非淀粉多糖的抗营养作用及相关酶制剂的饲料中的应用

非淀粉多糖是存在于饲料中的主要抗营养因子，不被消化道所降解，遇水形成胶态溶液，使食糜粘度增大，阻碍营养物质的消化吸收。非淀粉多糖酶对于改善饲料品质、消除抗营养因子影响、提高动物健康都有重要意义，本文就非淀粉多糖的种类、抗营养作用，非淀粉多糖酶的种类、应用进行综述。     

复合酶制剂在黄羽肉鸡玉米小麦豆粕型日粮中的应用研究

我国是小麦生产大国，但目前畜禽能量饲料主要是玉米，小麦应用较少，尤其在肉鸡日粮中。其中一个重要原因就是小麦含有较多的抗营养因子非淀粉多糖（NSP）。其中水溶性NSP会提高食糜粘度，降低消化酶与底物的结合速度和营养物质的吸收速度，提高营养物质在消化道中厌氧发酵；导致消化道中有害微生物数量增加，引起消化道疾病和降低营养物质利用率（Bedford＆Classen，1992）。在小麦型日粮中添加以木聚糖酶和B一葡聚糖酶为主的NSP复合酶制剂可有效消除抗营养作用，提高动物生产性能（MathlouthisNm，2003）。     

奶牛瘤胃微生物非淀粉多糖酶的利用

非淀粉多糖（Non-Starch Polysaccharides,NSPs）是存在于饲料中的主要抗营养因子,不被消化道所降解,遇水形成胶态溶液,使食糜粘度增大,阻碍营养物质的消化吸收,而非淀粉多糖酶对于改善饲料品质、消除抗营养因子影响、提高动物健康有重要意义。本文主要通过瘤胃微生物非淀粉多糖酶基因的一些主要理化生特性,毒理特性来介绍瘤胃微生物非淀粉多糖和非淀粉多糖酶基因在动物生产和动物保健中的作用与利用现状,以对后续非淀粉多糖及非淀粉多糖酶基因资源的发掘与利用有所启迪。     

非淀粉多糖酶在饲料中应用的作用机理及其影响因素

本文讨论了阿拉伯木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶和纤维素酶等饲用非淀粉多糖酶制剂作用机理和影响饲用非淀粉多糖酶制剂应用效果的因素。非淀粉多糖酶可以降解饲料中可溶性非淀粉多糖，降低食糜的粘性；摧毁植物细胞壁，释放细胞内养分；减少动物后肠有害微生物增殖；对消化系统发育的影响以及提高机体代谢水平，增强免疫力。日粮类型、动物种类、动物消化道内环境、饲用酶制剂性质、其它饲料添加剂的作用以及加工和贮存条件等多方面因素都不同程度影响酶制剂的应用效果。     

饲用酶制剂对饲料中非淀粉多糖的作用

非淀粉多糖酶是存在于饮料的主要抗营养因子，不被消化道所降解，遇水形成胶态溶液，使食糜黏度增大，阻碍营养物质的消化吸收。非淀粉多糖酶对于改善饲料品质、消除抗营养因子影响，提高动物健康都有重要意义。本文就非淀粉多糖的种类、抗营养作用、非淀粉多糖的种类、应用都进行了综述，并对非淀粉多糖酶的发展前景进行了论述。     

添加饲用酶制剂对肉鸡生产性能的影响

近年来,饲用酶制剂开始广泛应用于畜禽饲料中,尤其是一些新的酶种的使用,标志着生物高科技在饲料工业开始应用。含有卜葡聚糖酶和阿拉伯木聚糖酶（或聚糖酶）等多酶种的复合酶,不仅直接促进畜禽日粮的消化吸收,同时,通过改善消化道食糜的物理性状,从而促进了体内消化酶本身的作用。后者主要是卜葡聚糖酶和木聚糖酶能够分解植物细胞酶的主要成分水溶性非淀粉多糖（卜葡聚糖和木聚糖）这类抗营养因子,促进了所有营养物质的消化吸收。这些非淀粉多糖在非常规饲料原料,尤其是麦类及糠教类中含量最多,因此,添加这些酶制剂,还可以促进…     

酶制剂对饲料中抗营养因子的作用机理及应用中注意问题

1复合酶制剂对抗营养因子的作用机理 1．1非淀粉多糖酶非淀粉多糖是存在于饲料中主要抗营养因子,其中β-葡聚糖和阿拉伯木聚糖一般占非淀粉多糖的30％。大麦与小麦饲料中的β-葡聚糖和阿拉伯木聚糖是引起非淀粉多糖酶抗营养作用的主要成分。非淀粉多糖不被消化道中酶所降解,遇水形成胶态溶液,使食糜粘度升高,阻碍消化酶与养分的充分混合,从而影响了营养物质的吸收。     

NSP酶在家禽小麦饲粮中的应用研究进展

小麦营养价值很高,但由于其富含具有抗营养作用的阿拉伯木聚糖等非淀粉多糖（NSP）,从而降低了小麦中营养物质在家禽中的利用率。NSP主要通过增加动物消化道食糜黏度,阻碍消化酶与营养物质的接触,降低饲料利用率,导致动物生产性能下降。在麦类饲粮中添加NSP酶,可有效消除其抗营养作用。论文主要介绍了非淀粉多糖的抗营养作用、非淀粉多糖酶的作用机理及其在家禽生产中的作用。     

木聚糖酶在饲料应用上的研究进展

小麦和玉米等植物性原料中含有大量非淀粉多糖,特别是阿拉伯木聚糖,而它不能被单胃动物利用.当木聚糖进入畜禽小肠后,部分溶于水,使得食糜含水量增加,从而使小肠内容物的黏度增加,阻碍了营养物质和消化酶的结合及营养物质在小肠黏膜上的吸收,另外食糜黏度的增加抑制了内源消化酶的活性,降低了食糜的通过速率;不溶性木聚糖包裹营养物质也阻碍了营养物质的释放,降低了营养物质的消化利用率.众多研究表明:添加木聚糖酶能降解木聚糖、减少微生物定植并维持肠道正常结构,提高动物体对营养物质利用率.文章就木聚糖酶研究进展及其在饲料工业上的应用进行综述.     

NSP酶在家禽小麦饲粮中的应用研究进展

小麦营养价值很高,但由于其富含具有抗营养作用的阿拉伯木聚糖等非淀粉多糖(NSP),从而降低了小麦中营养物质在家禽中的利用率.NSP主要通过增加动物消化道食糜黏度,阻碍消化酶与营养物质的接触,降低饲料利用率,导致动物生产性能下降.在麦类饲粮中添加NSP酶,可有效消除其抗营养作用.论文主要介绍了非淀粉多糖的抗营养作用、非淀粉多糖酶的作用机理及其在家禽生产中的作用.     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.