有机废料生态肥还田对温室土壤环境质量及番茄品质和效益的影响

为了解决张掖地区温室蔬菜因长期施用化肥而品质下降的问题,在连续8年种植蔬菜的温室内进行有机废料生态肥还田对土壤环境质量及番茄品质和效益影响的研究.结果表明:随着有机废料生态肥施用量的增加,番茄产量在递增,而每千克肥料增产量和肥料投资效率在递减.有机废料生态肥施肥量为50.00 t/h m2时,施肥利润达到最大值;有机废...     

大樱桃露地栽培管理措施

大樱桃成熟期早、酸甜适口、营养丰富,深受消费者青睐。迁安市大樱桃栽培发展较快,但大樱桃对立地条件要求较高,极性生长强且顶端优势明显,加之果农疏于管理,导致大樱桃树冠徒长、难以如期开花结果。鉴于大樱桃怕旱、怕涝、怕风、怕黏、怕盐、怕碱,极性生长强,顶端优势明显,以及树体高大难以开花结果等特点,本文从大樱桃露地栽培园地的选择、规划整地、品种和苗木的选择、苗木的栽植、整形修剪、肥水管理、花期管理和病虫害防治等方面分析了大樱桃露地栽培技术,以期提高大樱桃种植的产量、质量和经济效益。     

连续施用猪粪对辣椒根际有益细菌与产量的影响

摘要：为探究连续施用猪粪在辣椒生产中的应用效果,采用猪粪（30 t/hm2）配施化肥（磷酸二铵450 kg/hm2＋硫酸钾225 kg/hm2）处理（30 t/hm2）进行3年定位试验,与化肥对照进行对比,分析了土壤基础理化性质、土壤酶活性、根际有益细菌变化特征及辣椒的生长与产量状况。结果表明：与对照相比较,连续3年施用猪粪的土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均显著上升,分别增加31.42%、35.17%、106.9%和7.0%,pH值则显著降低3.4%;土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶及碱性磷酸酶活性均显著升高,分别增加25.75%、29.19%、19.84%、30.44%;辣椒株高、根长、地下部干质量、地上部干质量及产量分别较对照显著增加11.57%、22.07%、55.55%、25.12%及13.38%。高通量测序结果表明,连续施用猪粪提高了根际细菌多样性与丰富度,有益细菌假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium）、鞘氨醇单胞（Sphingomonas、芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、溶杆菌属（Lysobacter）、硝化螺旋菌属（Nitrospira）、代尔夫特菌属（Deflitia）、鞘氨醇菌属（Sphingobium）、根瘤菌属（Rhizobium）、黄色土地杆菌属（Flavisolibacter）、苔藓杆菌属（Bryobacter）、嗜盐囊菌（Haliangium）、异养菌属（Ohtaekwangia）及东属（Dongia）相对丰度均显著增加;并且土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性、辣椒生物量及产量与根际有益细菌数量具有显著的相关性。连续施用猪粪提高了土壤养分含量与土壤酶活性,同时提高了辣椒根际细菌的多样性与丰富度,提高了根际有益细菌的定殖,促进了辣椒的生长,提高了产量。     

几个梨品种的授粉试验

对几个适宜四川及南方温湿生态区栽培的梨品种进行了授粉试验,结果表明:爱甘水适宜授粉品种为圆黄、翠冠、早美酥和早蜜;圆黄为华酥、绿宝石、早蜜和翠冠;早蜜为绿宝石,圆黄,翠冠和华酥;翠冠为圆黄和华酥;黄金梨为圆黄和翠冠;爱宕为翠冠、圆黄和早蜜;金水晶为绿宝石和圆黄.     

果蔬品质无损检测技术研究进展

果蔬中富含维生素、矿物质、有机酸、糖、植物纤维等营养和功能性成分,是维持人体生理活动和增进健康的重要食物。目前,果蔬采后分级主要依靠人力,成本较高;其营养功能成分指标采取抽样破坏性检测的方法。无损检测技术作为一种经济、快速、方便的质量检测方法,在果蔬分级、成分检测和损伤快速鉴别等方面具有明显的优势。本文介绍了国内外常见的果蔬品质无损检测方法及研究现状,阐述了各类无损检测技术的原理和特点,并综合分析提出了果蔬无损检测技术的发展方向。     

韭菜连作障碍引发的病虫害防治

摘要：为解决韭菜连作栽培引发的品质和产量下降问题，阐述了韭菜连作障碍所引起的病虫害，包括韭蛆、霜霉病、灰霉病和疫病等，并从农业防治、物理防治、生物防治和化学防治等方面详细介绍了韭菜连作中病虫害的防治措施，其中农业防治包括品种选择、种子处理、土壤处理、合理轮作和套作、增施有机肥等，物理防治包括悬挂防虫网和粘虫板、放置诱捕器、杀虫灯和糖醋液和闷晒大棚等。     

