硝化抑制剂和通气调节对土壤N2O排放的影响

采用室内培养方法,研究了土壤水分含量和温度对硝化反应速度、N2O排放及施用硝化抑制剂(N-Serve)和土壤掺砂对N2O排放的影响。结果表明,硝化反应速度随温度升高而加快,30℃时反应进行最快;水分对硝化反应速度的影响不显著。N2O排放通量随温度和水分含量升高而加大,最高排放通量出现在水分含量28.5%,20℃或30℃时。30℃、低水分(14.2%)时,N2O排放量较低,15d累积排放量为126.4.mg/kg,且主要来自硝化反应,施用N-Serve可使总排放量减少65.0%;水分含量增加到28.5%,反硝化反应发生,N2O排放量急剧增加,15d累积排放量达764.4.mg/kg;施用砂子或N-Serve,总排放量分别减少82.9%、62.1%。因此,低水分时,施用N-Serve可抑制硝化反应;高水分时,施用砂子或砂子与N-Serve配合,可有效抑制N2O排放。     

追氮方式对夏玉米土壤N2O和NH3排放的影响

【目的】研究氮肥与硝化抑制剂撒施及条施覆土三种追施氮肥方式下土壤N2O和NH3排放规律、 O2浓度及土壤NH4+-N、 NO2--N和NO3--N的时空动态,揭示追氮方式对两种重要环境气体排放的影响及机制。【方法】试验设置3个处理: 1)农民习惯追氮方式撒施(BC); 2)撒施添加10%的硝化抑制剂(BC+DCD); 3) 条施后覆土(Band)。 3个处理均在施肥后均匀灌水20 mm。在夏玉米十叶期追施氮肥后的15天(2014年7月23日至8月8日)进行田间原位连续动态观测,并在玉米成熟期测定产量及吸氮量。采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定土壤N2O排放量,土壤气体平衡管-气相色谱法测定土壤N2O浓度,PVC管-通气法测定土壤NH3挥发,土壤气体平衡管-泵吸式O2浓度测定仪测定土壤O2浓度。【结果】农民习惯追氮方式N2O排放量为N 395 g/hm2,NH3挥发损失为N 22.9 kg/hm2,同时还导致土壤在一定程度上积累了NO2--N。与习惯追氮方式相比,添加硝化抑制剂显著减少N2O排放89.4%,使NH3挥发略有增加,未造成土壤NO2--N的累积。条施覆土使土壤N2O排放量显著增加将近1倍,但使NH3挥发显著减少69.4%,同时造成施肥后土壤局部高NO2--N累积。条施覆土的施肥条带上土壤NO2--N含量与N2O排放通量呈显著正相关。土壤气体的O2和N2O浓度受土壤含水量控制,当土壤WFPS大于60%时,020 cm土层中的O2浓度明显降低,而N2O浓度增加,土壤N2O浓度和土壤O2浓度间呈极显著负相关。各处理地上部产量及总吸氮量差异不显著。【结论】土壤NO2--N的累积与铵态氮肥施肥方式密切相关,NO2--N的累积能够促进土壤N2O的排放,且在条施覆土时达到显著水平(P0.05)。追氮方式对N2O和NH3两种气体的排放存在某种程度的此消彼长,添加硝化抑制剂在减少N2O排放的同时会增加NH3挥发,条施覆土在显著减少NH3挥发的同时会显著增加土壤N2O排放。在条施覆土基础上添加硝化抑制剂,有可能同时降低N2O排放和NH3挥发损失,此推论值得进一步研究。     

