不同氮肥管理方式对华北粮田N_2O排放和作物产量的影响分析

通过华北小麦和玉米田已发表文献分析,明确不同施氮量、氮肥基追比及氮素调控措施对土壤N_2O排放和作物产量的影响。结果表明:高氮水平下减少氮肥用量并调整基追比有助于减少土壤N_2O排放;添加硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)对小麦和玉米产量的提高和土壤N_2O的减排效果均较好。兼顾华北粮田N2O减排和作物产量,小麦季推荐合理施氮量167~174 kg·hm~(-2),基追比1∶1,添加DCD,土壤N_2O总排放量为0.31 kg·hm~(-2),籽粒产量6 200 kg·hm~(-2)以上;玉米季推荐合理施氮量177~181 kg·hm~(-2),基追比2∶3~1∶2,添加DCD,土壤N_2O总排放量1.70 kg·hm~(-2),籽粒产量9 000 kg·hm-2以上。     

炭输入及生化调控对设施菜田土壤N_2O排放的影响

本研究以河北永清蔬菜基地设施菜田土壤为研究对象,控制温度(25±1)℃和土壤含水量(70%WFPS),采用静态培养方法,通过监测培养期间土壤N_2O排放通量、无机氮含量及土壤中酶活性的变化情况,研究炭输入及生化调控对设施菜田N_2O排放及氮素转化的影响。结果表明,土壤添加尿素后,N_2O排放峰值达到644.11μg N·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),添加双氰胺(DCD)和石灰氮(CaCN_2)的土壤N_2O排放峰值分别为101.47μg N·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)和36.74μg N·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),对于N_2O减排效果好,且能有效抑制亚硝态氮的产生;施用控释尿素、添加黑炭或有机肥能减少N_2O排放,而添加石灰氮闷棚显著增加了N_2O排放。控释尿素、秸秆、黑炭、DCD和CaCN_2均对铵态氮向硝态氮的转化有一定抑制作用,施加石灰氮或有机肥有助于减少硝态氮向亚硝态氮的转化。相关分析表明,土壤中硝态氮和亚硝态氮含量增加,有助于反硝化过程的进行,增加了N_2O排放的风险。     

施氮量对砂姜黑土小麦-玉米轮作体系N_2O排放的影响

砂姜黑土是黄淮海平原重要的中低产土壤,由于其剖面含有砂姜层,易产生裂隙,影响了氮素在土壤剖面的迁移分布,可能导致砂姜黑土的N_2O排放存在一定的独特性。基于此,本研究以砂姜黑土小麦-玉米轮作体系为研究对象,设置4个处理,分别为不施肥(CK)、传统施肥(TR)、优化施肥(OPT)和再优化施肥(ZOPT),通过静态箱-气相色谱法结合常规土壤参数的监测与分析,探究砂姜黑土不同施氮条件下N_2O排放特征、累积排放量及关键驱动因素。结果显示,砂姜黑土小麦季的N_2O平均排放通量为14.2～21.6μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),累积排放量为0.82～1.24kg(N)·hm~(-2);玉米季的N_2O平均排放通量为14.4～24.5μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),累积排放量为0.42～0.71 kg(N)·hm~(-2);不同处理小麦季的N_2O累积排放量均高于玉米季。小麦季追肥期与基肥期的N_2O累积排放量分别为0.27～0.41 kg(N)·hm~(-2)和0.55～0.83 kg(N)·hm~(-2),玉米季分别为0.18～0.30 kg(N)·hm~(-2)和0.24～0.41 kg(N)·hm~(-2),追肥期N_2O累积排放量均高于基肥期。相关性分析结果显示, CK处理的N_2O排放量与土壤温度、含水量和硝酸盐含量均表现出明显的多元线性相关(P0.05), TR、OPT和ZOPT仅与土壤硝酸盐含量呈极显著多元线性相关(P0.01),而与土壤温度和土壤含水量未表现明显的相关性,说明施肥条件下,土壤硝酸盐含量的高低成为影响砂姜黑土农田土壤N_2O排放最关键的影响因素。除此之外,不同施氮量的N_2O累积排放量差别明显(P0.05), TR处理的N_2O排放量最高,小麦玉米季分别为1.24 kg(N)·hm~(-2)和0.71 kg(N)·hm~(-2),显著高于OPT处理[0.99 kg(N)·hm~(-2)和0.51 kg(N)·hm~(-2)]和ZOPT处理[0.82kg(N)·hm~(-2)和0.42 kg(N)·hm~(-2)]。无论小麦季还是玉米季N_2O的累积排放量均随施氮量的增加而呈指数增加趋势,相关性系数分别达0.997和0.977 (P0.05),说明砂姜黑土传统施氮N_2O存在过量排放问题。总而言之,尽管与其他土壤相比,砂姜黑土不属于N_2O高排土壤,但传统施氮量导致的N_2O排放量仍不可忽视。     

