口服少孢节丛孢菌孢子对家畜粪便中线虫幼虫的杀灭研究

对捕食线虫性真菌——少孢节丛孢菌（Arthrobotrys oligospora）菌株进行了临床杀家畜寄生性线虫幼虫作用的研究。结果表明：培养的少孢节丛孢菌分生孢子经口饲喂动物后，对粪便中线虫幼虫的杀虫率分别可达96.3％（羊）、96．5％（牛）和97．4％（马）。说明少孢节丛孢菌菌株分生孢子可通过家畜消化道，并保持了其捕食寄生性线虫的能力。研究结果为捕食线虫性真菌的临床应用奠定了重要基础。     

低能氮离子束诱变选育捕食线虫性真菌——少孢节丛孢菌

为获取理想的生物防治捕食线虫性真菌菌株,达到利用自然天敌有效控制家畜寄生性线虫病的目的,作者利用低能氮离子注入诱变捕食线虫性真菌——少孢节丛胞菌(Arthrobotrys oligospora)的分生孢子,测定分生孢子萌发后菌丝的生长速度、产孢能力及菌株对线虫幼虫的捕食率,筛选正突变株。结果表明,低能氮离子束具有诱变少孢节丛孢菌的潜能,诱变后的1株少孢节丛孢菌的生长速度、产孢量和对线虫幼虫的捕食率呈现出了正突变效果。     

捕食线虫性真菌-少孢节丛孢菌理化特性研究

研究了捕食线虫性真菌一少孢节丛孢菌(Arthrobotrys oligospora)的染色特性、分生孢子对外界理化因素的抵抗力以及菌丝对线虫第三期幼虫的吸引作用等。结果表明少孢节丛孢菌用革兰氏、瑞氏、姬姆萨氏液染色都能很好的着色；分生孢子对高温敏感，对抗生素不敏感，高浓度的氢离子或氢氧根离子能杀死分生孢子：但分生孢子耐低温，因此可用低温冷冻法保存捕食线虫性真菌分生孢子，其方法简便易行。首次解决了国内外在捕食线虫性真菌菌种保存中的难题。研究显示菌丝对线虫第三期幼虫无明显吸引力。     

捕食线虫性真菌——少孢节丛孢菌CIMH1株捕食特性研究

本研究首次对国内土壤中分离出的捕食线虫性真菌—少孢节丛孢菌ＣＩＭＨ１株（Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂｏｔｒｙｓｏｌｉｇｏｓｐｏｒａｓｔｒａｉｎ：ＣＩＭＨ１）捕食马线虫第３期幼虫的活性、效力及杀虫机理进行了试验。结果表明菌株生长环境对其捕食活性有很大影响。在２０℃、有氧条件、玉米粉浓度相对较低（０．４ｇ／Ｌ）、菌丝生长较稀疏的ＣＭＡ培养基中,捕食活性最佳。捕食线虫时,在虫体运动刺激及虫体内部某些物质诱导下,菌株会产生一些特殊捕食性结构,如粘性菌丝（Ｓｔｉｃｋｙｂｒａｎｃｈｅｓ）、粘性菌环（Ｓｔｉｃｋｙｒｉｎｇｓ）和粘性菌网（Ｓｔｉｃｋｙｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓ）等。通过这些功能性构造,菌株将线虫捕获并杀死消化。少孢节丛孢菌ＣＩＭＨ１株在最佳条件下,对马线虫第３期幼虫的平均捕食效力为７８．１５±３．８％。     

节丛孢属食线虫真菌对体外奥斯特线虫幼虫的捕食效果

本文在国内首次报道了几株节丛孢菌食线虫真菌（５株寡节丛孢菌和２株葡萄串状节丛孢菌）在体外对山羊奥斯特线虫第３期幼虫的捕食效果。结果表明：７株真菌对奥斯特线虫幼虫的捕获率分别在７５．０％￣９６．４％之间,具有较高的捕杀线虫能力,食线虫真菌对线虫的作用方式主要是通过在线虫周围形成菌网。     