硫酸铵与DMPP配施对石灰性褐土氮素转化及N2O、CO2排放的影响

为合理利用工业副产硫酸铵,探究3,4—二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)配施硫酸铵对石灰性褐土中氮素转化及N_2O和CO_2排放的影响。通过室内培养试验,研究不同剂量DMPP与硫酸铵配施后,石灰性褐土中铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)含量、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)含量、土壤pH、N_2O和CO_2排放通量和累计排放量的动态变化,并进行了相关性分析。结果表明:单施硫酸铵的ASN处理在培养的前15天硝化作用强烈,第15天时,土壤NH_4~+-N含量降低了477.28 mg/kg, NO_3~--N含量增高了177.03 mg/kg。添加DMPP可以明显抑制硫酸铵NH_4~+-N向NO_3~--N转化。培养30天后,0.75%～1.75%剂量的DMPP处理的土壤NO_3~--N含量低于ASN处理174.02～177.00 mg/kg,硝化抑制率为94.92%～95.30%,且在0.75%～1.75%浓度范围内未表现出明显的剂量差异效应。各剂量DMPP在试验期间的硝化抑制效果表现较好,其作用时长为30天以上。培养30天时,与空白CKII处理相比,单施硫酸铵T1处理的N_2O和CO_2的累计排放量分别显著增加了975.3%,126.66%(P0.05),而添加了DMPP的T2处理相较于单施硫酸铵T1处理,N_2O和CO_2累计排放量分别显著降低了76.8%,6.22%(P0.05)。相关性分析表明,CO_2排放通量与N_2O排放通量呈正相关关系,土壤pH与N_2O、CO_2排放通量呈负相关关系。硫酸铵与0.75%DMPP配合施用在一定程度上可以抑制土壤酸化,同时短期内可以显著降低N_2O和CO_2累计排放量(P0.05)。     

竹叶及其生物质炭输入对板栗林土壤N2O通量的影响

【目的】氧化亚氮(N2O)是温室气体的主要组成部分,其增温效应极强,陆地生态系统是N2O的主要排放源之一。人工林生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,但目前关于经营措施对人工林生态系统土壤N2O通量的影响研究较少。本文研究了竹叶及其生物质炭输入对板栗林土壤N2O排放通量的影响,为调控亚热带人工林土壤N2O排放通量提供理论基础与科学依据。【方法】定位试验于2012年7月~2013年7月在浙江省临安市三口镇典型板栗林区进行,设对照、输入竹叶、输入生物质炭3个处理,利用静态箱-气相色谱法测定板栗林土壤N2O通量的动态变化以及土壤温度、土壤含水量、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、水溶性有机氮(WSON)、微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物量氮(MBN)、NH+4-N和NO-3-N含量。【结果】不同处理条件下,板栗林土壤N2O排放通量均呈显著的季节性变化特征,最高值出现在7月,最低值出现在1月。与对照相比,竹叶处理的土壤N2O年平均通量和年累积排放量分别增加了17.2%和12.8%,而生物质炭处理的土壤N2O年平均通量和年累积排放量分别降低了27.4%和20.5%。竹叶处理的土壤WSON、MBN、NH+4-N及NO-3-N含量增加12.4%、19.1%、8.3%和13%,而生物质炭处理的NH+4-N和NO-3-N含量分别降低了14.1%和18%。在对照、竹叶以及生物质炭处理条件下,板栗林土壤N2O排放通量与土壤温度(表层5 cm处)和WSOC含量均有显著相关性(P 0.05),与土壤MBC含量均无显著相关性。竹叶处理土壤N2O通量与NH+4-N、NO-3-N及WSON含量均有显著相关性(P0.05)。【结论】在不同处理条件下,板栗林土壤N2O排放通量均呈现明显的季节性变化特征,表现为夏季高、 冬季低。输入竹叶可显著增加板栗林土壤N2O排放通量,而输入生物质炭N2O排放通量显著降低;输入竹叶和生物质炭可能是通过影响土壤碳库与氮库特征而影响土壤N2O的排放通量。     

氧气浓度对水稻土N2O排放的影响

通过室内模拟试验,在25℃,60%田间持水量条件下,研究了氧气浓度(200、100和20 ml/L)和铵态氮浓度(10、30和50 mg/kg)对6个水稻土(p H 5.23~7.83,黏粒含量71.0~522 g/kg)N_2O排放的影响。结果表明:供试水稻土N_2O排放通量随铵态氮浓度的增加、氧气浓度的下降而增加。逐步回归分析表明,N_2O累积排放量与铵态氮含量、土壤有机碳含量、黏粒含量呈正相关关系,与氧气浓度呈负相关关系(R2=0.845,P0.01)。氧气浓度下降增加N_2O排放可能与硝化产物中N_2O比例增加和反硝化作用加强有关,但不同氧气浓度条件下各N_2O产生过程的贡献还需进一步研究。     