不同氮肥管理方式对华北粮田2排放和作物产量的影响分析

通过华北小麦和玉米田已发表文献分析,明确不同施氮量、氮肥基追比及氮素调控措施对土壤N2O排放和作物产量的影响。结果表明：高氮水平下减少氮肥用量并调整基追比有助于减少土壤N2O排放;添加硝化抑制剂双氰胺（DCD）对小麦和玉米产量的提高和土壤N2O的减排效果均较好。兼顾华北粮田N2O减排和作物产量,小麦季推荐合理施氮量167~174 kg·hm-2,基追比1：1,添加DCD,土壤N2O总排放量为0.31 kg·hm-2,籽粒产量6200 kg·hm-2以上;玉米季推荐合理施氮量177~181 kg·hm-2,基追比2：3~1：2,添加DCD,土壤N2O总排放量1.70 kg·hm-2,籽粒产量9000 kg·hm-2以上。     

综合产量和土壤N2O排放的马铃薯施氮量分析

施氮可提高作物产量,但同时也增加温室气体N_2O的土壤排放量。研究施氮量与产量和土壤N_2O排放的关系,对保障作物产量并兼顾环境效应的农业生产实践具有重要指导意义。该研究设置N0(0)、N1(67.5 kg/hm~2)、N2(125 kg/hm~2)、N3(187.5 kg/hm~2)4个施氮水平,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对土壤N_2O排放进行田间原位测定,研究施氮量对马铃薯产量、土壤N_2O排放的影响,分析综合产量与土壤N_2O排放的合理施氮量。结果表明:施氮显著增加马铃薯产量和土壤N_2O累积排放量,较不施氮(N0)处理,N1、N2和N3处理马铃薯产量增加78.5%、93.1%和95.6%;生育期N1、N2和N3处理马铃薯土壤N_2O累积排放量分别是N0处理的2.3、4.4和6.7倍。同时,随施氮量增加,N_2O排放系数、硝态氮强度和单产N_2O排放量均显著增加。在低氮处理(N0、N1)时,土壤N_2O排放通量与土壤温度、湿度显著正相关,而在高氮水平时,土壤N_2O排放通量与土壤硝态氮含量显著正相关。施氮67.5 kg/hm~2可确保研究区马铃薯产量并有效降低土壤N_2O排放。     

施肥方式对紫色土农田生态系统N2O和NO排放的影响

依托紫色土施肥方式与养分循环长期试验平台(2002年—),采用静态箱-气相色谱法开展紫色土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作周期(2013年10月至2014年10月)农田生态系统N_2O和NO排放的野外原位观测试验。长期施肥方式包括单施氮肥(N)、传统猪厩肥(OM)、常规氮磷钾肥(NPK)、猪厩肥配施氮磷钾肥(OMNPK)和秸秆还田配施氮磷钾肥(RSDNPK)等5种,氮肥用量相同[小麦季130 kg(N)×hm~(-2),玉米季150 kg(N)×hm~(-2)],不施肥对照(CK)用于计算排放系数,对比不同施肥方式对紫色土典型农田生态系统土壤N_2O和NO排放的影响,以期探寻紫色土农田生态系统N_2O和NO协同减排的施肥方式。结果表明,所有施肥方式下紫色土N_2O和NO排放速率波动幅度大,且均在施肥初期出现峰值;强降雨激发N_2O排放,但对NO排放无明显影响。在整个小麦-玉米轮作周期,N、OM、NPK、OMNPK和RSDNPK处理的N_2O年累积排放量分别为1.40 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、4.60 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、0.95 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、2.16kg(N)×hm~(-2)和1.41 kg(N)×hm~(-2),排放系数分别为0.41%、1.56%、0.25%、0.69%、0.42%;NO累积排放量分别为0.57 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、0.40 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、0.39 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、0.46 kg(N)×hm~(-2)和0.17 kg(N)×hm~(-2),排放系数分别为0.21%、0.15%、0.15%、0.17%、0.07%。施肥方式对紫色土N_2O和NO累积排放量具有显著影响(P0.05),与NPK处理比较,OM和OMNPK处理的N_2O排放分别增加384%和127%,同时NO排放分别增加3%和18%;RSDNPK处理的NO排放减少56%。表明长期施用猪厩肥显著增加N_2O和NO排放,而秸秆还田有效减少NO排放。研究表明,土壤温度和水分条件均显著影响小麦季N_2O和NO排放(P0.01),对玉米季N_2O和NO排放没有显著影响(P0.05),土壤无机氮含量则是在小麦-玉米轮作期N_2O和NO排放的主要限制因子(P0.01)。全量秸秆还田与化肥配合施用是紫色土农田生态系统N_2O和NO协同减排的优化施肥方式。     

