大气CO2与植物氮素营养的关系

大气CO2浓度升高对植物吸收氮素，以及对植物和土壤中的氮浓度，C／N比和氮循环都存在着影响。大气CO2浓度与植物氮素营养之间存在着交互作用。大气CO2浓度升高对植物氮素营养物结果与氮浓度，氮形态等因素有关。     

土壤氨基酸生物有效性及其环境调控研究进展

土壤中种类繁多的小分子和大分子有机氮，是土壤氮素的重要组成成分。大多数植物可以直接吸收氨基酸乃至多肽和蛋白质，不是完全需要经过传统理论认知的微生物分解为无机氮的过程。植物根系具有吸收、转运和代谢外源吸收的有机氮的能力。土壤微生物是植物根系有机氮的主要竞争者，不同土壤中，参与竞争的微生物组成存在较大差异。环境对植物根系吸收和后续代谢有机氮都具有重要的调控作用。未来应着重于精准定量化分析土壤有机氮组成及含量，确定土壤有机氮对植物生长的长期效应，探索环境变化尤其是复杂环境变化对植物吸收利用有机氮的影响及其关键步骤，进一步确定土壤有机氮对植物氮营养的贡献。     

高山森林土壤中有机氮的N K-edge XANES分析

土壤中氮（N）素营养往往是陆地森林生长发育的限制因子，土壤的供氮特性影响着森林生态的生产力、生态功能及生态结构，因此森林土壤N素研究始终受到高度的关注。然而，许多因素控制和影响着森林土壤中N的循环及迁移，包括气候、植被、地形环境及各种扰动因素，土壤中N的含量及形态则是最基本的要素。通常土壤中的N有90％以上是以有机形态存在，掌握土壤中有机N的结构组成对于深入了解氮素的地球化学循环有重要意义。但是，由于分析技术与手段的限制，人们对于土壤中有机N种类及其形成机制还并不完全清楚。     

土壤—根系微区养分状况的研究——Ⅲ.水稻根际氮素的变化

植物根系吸收性能与土壤养分、水分和温度等环境条件有着密切的关系,同时又影响着近根微区土壤中养分的迁移和有效性。近年来在这一方面有了不少进展^[5]。在本项研究的第Ⅱ报^[1]中,我们曾对棉花等旱作根际钾的亏缺与富集及与土壤条件和作物种类的关系进行了初步讨论。但是,根际氮的状况除了从微生物的角度做了一些工作外,对植物根系吸收过程中氮肥的亏缺与补给,以及影响范围的论述还很少。Harmsen和Jager^[6],在旱作根际土壤中曾对氮、碳的含量进行了分析,并与根外土壤作过比较,认为近根区存在富集现象。但是,由于试验是全量分析的结果,因此只能归结为近根土壤中有微生物和某些生物残休的聚集,不能了解有效氮的动向。     

植物类型与改良方式对重构土壤氮转化速率的影响

[目的] 研究不同植物与改良方式对重构土壤氮转化率的影响,为提高矿区重构土壤可利用氮素含量提供理论依据。[方法] 以取自内蒙古自治区通辽市扎哈淖尔露天煤矿的采矿剥离物为基质配制重构土壤,分别以鸡粪肥、自制改良剂对其进行改良,并选取4种类型的植物,研究这两个因素对无机氮存在形式、氮净矿化率、净氨化率和净硝化率的影响。[结果] 硝态氮是重构土壤中无机态氮存在的主要形式,改良剂、植物及其交互作用对重构土壤氮净矿化率、净氨化率和净硝化率有极显著影响,自制改良剂改良可以显著提高重构土壤中铵态氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮的含量及净硝化率,紫花苜蓿可以显著提高重构土壤中硝态氮含量及氮净矿化率。90 d时重构土壤的氮净矿化率最高。[结论] 播种90 d内,重构土壤中无机态氮存在形式由铵态氮向硝态氮转化,添加自制改良剂能够提高重构土壤中无机态氮含量,对矿区重构土壤的净氨化率、净硝化率及氮净矿化率的提高有促进作用。     