施氮及添加硝化抑制剂对苜蓿草地N2O排放的影响

为探究旱作紫花苜蓿(MedicagosativaL.)栽培草地氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放对施氮水平及添加硝化抑制剂的响应特征,采用传统静态箱法研究了不同施氮水平[0kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N0)、 50kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N50)、 100kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N100)和150kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N150)]以及添加硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)150kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N150+DCD)对陇东苜蓿草地N_2O排放特征的影响。结果显示,监测期内N0、N50、N100和N150处理N_2O平均排放速率分别为3.5μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、4.1μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、5.0μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和6.1μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),随着施氮梯度的增加, N_2O排放速率呈增加趋势。添加硝化抑制剂DCD对N_2O排放产生明显的抑制作用。与N150处理相比, N150+DCD处理下苜蓿草地N_2O平均排放速率下降50.7%, N_2O累计排放量显著降低61.6%(P0.05)。施氮对苜蓿产量没有显著影响,而N0、N50、N100和N150处理下单位苜蓿产量N_2O排放量随氮肥梯度的增加而增加,各处理分别为6.5 mg·kg~(-1)、7.8 mg·kg~(-1)、11.3 mg·kg~(-1)和12.5 mg·kg~(-1)。N_2O排放受土壤含水量影响深刻,生长季N_2O排放通量与土壤水分呈显著正相关关系(P0.05),而与土壤温度无显著相关性(P0.05)。综上,旱作紫花苜蓿栽培草地N_2O排放通量随施氮水平的增加明显增加,在相同施氮水平下添加硝化抑制剂DCD能显著抑制N_2O排放。相关研究结果对于该区域苜蓿草地合理施肥以及N_2O减排具有一定的实践指导意义。     

林地转变为耕地对紫色土N2O排放的影响

土地利用方式变化是造成大气中温室气体浓度变化的主要原因之一,但土地利用方式转变,如林地转变为耕地过程对土壤氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放的影响还缺乏系统研究。本研究于2016年7月中旬在四川盆地丘陵区将林地转变为耕地,并按照耕地冬小麦-夏玉米轮作方式,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,对比分析了耕地翻耕不施肥(CL-T)、翻耕施肥(CL-TF)和邻近林地(CK)的土壤N_2O排放过程特征。结果表明,试验期间CL-T、CL-TF土壤N_2O排放通量较CK均显著增加(P0.01),且二者的N_2O排放通量在林地转变为耕地初期均有明显的排放峰。小麦季和玉米季土壤N_2O排放通量[μg(N)·m-2·h-1]均值CK分别为2.52和4.60,CL-T分别为3.55和11.63,CL-TF分别为6.26和22.16,N_2O排放通量玉米季显著高于小麦季。CK、CL-T和CL-TF的土壤N_2O全年累积排放量[mg(N)·hm-2]分别为0.271、0.515和0.957,CL-T、CL-TF较CK分别显著增长89.8%、253.0%,说明林地转变为耕地,紫色土N_2O排放迅速增加。首先翻耕改变土壤结构并显著增加土壤无机氮含量(P0.05),其次施肥大幅增加土壤无机氮含量导致土壤N_2O的激发排放。而土壤温度和水分未发生显著改变(P0.05),种植作物短时间内也未显著改变土壤的N_2O排放。结果表明,林地转变为耕地激发土壤N_2O排放的根本机制可能是提高了土壤有机氮矿化速率。但土地利用转变对土壤氮转化过程的影响以及进而改变土壤N_2O的排放特征的机理有待进一步研究。     