碳源和氧对设施菜田土壤N_2O排放的影响

利用在线自动监测培养系统(Robot系统),研究不同氧分压、碳源投入以及不同氧分压和碳源投入组合下,添加硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)对设施菜田土壤N_2O排放的影响。结果表明:随着土壤氧分压的升高,N_2O排放量呈指数下降(P0.001),土壤氧分压大于等于3%O_2后,N_2O排放量不足于无氧和微量氧(1%氧)处理的30%。添加碳源降低了有氧条件下土壤N_2O和N_2产生量,显著增加了微量氧下异养反硝化途径对N_2O的贡献量(P0.01)。在微量氧和3%O_2下,与未添加DCD的处理相比,无碳源添加且施用DCD后,N_2O的排放分别降低了64.4%和88.8%,同时N_2排放分别降低了23.4%和18.6%。从微量氧至3%O_2,虽然无碳源添加的处理硝化细菌反硝化作用对N_2O排放的贡献从17.2%增加至42.6%,但由于排放总量的急剧下降,硝化细菌反硝化作用对设施菜田土壤N_2O排放的贡献较小。本研究所用土壤pH较高,且添加DCD的处理培养前后硝酸盐基本平衡,异养的同步硝化-反硝化过程可能很弱。总之,设施菜田土壤N_2O排放主要发生在无氧和微量氧条件下。异养反硝化菌对土壤N_2O排放的直接贡献最大,尤其是在碳源较为充足的条件下。     

不同施氮水平下水稻田温室气体排放影响研究

氮肥施用量是影响农业生产过程中温室气体排放的重要因素。为探究合适的施氮量以保障水稻产量、提高氮肥利用率、减少温室气体排放,本研究在试验田设置6个施氮水平(0、75、150、225、300、375kg N·hm~(-2)),收集种植过程中主要农业温室气体甲烷(CH_4)和氧化亚氮(N_2O),计算排放总量、全球变暖潜能(GWP)及其与施氮水平和环境条件之间的相关性。结果表明,225 kg N·hm~(-2)的施氮水平下,水稻在保持较高产量的同时,相较于其他处理单位粮食产量下排放更少的GWP,每千克水稻产量排放GWP值为0.31 kg CO_2-eq(二氧化碳当量);N_2O排放总量随氮肥施用量增加而增加,CH_4排放总量随施氮量增加而减少,CH_4和N_2O排放高峰期分别集中在种植前期和中后期。本研究结果为杭州地区水稻种植合理施肥量提供了理论依据。     

施肥处理对春季冻融期灰漠土农田温室气体排放的影响

绿洲灰漠土冻融交替明显,但缺乏该时期气体通量及动态变化方面的研究。选取NPK(氮磷钾肥)、NPKS(0.9NPK+0.1秸秆氮)、NPKM(1/3NPK+2/3羊粪氮)和NPKM+(1.5倍NPKM)处理作为研究对象,利用静态箱气相色谱法开展2013—2014年春季冻融期温室气体排放观测试验。结果显示,春季冻融期间,有机肥添加处理CO_2排放量较高,其中NPKM+和NPKM处理CO_2平均排放量分别为C 113 mg m~(-2) h~(-1)和85 mg m~(-2) h~(-1),其次为NPKS(72 mg m~(-2) h~(-1))、NPK(75 mg m~(-2) h~(-1))和CK(35 mg m~(-2) h~(-1))。同样,NPKM+和NPKM处理有相对更高的N_2O排放,春冻平均排放通量分别为N 73μg m~(-2) h~(-1)和42μg m~(-2) h~(-1),显著高于NPKS(22μg m~(-2) h~(-1))和NPK(17μg m~(-2) h~(-1))处理(p0.05)。CH_4排放量相对较低,各处理无明显差异(p0.05)。分析发现,N_2O在冻融期呈现先增加后急剧减少的趋势,CO_2变幅不明显。与全年总排放量相比,冻融期(27 d)N_2O的排放量占全年的9%~18%,CH_4冻融期间排放比重占全年排放量的6%~14%。所以,冻融交替期是灰漠土农田温室气体排放的相对高发时期,估算温室气体排放时应充分考虑。     