尿素营养斑对小麦苗期根系生长和微域分布的影响

营养斑(Nutrient patch)在土壤中普遍存在。为了摄取养分,植物主动发生生理和形态方面的变化以适应土壤养分分布呈现斑块状这一特性,目前是植物生态学理论的重要议题之一。试验采用自制容器,模拟不同的尿素斑块(对照、尿素混施与尿素条施),观察小麦苗期根系对不同尿素肥斑的响应。结果表明:在尿素混施处理中,小麦根系的微域分布与土壤中铵态氮、硝态氮的微域分布相对应,均呈对称状;而在尿素条施处理中,因此小麦根系与土壤铵态氮、硝态氮的微域分布均呈非对称状,因为营养斑附近集中分布了大部分的氮,过高的氮含量对小麦根系生长造成胁迫,因此小麦的根系形成了背向营养斑生长的微域分布特征。总之,尿素肥斑对小麦根系的生长产生一定的影响,并且根系微域分布是与营养斑内铵态氮、硝态氮分布存在一定的对应关系,这对进一步研究施肥方法对肥料利用率的影响奠定了理论基础。     

麦冬与黄花菜在南方丘陵山区坡耕地保育土壤作用研究

为筛选出适宜于控制南方丘陵山区坡地水土流失的植物篱种类及其种植模式,在这些地区选择麦冬、黄花菜两种植物篱,研究不同的种植模式对坡耕地土壤营养保育的影响。结果表明:麦冬双行处理方式下土壤的全氮的含量远远高于其它植物篱处理方式。麦冬单行和麦冬双行植物篱处理方式下,土壤的碱解氮含量比较高,黄花菜处理方式下土壤碱解氮含量较少。麦冬处理方式的土壤保育效果比黄花菜处理方式要好,麦冬双行比麦冬单行的土壤保育效果好。麦冬可以有效减少土壤和泥沙中营养元素的流失。有植物篱的处理方式减少泥沙流失效果显著,麦冬双行的水土保持效果好。     

短期和长期中水灌溉对绿地土壤理化性质的影响

采用短期室内中水灌溉土柱模拟和长期中水灌溉区大田定位调查,对中水灌溉后对植物体内营养元素、毒害离子以及重金属的增减变化进行对比分析。结果表明,与清水对照相比,中水灌溉使绿地土壤pH值降低,土壤有机质含量增加,孔隙度增大,容重及田间持水量减小;全氮、全磷含量随土层厚度的增加而呈减少的趋势;碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量增加且与清水对照之间差异显著（P〈0.05）;盐离子在土壤中得以积累,含量增加;毒害离子和重金属含量呈增大或减少的趋势,与不同离子种类有关,但其含量极少,累积效应变化缓慢,且由于自然降水等因素的稀释和植物、土壤微生物等因素的吸收及降解,一般不会造成对土壤的污染及对植物的生长胁迫。     

湿地植物对土壤生态系统中氮含量变化的响应

氮是植物生长必需的生源要素之一,湿地生态系统中土壤氮转化过程直接影响着湿地植物可吸收利用的有效氮含量的多寡,对植物的生长、演替和初级生产力具有明显的制约作用;湿地植物在富氮土壤中生长能够获得较高的生产力;灰色关联分析表明湿地植物氮含量主要受土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮含量变化的制约;建坝、农耕、放牧、排水等人类干扰活动也可通过改变湿地土壤氮含量而对湿地植物的生长产生影响.     

生境因子作用下NO_3~-/NH_4~+吸收及硝酸还原酶活性变化

土壤中的氮素因土壤类型和季节变化产生异质性。在长期的进化过程中,植物适应各自的氮营养生境,形成了对NO3-/NH4+吸收的分子机制。饱和高亲和传输系统(HATS)中,植物在不同的转录基因控制下吸收NO3-/NH4+,表现出对两种氮源的偏选性。这种偏选性主要取决于植物种的特性,但是NO3-/NH4+的吸收受光照、介质N强度、pH值、外源氨基酸和温度等生境因子的影响,同时植物的营养生境也因NO3-/NH4+的吸收被深刻改造。硝酸还原酶(NR)在氮同化过程中作用于NO3-还原阶段,其活性受各种生境因子的制约,影响植物对NO3-吸收利用。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.