大气CO2 浓度升高对华北夏玉米地温室气体排放的影响

开展大气CO₂ 浓度升高对华北夏玉米地温室气体排放的影响可为未来气候变化下农业温室气体减排提供依据。研究基于已稳定运行10 年的华北典型一年两季自由大气CO₂ 富集平台进行,于 2017 年设置2 个处理,即常规浓度CO₂(aCO₂,平均400 μmol·mol-1)和高浓度CO₂(eCO₂,550 μmol·mol-1),2018 年在不同CO₂ 浓度下增设低氮(LN)和高氮(HN)水平下的不同CO₂ 浓度处理(即aCO₂-LN、aCO₂-HN、eCO₂-LN、eCO₂-HN)开展试验,监测和分析不同处理下土壤CO₂ 及N2O 排放通量特征,结合土壤硝化潜势和反硝化潜势测定解析N2O排放量变化的可能原因。结果表明,eCO₂ 下夏玉米生育期农田N2O 和CO₂ 累积排放量分别比aCO₂ 下显著增加45.5% ～ 65.9% 和16.7% ～ 19.2%;N2O 排放增加主要发生在施肥、灌溉和降雨后,而土壤CO₂ 在玉米营养生长期排放量较高。eCO₂ 条件下土壤硝化潜势和反硝化潜势分别比aCO₂ 下提高了36.4% 和59.0%,对土壤N2O 排放有贡献潜力。eCO₂ 下,N2O 减排需结合排放机理采取合理的田间管理和水肥调控措施。     

不同耕作措施下土壤N2O排放及其农学效率

为评价不同耕作措施下华北平原农田土壤N2O排放及其农学效率,通过设置常规耕作秸秆还田(CT+)、常规耕作无秸秆还田(CT?)、免耕秸秆还田(NT+)、免耕无秸秆还田(NT?)4个处理田间定位试验,采用静态箱?气相色谱法测定分析了连续3个小麦生长期的表层土壤N2O排放及其主要相关因子,同时测定了小麦产量与氮吸收量等相关指标。结果表明:在4个处理下,小麦生长期内表层土壤N2O排放动态基本一致,而土壤N2O累积排放量却存在显著差异,而且耕作方式与秸秆还田存在显著的互作效应。在常规耕作和免耕措施下,单位面积土壤N2O累积排放量均表现为秸秆还田土壤显著高于无秸秆还田土壤,CT+和NT+分别比CT?和NT?高26.2%和74.6%;在无秸秆还田条件下,土壤N2O排放量表现为常规耕作比免耕高42.4%。相关分析表明,土壤N2O排放通量与地下5 cm土壤温度、土壤孔隙充水率(WFPS)之间呈显著正相关关系,与土壤溶解性有机氮(DON)含量之间呈显著负相关关系。利用农学效率指标度量N2O排放量时可知,虽然小麦籽粒产量和氮肥偏生产力在各处理间没有达到显著性差异,但每生产1 kg小麦籽粒表层土壤N2O排放量为0.18~0.73 g N2O-N,每投入1 kg氮素表层土壤N2O排放量为5.1~18.0 g N2O-N,处理间存在显著差异;与单位面积土壤N2O排放量表现一致,单位籽粒产量N2O排放量和单位氮素投入N2O排放量均表现为无论是常规耕作还是免耕措施,秸秆还田土壤均显著高于秸秆不还田土壤,在秸秆不还田条件下,常规耕作土壤均显著高于免耕土壤。总之,免耕是有效减少土壤N2O排放的一种耕作措施。     

脲酶/硝化抑制剂双控下红壤性水稻土氮素变化特征

以红壤性水稻土为对象,设置大田试验处理:不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(U)、氮肥配施0. 5%脲酶抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)与1%硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)(U+N/D)、氮肥配施1%NBPT与2%DMPP [U+2 (N/D)],研究4种施肥组合下双季稻土壤脲酶、土壤NH+4-N、田面水NH+4-N和NO-3-N的变化特征。结果表明,与CK和U处理相比,各施肥处理在施肥后第1～15 d,土壤脲酶活性、土壤NH+4-N、田面水NH+4-N含量增加,田面水NO-3-N含量无显著变化。与U+2 (N/D)处理相比,早稻中U+N/D处理的脲酶活性显著增加了0. 03～0. 70 mg·g-1,土壤NH+4-N含量显著增加了19. 11～61. 44 mg·kg-1,田面水NH+4-N含量显著增加了34. 48～40. 70 mg·L-1。相关分析表明,土壤NH+4-N与土壤脲酶、田面水NH+4-N均呈显著负相关,田面水NH+4-N与土壤脲酶、田面水NO-3-N均呈显著正相关(P 0. 05)。综上,与其他处理相比,U+N/D处理是在短期内有效提高土壤脲酶活性、土壤NH+4-N和田面水NH+4-N含量的最优处理,合理配施尿素及0. 5%脲酶抑制剂NBPT和1%硝化抑制剂DMPP能够显著提高NH+4-N供水稻吸收,减少氮素损失。     