庐山毛竹扩张及模拟氮沉降对土壤N_2O和CO_2排放的影响

毛竹是我国南方广泛分布的一种典型的森林资源,其扩张已引发了多方面的生态问题,但是目前关于氮沉降背景下毛竹扩张引起的土壤N_2O和CO_2气体排放变化的研究甚少,且无原位观测数据。采用静态箱-气相色谱法,分析江西庐山毛竹纯林、毛竹扩张形成的毛竹-日本柳杉混交林及日本柳杉纯林3种林分土壤的N_2O和CO_2排放速率和累积排放量及其对模拟氮沉降的响应。结果表明:(1)混交林土壤的NH_4~+-N含量、NO_3~--N含量及pH分别为14.39mg·kg~(-1)、8.65mg·kg~(-1)、4.88,显著高于日本柳杉纯林的9.75 mg·kg~(-1)、5.58 mg·kg~(-1)、4.05,但是混交林土壤DOC含量(236.5 mg·kg~(-1))却显著低于日本柳杉纯林(382.0mg·kg~(-1))。(2)混交林土壤N_2O累积排放量(393.6mg·m~(-2))显著高于毛竹纯林(202.5mg·m~(-2))和日本柳杉纯林(192.8mg·m~(-2)),混交林土壤CO_2累积排放量(4 655 g·m~(-2))显著高于日本柳杉纯林(2 815 g·m~(-2))。(3)模拟氮沉降未对3种林分类型土壤的CO_2排放速率和累积排放量产生显著影响,但明显增加了混交林和日本柳杉纯林的N_2O累积排放量。本研究表明:毛竹扩张不同阶段土壤的理化性质、N_2O及CO_2排放表现出不同特征。毛竹扩张过程中一定程度上增大了土壤N_2O和CO_2的排放量,但是完全扩张后N_2O排放出现明显下降趋势,而CO_2的排放未发生显著变化。同时,氮沉降促进了毛竹未扩张和扩张初期土壤的N_2O排放,而对CO_2排放未产生显著影响。表明在未来气候变化条件下管理亚热带毛竹扩张时,必须明确考虑这些生态系统组成、结构和影响因子之间的影响。     

碳酸氧镧改性生物炭材料的合成及对磷酸盐去除性能

为高效去除废水中过量的磷酸盐为目的，该研究将研究利用艾草生物质与镧溶液共生共热的方法制成具有大量纳米级碳酸氧镧突起的镧基复合生物炭材料，研究了材料投加量、初始磷酸盐浓度、吸附时间、初始溶液pH值和共存离子对其吸附磷酸盐性能的影响及饱和磷吸附镧基复合生物炭材料（La-CB2-P）对生菜种子发芽率的试验。试验结果表明：La-CB2最佳投加量为1 g/L，最佳吸附温度为25 ℃，对磷酸盐的吸附主要为多分子层吸附，Langmuir模型模拟最大吸附容量为126.82 mg/g，并在12h内达到吸附平衡，酸性至中性水环境中La-CB2吸附性能更优，并对碱性水环境的pH值具有缓冲作用，在pH值为3时La³⁺浸出率为7.66%，其他pH值条件下仅为0.029%左右，在磷吸附过程中La-CB2的DOC溶出量随着初始溶液pH值的升高呈先增后减的趋势，在多种共存阴离子中对磷酸盐具有很强的选择性吸附，水体中的腐殖酸会大幅度降低La-CB2对磷酸盐的吸附性能。饱和磷吸附镧基复合生物炭材料（La-CB2-P）能够作为磷缓释肥显著促进生菜发芽，对La-CB2在富营养水体的磷吸附及资源回收提供了大量的理论基础。     