少孢节丛孢菌的分离鉴定及捕食线虫活性研究

为研究新疆地区捕食线虫性真菌的生物活性,本实验采用玉米粉琼脂培养基(CMA)培养分离自新疆不同地区的捕食线虫性真菌,通过对分离株纯培养物的形态学观察和18S rDNA基因序列分析,鉴定4株少孢节丛孢菌,分别命名为XA3、XA6、XD1和XD4。18S rDNA基因遗传进化分析表明,XA3、XA6、XD1和XD4新疆分离株之间同源性较高,与GenBank登录的少孢节丛孢菌CBS289.82株同源性最高,分别为99.6%、99.5%、99.1%和98.9%,与形态学鉴定结果一致。捕食线虫活性测定试验表明,4个分离株在CMA中的捕食率为92.8%～97.6%;体外对绵羊粪便中线虫幼虫的捕食率为90.7%～95.4%,均具有很强的捕食活性。本研究为研究绵羊消化道线虫生物防控制剂奠定基础。     

捕食线虫性真菌的分离培养及分布规律

对自然界中的捕食线虫性真菌进行了分离和种属区分，并对分布规律进行了研究。从土壤、粪便等材料中获得了2类活性较强的捕食线虫性菌株：即套捕型(hooping)捕食线虫性真菌和粘捕型(sticking)捕食线虫性真菌。主要的代表种类有3种。这些捕食线虫性真菌在捕食性结构分生孢子形态及某些生物学特性上有一定差异。套捕型捕食线虫性真菌代表种为少孢节丛孢菌(Arthrobotrys oligospara)和梨形指环菌(Dactylaria pyriformis)，它们以菌环、菌网作为捕食性结构(器官)，以套捕方式杀灭线虫幼虫。梨形指环菌可产生多量厚垣孢子(chlamyalospore)。粘捕型捕食线虫性真菌代表种为纺锤隔指孢菌(Dactylella ellipsospora)。可形成菌结捕食线虫性结构，以粘捕的方式杀灭线虫幼虫。结果表明：捕食线虫性真菌在土壤和家畜粪便中的分离率是40．41％；此类菌适合于生存在阴暗、潮湿、富含腐植质的环境中。在温暖季节时，采用0．4g／L玉米粉琼脂培养基(CMA)易于对其进行分离培养。     

捕食线虫性真菌菌种保存技术的研究

本试验对捕食线虫性真菌菌种保存技术进行了研究,测定了在不同介质保存条件下,捕食线虫真菌分生孢子和菌丝的存活情况及其不是寄生性线虫的能力.结果表明:在设定的保存条件下,分别经过1周冷冻融化或2周反复冷冻融化,被保存的分生孢子接种于玉米粉琼脂培养基上能生长发育:在加入线虫第3期幼虫后,能生产捕食器,对虫体发挥捕食作用.     

少孢节丛孢菌超微结构的观察研究

观察了捕食线虫性真菌——少孢节丛孢菌的超微结构，以探讨捕食线虫性真菌的杀虫机理。结果显示，少孢节丛孢菌属于隔膜类真菌，隔膜中央有孔，菌丝细胞一般呈长形竹节状；菌株的捕食器为黏性菌环和菌网，形成捕食器的菌丝细胞结构不同于一般的营养菌丝，胞质中含有许多电子密集体，呈大小不等的黑色类圆形颗粒状，多数排列在捕食器菌丝细胞的边缘区域，这是捕食线虫性真菌捕食器菌丝细胞的一个重要特征。     

多孢节丛孢的分离鉴定及对捻转血矛线虫幼虫的体外杀虫效果

对从黑龙江省伊春市采集的厩舍土壤进行食线虫真菌的分离鉴定和体外杀虫效果的研究。采用微玻片法在光学显微镜下观察并测量分生孢子、孢子梗、捕食结构;利用该真菌的分生孢子对绵羊捻转血矛线虫三期幼虫(L3)进行体外杀虫试验。结果:本研究所分离的真菌经鉴定为多孢节丛孢(Arthrobotrys superba,SDH063),且该真菌体外平均杀虫率达到了86.82%,具有显著的杀虫效果。     

Induction of nematode-trapping organs in the predacious fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora (Hyphomycetales) by infective larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi (Trichostrongylidae)