Nitrification Inhibitor,Fertilizer Rate,and Temperature Effects on Nitrous Oxide Emission and Nitrogen Transformation in Loamy Sand Soil

An incubation study investigated the effects of nitrification inhibitors (NIs), dicyandiamide (DCD), and neem oil on the nitrification process in loamy sand soil under different temperatures and fertilizer rates. Results showed that NIs decreased soil nitrification by slowing the conversion of soil ammonium (NH₄⁺)-nitrogen (N) and maintaining soil NH₄⁺-N and nitrate (NO₃^?)-N throughout the incubation time. DCD and neem oil decreased soil nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission by up to 30.9 and 18.8%, respectively. The effectiveness of DCD on reducing cumulative soil N₂O emission and retaining soil NH₄⁺-N was inconsistently greater than that of neem oil, but the NI rate was less obvious than temperature. Fertilizer rate had a stronger positive effect on soil nitrification than temperature, indicating that adding N into low-fertility soil had a greater influence on soil nitrification. DCD and neem oil would be a potential tool for slowing N fertilizer loss in a low-fertility soil under warm to hot climatic conditions.     

Dinitrogen and N2O emissions in arable soils: Effect of tillage, N source and soil moisture

A laboratory investigation was performed to compare the fluxes of dinitrogen (N₂), N₂O and carbon dioxide (CO₂) from no-till (NT) and conventional till (CT) soils under the same water, mineral nitrogen and temperature status. Intact soil cores (0-10 cm) were incubated for 2 weeks at 25 °C at either 75% or 60% water-filled pore space (WFPS) with ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizers (100 mg N kg⁻¹ soil). Gas and soil samples were collected at 1-4 day intervals during the incubation period. The N₂O and CO₂ fluxes were measured by a gas chromatography (GC) system while total N₂ and N₂O losses and their ¹⁵N mole fractions in the soil mineral N pool were determined by a mass spectrometer. The daily accumulative fluxes of N₂ and N₂O were significantly affected by tillage, N source and soil moisture. We observed higher (P<0.05) fluxes of N₂+N₂O, N₂O and CO₂ from the NT soils than from the CT soils. Compared with the addition of nitrate (NO₃⁻), the addition of ammonium (NH₄⁺) enhanced the emissions of these N and C gases in the CT and NT soils, but the effect of NH₄⁺ on the N₂ and/or N₂O fluxes was evident only at 60% WFPS, indicating that nitrification and subsequent denitrification contributed largely to the gaseous N losses and N₂O emission under the lower moisture condition. Total and fertilizer-induced emissions of N₂ and/or N₂O were higher (P<0.05) at 75% WFPS than with 60% WFPS, while CO₂ fluxes were not influenced by the two moisture levels. These laboratory results indicate that there is greater potential for N₂O loss from NT soils than CT soils. Avoiding wet soil conditions (>60% WFPS) and applying a NO₃⁻ form of N fertilizer would reduce potential N₂O emissions from arable soils.     

Emission of N2O, N2 and CO2 from soil fertilized with nitrate: effect of compaction, soil moisture and rewetting

Soil compaction and soil moisture are important factors influencing denitrification and N₂O emission from fertilized soils. We analyzed the combined effects of these factors on the emission of N₂O, N₂ and CO₂ from undisturbed soil cores fertilized with (150 kg N ha⁻¹) in a laboratory experiment. The soil cores were collected from differently compacted areas in a potato field, i.e. the ridges (ρ_D=1.03 g cm⁻³), the interrow area (ρ_D=1.24 g cm⁻³), and the tractor compacted interrow area (ρ_D=1.64 g cm⁻³), and adjusted to constant soil moisture levels between 40 and 98% water-filled pore space (WFPS).High N₂O emissions were a result of denitrification and occurred at a WFPS≥70% in all compaction treatments. N₂ production occurred only at the highest soil moisture level (≥90% WFPS) but it was considerably smaller than the N₂O-N emission in most cases. There was no soil moisture effect on CO₂ emission from the differently compacted soils with the exception of the highest soil moisture level (98% WFPS) of the tractor-compacted soil in which soil respiration was significantly reduced. The maximum N₂O emission rates from all treatments occurred after rewetting of dry soil. This rewetting effect increased with the amount of water added. The results show the importance of increased carbon availability and associated respiratory O₂ consumption induced by soil drying and rewetting for the emissions of N₂O.     