Short-term effects of clearfelling on soil CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes in a Sitka spruce plantation

We examined the effects of forest clearfelling on the fluxes of soil CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O in a Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) plantation on an organic-rich peaty gley soil, in Northern England. Soil CO₂, CH₄, N₂O as well as environmental factors such as soil temperature, soil water content, and depth to the water table were recorded in two mature stands for one growing season, at the end of which one of the two stands was felled and one was left as control. Monitoring of the same parameters continued thereafter for a second growing season. For the first 10 months after clearfelling, there was a significant decrease in soil CO₂ efflux, with an average efflux rate of 4.0 g m⁻² d⁻¹ in the mature stand (40-year) and 2.7 g m⁻² d⁻¹ in clearfelled site (CF). Clearfelling turned the soil from a sink (−0.37 mg m⁻² d⁻¹) for CH₄ to a net source (2.01 mg m⁻² d⁻¹). For the same period, soil N₂O fluxes averaged 0.57 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ in the CF and 0.23 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ in the 40-year stand. Clearfelling affected environmental factors and lead to higher daily soil temperatures during the summer period, while it caused an increase in the soil water content and a rise in the water table depth. Despite clearfelling, CO₂ remained the dominant greenhouse gas in terms of its greenhouse warming potential.     

Relationship between soil CO2 concentrations and forest-floor CO2 effluxes

To better understand the biotic and abiotic factors that control soil CO₂ efflux, we compared seasonal and diurnal variations in simultaneously measured forest-floor CO₂ effluxes and soil CO₂ concentration profiles in a 54-year-old Douglas fir forest on the east coast of Vancouver Island. We used small solid-state infrared CO₂ sensors for long-term continuous real-time measurement of CO₂ concentrations at different depths, and measured half-hourly soil CO₂ effluxes with an automated non-steady-state chamber. We describe a simple steady-state method to measure CO₂ diffusivity in undisturbed soil cores. The method accounts for the CO₂ production in the soil and uses an analytical solution to the diffusion equation. The diffusivity was related to air-filled porosity by a power law function, which was independent of soil depth. CO₂ concentration at all depths increased with increase in soil temperature, likely due to a rise in CO₂ production, and with increase in soil water content due to decreased diffusivity or increased CO₂ production or both. It also increased with soil depth reaching almost 10 mmol mol⁻¹ at the 50-cm depth. Annually, soil CO₂ efflux was best described by an exponential function of soil temperature at the 5-cm depth, with the reference efflux at 10 °C (F₁₀) of 2.6 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and the Q₁₀ of 3.7. No evidence of displacement of CO₂-rich soil air with rain was observed.Effluxes calculated from soil CO₂ concentration gradients near the surface closely agreed with the measured effluxes. Calculations indicated that more than 75% of the soil CO₂ efflux originated in the top 20 cm soil. Calculated CO₂ production varied with soil temperature, soil water content and season, and when scaled to 10 °C also showed some diurnal variation. Soil CO₂ efflux and concentrations as well as soil temperature at the 5-cm depth varied in phase. Changes in CO₂ storage in the 0–50 cm soil layer were an order of magnitude smaller than measured effluxes. Soil CO₂ efflux was proportional to CO₂ concentration at the 50-cm depth with the slope determined by soil water content, which was consistent with a simple steady-state analytical model of diffusive transport of CO₂ in the soil. The latter proved successful in calculating effluxes during 2004.     