Laboratory experiments were designed to study the influence of temperature, concentrations of nematodes, oxygen tension, light, and nutrient levels, on the induction of nematode-trapping hyphal nets in the predacious fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. When induced by infective Ostertagia ostertagi larvae, a maximum number of nets was produced at 20 degrees C, at which temperature nets in surplus were produced at larval concentrations up to 1,000 larvae per cm2. A. oligospora did not produce nets in an anaerobic atmosphere containing 21% CO2 (v/v), and net induction was suppressed to a certain degree by exposure to light. The composition of the medium had an important influence on the saprophytic growth and the net-forming capability of A. oligospora as a maximum number of nets was induced at a relatively low concentration of corn meal supporting the relatively sparse mycelium. It was shown that a proportion of trapping nets in A. oligospora maintained their trapping potential for more than 7 weeks when the temperature was below 25 degrees C. Induction of nematode-trapping organs in A. oligospora is discussed in relation to control of infective nematode parasite larvae in cow pats.     

Interactions between the predacious fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora and third-stage larvae of a series of animal-parasitic nematodes

Interactions between the predacious hyphomycete Arthrobotrys oligospora and third-stage larvae of nine animal-parasitic nematodes were tested in vitro. The trap-inducing capabilities of the ruminant trichostrongylus Cooperia oncophora, C. curticei, Haemonchus contortus and Ostertagia ostertagi and of equine cyathostomes were almost comparable to those of free-living soil nematodes, and significantly higher than those of the porcine Oesophagostomum dentatum and Oe. quadrispinulatum and of the murine Nematospiroides dubius. The trap-forming potential of Dictyocaulus viviparus was poor. All animal-parasitic nematodes were rapidly captured when fungal traps had been pre-induced in high numbers. The possible influence of predacious fungi on animal-parasitic nematode populations under natural conditions in the field is discussed.     

捕食线虫性真菌18S rDNA基因序列与种系发生关系研究

对捕食线虫性真菌——少孢节丛孢菌A1分离株(Arthrobotrys oligospora A1)的18S rDNA基因序列进行了研究。结果表明：其18S rDNA全基因序列为1769bp，在进化树上与同种国外分离株A．oligospora var oligospora 1最为接近，同源性为94．7％。这与二者都具有捕食性结构—菌网的特点相一致。证实捕食线虫性真菌的捕食性结构与捕食线虫性真菌种系发生有关。从少孢节丛孢菌3个分离菌株(Arthrobotrys oligospora A1、A．oligospora 1、A．oligospora2)的进化树及同源性来看。不同国家地区的丛孢菌属(Arthrobotrys)分离株确实存在差异。     

Efficacy of an Arthrobotrys oligospora N mutant in nematode-trapping larvae after passage through the digestive tract of sheep

For oral applications, biocontrol of animal parasitic nematodes in ruminants, ion beam implanted nematode-trapping fungi must have the capacity to survive the passage through the digestive tract and be efficient in reducing infective larvae of nematodes in the faeces.Ion beams induced mutation in the spores of nematode-trapping Arthrobotrys oligospora. Mutants with genetic stability were bred. The fungi were cultured in bottles with corn kernels as growth media, and spores of different doses were, respectively, administered orally to each group of sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. The control group did not receive fungi. The faeces of these experimental animals were collected and faecal cultivations carried out. The fungal germination, growth, reproduction and predation of livestock parasitic nematode larvae were tested in laboratory. The efficacy of an A. oligospora N mutant in nematode-trapping larvae after passage through the digestive tract of sheep was tested. The results indicated that the ion beam implantation induced mutation of the nematode-trapping fungi is a positive mutation. The mutant spores through the digestive tract of sheep can kill livestock parasite nematode larvae in vitro. These results indicate the potential of the A. oligospora N mutant as a biological control agent for sheep nematodes.This study showed that such biotechnology could be explored for improving the effectiveness of the use of fungal infections to control livestock parasitic nematodes. This work represents the first application of nematode-trapping fungi in eukaryotic microorganisms.     