The N2O product ratio of nitrification and its dependence on long-term changes in soil pH

The contribution of nitrification to the emission of nitrous oxide (N₂O) from soils may be large, but its regulation is not well understood. The soil pH appears to play a central role for controlling N₂O emissions from soil, partly by affecting the N₂O product ratios of both denitrification (N₂O/(N₂+N₂O)) and nitrification (N₂O/(NO₂⁻+NO₃⁻). Mechanisms responsible for apparently high N₂O product ratios of nitrification in acid soils are uncertain. We have investigated the pH regulation of the N₂O product ratio of nitrification in a series of experiments with slurries of soils from long-term liming experiments, spanning a pH range from 4.1 to 7.8. ¹⁵N labelled nitrate (NO₃⁻) was added to assess nitrification rates by pool dilution and to distinguish between N₂O from NO₃⁻ reduction and NH₃ oxidation. Sterilized soil slurries were used to determine the rates of chemodenitrification (i.e. the production of nitric oxide (NO) and N₂O from the chemical decomposition of nitrite (NO₂⁻)) as a function of NO₂⁻ concentrations. Additions of NO₂⁻ to aerobic soil slurries (with ¹⁵N labelled NO₃⁻ added) were used to assess its potential for inducing denitrification at aerobic conditions. For soils with pH?5, we found that the N₂O product ratios for nitrification were low (0.2-0.9‰) and comparable to values found in pure cultures of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. In mineral soils we found only a minor increase in the N₂O product ratio with increasing soil pH, but the effect was so weak that it justifies a constant N₂O product ratio of nitrification for N₂O emission models. For the soils with pH 4.1 and 4.2, the apparent N₂O product ratio of nitrification was 2 orders of magnitude higher than above pH 5 (76‰ and 14‰). This could partly be accounted for by the rates of chemodenitrification of NO₂⁻. We further found convincing evidence for NO₂⁻-induction of aerobic denitrification in acid soils. The study underlines the role of NO₂⁻, both for regulating denitrification and for the apparent nitrifier-derived N₂O emission.     

N2O emissions and product ratios of nitrification and denitrification as affected by freezing and thawing

Agricultural soils contribute significantly to atmospheric nitrous oxide (N₂O). A considerable part of the annual N₂O emission may occur during the cold season, possibly supported by high product ratios in denitrification (N₂O/(N₂+N₂O)) and nitrification (N₂O-N/(NO₃⁻-N+NO₂⁻-N)) at low temperatures and/or in response to freeze-thaw perturbation. Water-soluble organic materials released from frost-sensitive catch crops and green manure may further increase winter emissions. We conducted short-term laboratory incubations under standardized moisture and oxygen (O₂) conditions, using nitrogen (N) tracers (¹⁵N) to determine process rates and sources of emitted N₂O after freeze-thaw treatment of soil or after addition of freeze-thaw extract from clover. Soil respiration and N₂O production was stimulated by freeze-thaw or addition of plant extract. The N₂O emission response was inversely related to O₂ concentration, indicating denitrification as the quantitatively prevailing process. Denitrification product ratios in the two studied soils (pH 4.5 and 7.0) remained largely unaltered by freeze-thaw or freeze-thaw-released plant material, refuting the hypothesis that high winter emissions are due to frost damage of N₂O reductase activity. Nitrification rates estimated by nitrate (NO₃⁻) pool enrichment were 1.5-1.8 μg NO₃-N g⁻¹ dw soil d⁻¹ in freeze-thaw-treated soil when incubated at O₂ concentrations above 2.3 vol% and one order of magnitude lower at 0.8 vol% O₂. Thus, the experiments captured a situation with severely O₂-limited nitrification. As expected, the O₂ stress at 0.8 vol% resulted in a high nitrification product ratio (0.3 g g⁻¹). Despite this high product ratio, only 4.4% of the measured N₂O accumulation originated from nitrification, reaffirming that denitrification was the main N₂O source at the various tested O₂ concentrations in freeze-thaw-affected soil. N₂O emission response to both freeze-thaw and plant extract addition appeared strongly linked to stimulation of carbon (C) respiration, suggesting that freeze-thaw-induced release of decomposable organic C was the major driving force for N₂O emissions in our soils, both by fuelling denitrifiers and by depleting O₂. The soluble C (applied as plant extract) necessary to induce a CO₂ and N₂O production rate comparable with that of freeze-thaw was 20-30 μg C g⁻¹ soil dw. This is in the range of estimates for over-winter soluble C loss from catch crops and green manure plots reported in the literature. Thus, freeze-thaw-released organic C from plants may play a significant role in freeze-thaw-related N₂O emissions.     