Elevated CO2 stimulates N2O emissions in permanent grassland

To evaluate climate forcing under increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, feedback effects on greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide (N₂O) with a high global warming potential should be taken into account. This requires long-term N₂O flux measurements because responses to elevated CO₂ may vary throughout annual courses. Here, we present an almost 9 year long continuous N₂O flux data set from a free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) study on an old, N-limited temperate grassland. Prior to the FACE start, N₂O emissions were not different between plots that were later under ambient (A) and elevated (E) CO₂ treatments, respectively. However, over the entire experimental period (May 1998–December 2006), N₂O emissions more than doubled under elevated CO₂ (0.90 vs. 2.07 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ under A and E, respectively). The strongest stimulation occurred during vegetative growth periods in the summer when soil mineral N concentrations were low. This was surprising because based on literature we had expected the highest stimulation of N₂O emissions due to elevated CO₂ when mineral N concentrations were above background values (e.g. shortly after N application in spring). N₂O emissions under elevated CO₂ were moderately stimulated during late autumn–winter, including freeze–thaw cycles which occurred in the 8th winter of the experiment. Averaged over the entire experiment, the additional N₂O emissions caused by elevated CO₂ equaled 4738 kg CO₂-equivalents ha⁻¹, corresponding to more than half a ton (546 kg) of CO₂ ha⁻¹ which has to be sequestered annually to balance the CO₂-induced N₂O emissions. Without a concomitant increase in C sequestration under rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, temperate grasslands may be converted into greenhouse gas sources by a positive feedback on N₂O emissions. Our results underline the need to include continuous N₂O flux measurements in ecosystem-scale CO₂ enrichment experiments.     

Elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen fertilisation effects on N2O and CH4 fluxes and biomass production of Phleum pratense on farmed peat soil

The effects of elevated CO₂ supply on N₂O and CH₄ fluxes and biomass production of Phleum pratense were studied in a greenhouse experiment. Three sets of 12 farmed peat soil mesocosms (10 cm dia, 47 cm long) sown with P. pratense and equally distributed in four thermo-controlled greenhouses were fertilised with a commercial fertiliser in order to add 2, 6 or 10 g N m⁻². In two of the greenhouses, CO₂ concentration was kept at atmospheric concentration (360 μmol mol⁻¹) and in the other two at doubled concentration (720 μmol mol⁻¹). Soil temperature was kept at 15 °C and air temperature at 20 °C. Natural lighting was supported by artificial light and deionized water was used to regulate soil moisture. Forage was harvested and the plants fertilised three times during the basic experiment, followed by an extra fertilisations and harvests. At the end of the experiment CH₄ production and CH₄ oxidation potentials were determined; roots were collected and the biomass was determined. From the three first harvests the amount of total N in the aboveground biomass was determined. N₂O and CH₄ exchange was monitored using a closed chamber technique and a gas chromatograph. The highest N₂O fluxes (on average, 255 μg N₂O m⁻² h⁻¹ during period IV) occurred just after fertilisation at high water contents, and especially at the beginning of the growing season (on average, 490 μg N₂O m⁻² h⁻¹ during period I) when the competition of vegetation for N was low. CH₄ fluxes were negligible throughout the experiment, and for all treatments the production and oxidation potentials of CH₄ were inconsequential. Especially at the highest rates of fertilisation, the elevated supply of CO₂ increased above- and below-ground biomass production, but both at the highest and lowest rates of fertilisation, decreased the total amount of N in the aboveground dry biomass. N₂O fluxes tended to be higher under doubled CO₂ concentrations, indicating that increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentration may affect N and C dynamics in farmed peat soil.     

A new technique to measure soil CO2 efflux at constant CO2 concentration

A new principle for measuring soil CO₂ efflux at constant ambient concentration is introduced. The measuring principle relies on the continuous absorption of CO₂ within the system to achieve a constant CO₂ concentration inside the soil chamber at ambient level, thus balancing the amount of CO₂ entering the soil chamber by diffusion from the soil. We report results that show reliable soil CO₂ efflux measurements with the new system. The novel measuring principle does not disturb the natural gradient of CO₂ within the soil, while allowing for continuous capture of the CO₂ released from the soil. It therefore holds great potential for application in simultaneous measurements of soil CO₂ efflux and its δ¹³C, since both variables show sensitivity to a distortion of the soil CO₂ profile commonly found in conventional chamber techniques.     

浮萍对福州平原稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响分析

浮萍是稻田中常见的漂浮在水面的水生植物,具有固氮作用,但是,浮萍对稻田温室气体排放的影响尚不明确.以位于湿润亚热带的福州平原稻田为研究对象,探讨浮萍对该区域稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响,为科学评价、准确编制我国水稻田温室气体排放清单提供基础数据.研究结果表明,观测期内,有萍小区和无萍小区CH4排放范围分别为0.19～26.50 mg·m-2·h-1和1.02～28.02 mg·m-2·h-1,平均值分别为9.28 mg·m-2·h-1和11.66 mg·m-2·h-1,有萍小区CH4排放低于无萍小区(P＜0.01),有萍小区CH4排放高峰比无萍小区约提前1周,高峰期后排放迅速降低;有萍小区和无萍小区N2O排放范围分别为-50.11～201.82 μg·m-2·h-1和-28.93～54.42μg·m-2·h-1,平均值分别为40.29 μg·m-2·h-1和11.93 μg·m-2·h-1,有萍小区N2O排放高于无萍小区(P＜0.05).稻田排干后,N2O排放迅速上升,2个小区N2O排放呈现出相似的规律.有萍小区和无萍小区的CH4与N2O排放的影响因子有所不同.综合考虑CH4和N2O两种温室气体,CH4仍是稻田温室效应产生的主要贡献者,浮萍可降低位于沿海区域的福州平原稻田综合温室效应的17.3％.     

