slower rate of fruit softening than early maturing cultivars, which was independent of postharvest IEC. All three late season allelotypes and early season Md-ACS1-2/2 were firmer after storage than early season Md-ACS1-1/1 and -1/2 allelotypes, reflecting differences in both harvest firmness and softening rates. While cultivar variation in final firmness could be explained partially through Md-ACS1-mediated postharvest ethylene increases and subsequent softening, much more variation was accounted for by their differences in harvest firmness. These results are discussed in relation to strategies for breeding cultivars with superior flesh textures that are maintained during storage.     

苹果果实角质层提取及分析方法的优化

苹果货架期失水是影响其品质的重要因素,而果实角质层又是水分散失的主要屏障,探讨苹果货架期角质层和果实失水率的相关性尤为重要,而对角质层组分的定性和定量测定,展开相关研究的前提。本研究本研究针对现有对苹果果实角质层提取和分析的方法进行比较优化,为研究货架期苹果果实角质层的代谢变化及苹果果实采后综合减损措施的探求提供方法学基础。研究结果表明,利用氯仿溶液处理完整果实1 min、完整果实1 h、表皮圆片1 min、表皮圆片1 h,发现氯仿处理表皮圆片1 h所得蜡质含量最高,蜡质成分种类及占比,与其他三者无显著差异,是苹果果实蜡质提取的最优方法。在苹果果实角质分析方面,证明了目前普遍应用于番茄果实角质分析的MeOH-HCl试剂,对苹果果实角质的解聚具有稳定可靠的效果,苹果角质所得的单体产率可达92%左右。     

番茄果实耐贮性的遗传分析

以80份番茄地方品种和自育自交系为材料,对它们的果实硬度和果实软化速度的遗传表现,以及与其他主要农艺性状的相关性进行了研究。结果表明,果实硬度和软化速度在基因型间有极显著的差异。成熟期的果实硬度和软化速度呈极显著负相关,但也有一些硬度很低的品种,软化速度反而很慢,耐贮性非常好;软化速度和果重、果型指数、含糖量、果实含水量等无显著的线性相关,说明耐贮性同这些重要经济性状和品质性状没有必然的联系,完全能够对它们进行同步改良。F1果实的软化速度表现为部分显性,耐贮性一般倾向于不耐贮的亲本;只有双亲的果实软化速度都比较慢时,杂种后代的果实才表现出良好的耐贮性。     

套袋苹果果实中钙素微分布与“苦痘病”的关系

为了从细胞学角度深入认识钙离子含量与套袋苹果果实"苦痘病"发生的关系。此试验以套袋红富士苹果为试材,研究了苹果摘袋后期,苹果果实不同部位细胞内的钙离子含量及相同部位不同的发病区域细胞内钙离子含量与套袋苹果果实"苦痘病"的关系。结果表明:苹果照光面的果肉细胞钙离子含量高于背光面,苹果梗洼处的果肉细胞钙离子含量高于萼洼处。照光面、背光面、梗洼处和萼洼处的发病部位果肉细胞的钙离子含量均明显低于不发病部位。由此可见:果实照光面的苦痘病发病率低于背光面,果实梗洼处的苦痘病发病率低于萼洼处。     

套袋‘红富士’苹果果实山梨醇脱氢酶的活性变化及其表达

以‘红富士’苹果为试材,通过酶活性测定和Western印迹技术,研究了套袋‘红富士’苹果果实山梨醇脱氢酶(SDH)的活性及其表达变化。结果表明,在整个发育过程中,套袋‘红富士’苹果果实的山梨醇含量及SDH活性的变化动态与对照果实基本一致。与对照相比,套袋苹果果实的SDH活性较低,山梨醇含量较高,由此表明套袋影响苹果果实山梨醇代谢。Western blotting结果显示,苹果果实SDH的亚基构成为40 kDa,随着苹果果实的发育,SDH的免疫信号强度逐渐增强。在同一取样时期,套袋苹果果实SDH的免疫信号强度与对照果实相比差异不显著,由此推断,SDH的活性变化可能存在翻译后水平上的调控。     

Preharvest calcium applications inhibit some cell wall-modifying enzyme activities and delay cell wall disassembly at commercial harvest of ‘Fuji Kiku-8′ apples

To improve apple firmness during the postharvest chain, detailed knowledge of the biochemistry underlying ripening-related cell wall disassembly, a very complex event, is required. Apple softening is reportedly mediated by calcium loss from the middle lamella, and accordingly calcium applications are expected to preserve fruit firmness. In this work, pre-harvest calcium sprays (7 weekly applications at 1.6%, w/v, 81-123 days after full bloom) were applied to ‘Fuji Kiku-8′ apples, with the purpose of examining treatment effects on cell wall metabolism during on-tree fruit maturation and ripening. Applied calcium improved cell-to-cell adhesion as indicated by better preservation of the middle lamella and by higher contents of ionically bound pectins in treated fruit, leading to higher fruit firmness levels at commercial harvest. Matrix glycan breakdown was also delayed in response to calcium treatment. Calcium applications partially suppressed pectinmethylesterase, pectate lyase, β-galactosidase, α-l-arabinofuranosidase and β-xylosidase activities, without any apparent relationship with ethylene production rates.