Acetylene and N-serve effects upon N2O emissions from NH4+ and NO3− treated soils under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

N₂O emissions from soils treated with NH₄⁺-N under aerobic conditions in the laboratory were 3- to 4-fold higher than those from controls (no extra N added) or when NO₃^?-N was added. Although the emission of N₂O-N in these field and laboratory experiments represented only 0.1–0.8% of the applied fertilizer NH₄⁺-N and are therefore not significant from an agronomic standpoint, these studies have conclusively demonstrated that the oxidation of applied ammoniacal fertilizers (nitrification) could contribute significantly to the stratospheric N₂O pool.Like N-serve, acetylene was shown to be a potent inhibitor of nitrification as it stopped the oxidation of NH₄⁺-N to (NO₃⁺-N + NO₂^?)-N and hence reduced the evolution of N₂O from nitrification within 60 min after its addition.Although high amounts of NO₃^?-N were present, the rate of denitrification was very low from soils with moisture up to 60% saturation. The further increase in the degree of saturation resulted in several-fold increase of denitrification which eventually became the predominant mechanism of gaseous N losses under anaerobic conditions.     

The effects of rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica) husk biochar on nitrogen dynamics during the decomposition of hairy vetch in two soils under high-soil moisture condition

ABSTRACT

Legumes, including hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), are widely used as green manures. They fix nitrogen (N) and provide the N to other crops when they decompose, and thus are considered alternatives for chemical N fertilizers. However, N-rich plant residues, including hairy vetch, are also sources of soil nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, a greenhouse gas. On one hand, rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica) husk biochar is widely used as a soil conditioner in Japan and has been reported as a tool to mitigate soil N₂O emissions. We conducted a soil core incubation experiment (1.5 months) to compare the N₂O emissions during the decomposition of surface-applied hairy vetch (0.8 kg dried hairy vetch m^?2 soil) under semi-saturated soil moisture conditions (~100% water-filled pore space (WFPS)), using two soil types, namely Andosol and Fluvisol. Throughout the incubation period, the use of biochar suppressed soil NH₄⁺-N concentrations in Andosol, whereas the effect of biochar on NH₄⁺-N was not clear in Fluvisol. Biochar increased the nitrate (NO₃^?-N) levels both in Andosol and Fluvisol, suggesting a negative influence on denitrification and/or a positive influence on nitrification. Biochar application did not influence the cumulative N₂O emissions. Our study suggests that rice husk biochar is not a good option to mitigate N₂O emissions during the decomposition of surface-applied hairy vetch, although this study was performed under laboratory conditions without plants. However, the trends of the inorganic-N concentration changes followed by the addition of hairy vetch and biochar were markedly different between the two soil types. Thus, factors behind the differences need to be further studied.     