水杨酸对菊芋耐高氯酸盐胁迫的影响

为探究ClO_4~-胁迫下外源水杨酸(salicylic acid, SA)对菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus L.)的生理调节作用,以徐州、潍坊和南京3个不同产地耐盐菊芋为试材,进行液培处理,研究NaClO_4胁迫条件下(50 mmol/L),SA不同时间间隔喷施处理对菊芋幼苗的形态学指标、根系活力和光合作用及抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,ClO_4~-对菊芋幼苗的生长发育可产生不同程度的毒害作用,喷施SA可有效减轻其对植株的胁迫损伤,且不同产地菊芋的变化趋势相似,植物鲜重、叶面积、株高和根长明显改善,叶片中叶绿素含量及荧光参数显著升高,且每天喷施缓解效果最大;而根系活力在间隔1天喷施效果最佳。同时,H_2O_2含量呈现出随SA喷施频率的增加而上升趋势,当喷施间隔为2天时,平均增加47.69%,喷施间隔为1天时平均增量为50.93%,每天喷施时平均增幅达到最大值56.80%;且超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活力得到提高,丙二醛(MDA)及游离脯氨酸含量显著降低(P0.05)。表明SA可通过诱导H_2O_2作为信号分子增强植株耐受ClO_4~-的能力。通过灰色关联度分析可知,喷施SA对ClO_4~-胁迫下叶绿素荧光参数和根系活力影响最大。综上所述,叶面喷施50μmmol/L SA主要是通过影响菊芋叶片和根系,激发H_2O_2调控抗氧化酶活性的变化,参与体内渗透调节来保护植株光合系统和根系活力,降低ClO_4~-胁迫对菊芋的伤害,且每天喷施处理的缓解效果最佳,这为菊芋在ClO_4~-污染土壤中的栽培提供理论指导。     

铁铝氢氧化物对两种土壤和高岭石表面K+和NH4+解吸的影响

Potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) are essential nutrients for plants. Adsorption and desorption in soils affect K+ and NH + 4 availabilities to plants and can be affected by the interaction between the electrical double layers on oppositely charged particles because the interaction can decrease the surface charge density of the particles by neutralization of positive and negative charges. We studied the effect of iron (Fe)/aluminum (Al) hydroxides on desorption of K+ and NH + 4 from soils and kaolinite and proposed desorption mechanisms based on the overlapping of diffuse layers between negatively charged soils and mineral particles and the positively charged Fe/Al hydroxide particles. Our results indicated that the overlapping of diffuse layers of electrical double layers between positively charged Fe/Al hydroxides, as amorphous Al(OH) 3 or Fe(OH) 3 , and negatively charged surfaces from an Ultisol, an Alfisol, and a kaolinite standard caused the effective negative surface charge density on the soils and kaolinite to become less negative. Thus the adsorption affinity of these negatively charged surfaces for K+ and NH + 4 declined as a result of the incorporation of the Fe/Al hydroxides. Consequently, the release of exchangeable K+ and NH +4 from the surfaces of the soils and kaolinite increased with the amount of the Fe/Al hydroxides added. The greater the positive charge on the surfaces of Fe/Al hydroxides, the stronger was the interactive effect between the hydroxides and soils or kaolinite, and thus the more release of K+ and NH + 4 . A decrease in pH led to increased positive surface charge on the Fe/Al hydroxides and enhanced interactive effects between the hydroxides and soils/kaolinite. As a result, more K+ and NH + 4 were desorbed from the soils and kaolinite. This study suggests that the interaction between oppositely charged particles of variable charge soils can enhance the mobility of K+ and NH + 4 in the soils and thus increase their leaching loss.