捕食线虫性真菌的分离培养技术与形态学

分离培养捕食线虫性真菌的最佳培养基为 0 .4g/ L 玉米粉琼脂培养基 (CMA) ;0 .4g/ L 玉米粉液体培养基可作为保存菌种培养基。在分离培养过程中 ,必须加入活的线虫第 3期幼虫 ,以诱导菌株产生捕食性器官——菌环、菌网 ,并与其他真菌鉴别。捕食线虫性真菌有菌丝和孢子 2种形态 ,其发育时期不同。本试验分离的少孢节丛孢菌(Arthrobotrys oligospora) ,菌丝发达 ,无色有隔 ,隔距不等 ;分生孢子梗直立不分支 ,分生孢子围绕着分生孢子梗呈轮状排列 ,似梅花瓣状 ,2层以上 ;孢子呈倒卵形 ,丰满无色 ,有横隔 ,游离端大而钝圆 ,梗端小而稍尖。     

少孢节丛孢菌捕食器表面聚合物的诱导与提取方法研究

为研究捕食线虫性真菌——少孢节丛孢菌(Arthrobotrys oligospora)捕食器表面聚合物的生化性质与作用,建立一种高效的表面聚合物诱导与提取方法尤为关键。试验首先用大豆蛋白胨液体培养基在氨基酸诱导作用下,产生大量含捕食器菌丝,然后分别用了5种不同化学性质溶液提取表面聚合物,经透析和浓缩后,测定了其中蛋白质的含量及其对线虫幼虫的毒性作用,同时还进行了提取液对真菌菌丝生长及其捕食作用的研究。通过综合分析得出,用5 mol/L LiCl溶液提取表面聚合物最为有效,其提取的表面聚合物溶液对线虫没有明显的杀线虫活性,但与捕食性真菌黏附捕获线虫过程密切相关;并通过比较源自含捕食器菌丝和普通营养菌丝的表面聚合物物质之间的差别,找到了参与黏附捕获线虫过程的物质,这为今后深入开展对捕食线虫性真菌表面聚合物的研究,进而阐明其作用机理提供了有价值的资料。     

食动物线虫真菌的分离和鉴定I.从土壤中分离捕食线虫真菌

以山羊捻转血矛线虫第三期幼虫作为诱饵线虫,利用撒布分离法,对土壤中的食线虫真菌进行了分离和鉴定。结果从不同的土样中分离到了棣属于２个属,７个种的２６株捕食线虫真菌。７个真菌种分别为寡孢节丛孢菌（Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂｏｔｒｙ ｏｌｉｇｏｓｐｏｒａ）,指状节丛孢菌（Ａ．ｄａｃｔｙｌｏｄｅｓ）,蠕虫节丛孢菌（Ａ．ｖｅｒｍｉｃｏｌａ）,圆锥节丛孢菌（Ａ．ｃｏｎｏｉｄｅｓ）,白色单顶孢菌（Ｍｏｎａｃｒｏｓｐｏｒｉ     

新鲜牛粪便中食线虫真菌的分离和鉴定

从78个新鲜牛粪样中分离到4株食线虫真菌（nematophagous fungi)，通过对其菌丝体、孢子、捕食器官等的形态学观察、测定，2株鉴定为节丛孢属（Arthrobotrys)的寡孢节丛孢菌（A.oligospora)，1株为指状节丛孢菌（A.dactyloides),1株为圆锥状节丛孢菌（A.conoides)。     

Nematophagous fungi as a biological control agent for nematode parasites of small ruminants in Malaysia: a special emphasis on Duddingtonia flagrans

Approximately 2,800 fresh dung samples from animals, mainly ruminant livestock, were screened for the presence of nematophagous fungi in Malaysia. Arthrobotrys spp. was noted on numerous occasions, but only one isolate of Duddingtonia flagrans was made. For the purposes of producing sufficient quantities of this fungus for feeding trials in sheep, various, commonly available, cheap plant materials were tested as possible growth substrates. This showed that cereal grains (wheat, millet and rice) were the best media for fungal growth. Pen feeding trials were carried out using sheep, both naturally and experimentally infected with nematode parasites (predominantely Haemonchus contortus), to test the efficiency of D. flagrans when administered either in a grain supplement, or incorporated into a feed block. These showed that the fungus survived gut passage in sheep and that dose rates of approximately 1 x 10(6) D. flagrans spores / animal / day, reduced the percentage of infective larvae developing in faecal cultures by more than 90%. These results indicate that using D. flagrans as a biological control agent of nematode parasites, is a promising alternative to nematode parasite control of small ruminants in Malaysia, where anthelmintic resistance is now a major problem.