Effects of 4-amino 1,2,4-triazole, dicyandiamide and encapsulated calcium carbide on nitrification inhibition in a subtropical soil under upland and flooded conditions

 Nitrification inhibition of soil and applied fertilizer N is desirable as the accumulation of nitrates in soils in excess of plant needs leads to enhanced N losses and reduced fertilizer N-use efficiency. In a growth chamber experiment, we studied the effects of two commercial nitrification inhibitors (NIs), 4-amino 1,2,4-triazole (ATC) and dicyandiamide (DCD), and a commonly available and economical material, encapsulated calcium carbide (CaC₂) (ECC) on the nitrification of soil and applied NH₄ ⁺-N in a semiarid subtropical Tolewal sandy loam soil under upland [60% water-filled pore space (WFPS)] and flooded conditions (120% WFPS). Nitrification of the applied 100 mg NH₄ ⁺-N kg^–1 soil under upland conditions was retarded most effectively (93%) by ECC for up to 10 days of incubation, whereas for longer periods, ATC was more effective. After 20 days, only 16% of applied NH₄ ⁺-N was nitrified with ATC as compared to 37% with DCD and 98% with ECC. Under flooded soil conditions, nitrates resulting from nitrification quickly disappeared due to denitrification, resulting in a tremendous loss of fertilizer N (up to 70% of N applied without a NI). Based on four indicators of inhibitor effectiveness, namely, concentration of NH₄ ⁺-N and NO₃ ^–-N, percent nitrification inhibition, ratio of NH₄ ⁺-N/NO₃ ^–-N, and total mineral N, ECC showed the highest relative efficiency throughout the 20-day incubation under flooded soil conditions. At the end of the 20-day incubation, 96%, 58% and 38% of applied NH₄ ⁺-N was still present in the soil where ECC, ATC and DCD were used, respectively. Consequently, nitrification inhibition of applied fertilizer N in both arable crops and flooded rice systems could tremendously minimize N losses and help enhance fertilizer N-use efficiency. These results suggest that for reducing the nitrification rate and resultant N losses in flooded soil systems (e.g. rice lowlands), ECC is more effective than costly commercial NIs. Received: 25 May 2000     

农田土壤中氮同位素分级与硝化能力的关系研究

A laboratory-based aerobic incubation was conducted to investigate nitrogen(N) isotopic fractionation related to nitrification in five agricultural soils after application of ammonium sulfate((NH4)2SO4). The soil samples were collected from a subtropical barren land soil derived from granite(RGB),three subtropical upland soils derived from granite(RQU),Quaternary red earth(RGU),Quaternary Xiashu loess(YQU) and a temperate upland soil generated from alluvial deposit(FAU). The five soils varied in nitrification potential,being in the order of FAU YQU RGU RQU RGB. Significant N isotopic fractionation accompanied nitrification of NH+4. δ15N values of NH+4 increased with enhanced nitrification over time in the four upland soils with NH+4 addition,while those of NO-3 decreased consistently to the minimum and thereafter increased. δ15N values of NH+4 showed a significantly negative linear relationship with NH+4-N concentration,but a positive linear relationship with NO-3-N concentration. The apparent isotopic fractionation factor calculated based on the loss of NH+4 was 1.036 for RQU,1.022 for RGU,1.016 for YQU,and 1.020 for FAU,respectively. Zero- and first-order reaction kinetics seemed to have their limitations in describing the nitrification process affected by NH+4 input in the studied soils. In contrast,N kinetic isotope fractionation was closely related to the nitrifying activity,and might serve as an alternative tool for estimating the nitrification capacity of agricultural soils.     

Influence of nitrification inhibitors on nitrification and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from a clay loam soil fertilized with urea

Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to compare the effects of the nitrification inhibitors 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) and 2-Chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)-pyridine (N-serve) on nitrification and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission from a Vertosol from southern Australia, under controlled moisture and temperature. Nitrification rates in the control soil were strongly influenced by the temperature and moisture, increasing by a factor of 3.6 for each 10 °C increase between 5 and 25 °C. DMPP inhibited nitrification effectively for 42 days at 5-15 °C and 40-60% water filled pore space (WFPS). DMPP also slowed nitrification appreciably at 25 °C when the soil was at 40% WFPS, but was less effective at 60% water filled pore space. N-serve inhibited nitrification effectively for 42 days under all test conditions. Emissions of N₂O from the urea treatment (no inhibitors) significantly increased with increasing temperature and moisture. The ratio of total N₂O emission to total nitrification was not constant and varied from around 0.03% at 5 °C and 40% WFPS to 0.12% at 25 °C and 60% WFPS. DMPP and N-serve reduced cumulative N₂O emission over 42 days by more than 65% under all the imposed conditions.