SSR分子标记及其在植物遗传育种中的应用

分子标记技术是基于生物体基因组的遗传分析方法,在植物的亲缘关系分析、遗传多样性分析、遗传图谱构建、分子辅助育种、品种鉴定等研究中已有广泛应用。其中微卫星分子标记(Simple sequence repeats,SSRs)技术作为一种新世纪遗传学研究工具,以其信息量大,重复性好、可靠性高和多态性丰富等优点,在植物遗传育种研究中表现出很大的优势。本文简要介绍了简单重复序列(SSRs)标记的分布、功能、技术优缺点和产生多态性的机理,并对SSR标记在植物遗传多样性、遗传图谱构建、基因定位与克隆、分子标记辅助育种等研究中的应用情况进行了综述,为植物资源利用、开发和保护等研究领域的应用提供参考。     

有机物料对盐化潮土性质及甜菜品质和效益的影响

为了解决长期施用化肥导致盐化潮土质量和甜菜品质下降的问题,研究了牛粪、油菜籽饼、玉米秸秆和食用菌渣对河西内陆灌区盐化潮土性质及甜菜含糖率和效益的影响。结果表明:与化肥(CK₂)比较,牛粪有利于降低盐化潮土容重,增加孔隙度和团聚体,容重降低8.82%,总孔隙度和团聚体分别增加4.53和8.28个百分点;玉米秸秆有利于提高盐化潮土有机质及阳离子交换量(CEC)和酶活性,有机质、CEC及蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性分别增加36.93%、36.98%、17.69%、60.66%、23.75%和42.55%;食用菌渣有利于降低pH值,降低了5.85%;牛粪、玉米秸秆可显著降低全盐含量,分别降低了6.52%、5.80%;油菜籽饼有利于提高甜菜植株长势、产量、含糖率和经济效益,叶丛高度、单株鲜叶质量、根体长度、根直径、单株根质量和根产量分别增加16.28%、12.96%、13.00%、10.01%、8.42%和5.02%,含糖率提高1.35个百分点,施肥利润增加1 620.54元/hm2。施用有机物料改善了盐化潮土理化性质,提高了甜菜含糖率和经济效益。     

Progress in research on meteorological disaster indicators of major fruit trees in China北大核心CSCD

China is an important fruit-producing country in the world. In recent years, the fruit planting area in China increased significantly, and the total fruit output has also rapidly increased. In this context of development, the characteristic fruit industry has become an important source of rural agricultural economic income in China. The stable production of characteristic fruits and disaster prevention and mitigation are of great significance for improving people's living standards and promoting the development of agricultural economy. At the same time, China has a vast territory, spanning three main climatic zones from north to south, and the damage caused by meteorological disasters of fruit trees is extremely serious and frequent. Therefore, research on meteorological disasters of fruit trees is one of the hot topics in agrometeorological disasters research. Especially, the research on meteorological disaster indicator of economic fruit trees is particularly important, which is an inevitable link in disaster monitoring, early warning, defense, planting planning, risk zoning and other research. In this paper, the main meteorological disaster indicators of fruit trees in China are classified and systematically expounded, by using the method of classification and summary. In this paper, the basic concept and significance of meteorological disaster indicators of fruit trees are defined firstly, and then the research history and progress of meteorological disaster indicators of fruit trees in China are summarized. The main research methods of meteorological disaster indicator of fruit trees in China, including fruit trees and disaster types, technology level and main achievements, were summarized in two periods before and after the 21st century. On this basis, the existing meteorological disaster indicators of fruit trees in China are divided into three categories according to their construction methods: the empirical indicator construction method based on disaster verification and disaster investigation; the comprehensive indicator construction method based on the relationship between disaster-causing factors and yields; and the experimental construction method based on artificial climate chamber or artificial climate box. According to the composition types of meteorological disasters of fruit trees in China, the existing meteorological disasters indicators of fruit trees are divided into three categories: single factor indicators, multi-factor indicators and comprehensive indicators. According to the key meteorological factors causing meteorological disasters of fruit trees, the existing meteorological disasters indicators of fruit trees are divided into several categories: low temperature disaster indicators, high temperature disaster indicators, drought disaster indicators, rainstorm disaster indicators and so on. Secondly, aiming at the northern fruit trees, this paper summarizes the research on late frost damage indicator of apple, pear, apricot, plum and grape in spring, drought disaster indicators of apple and walnut, hot damage indicators of apple and kiwifruit in summer, rainstorm disaster indicator of apple and jujube in autumn, and freezing injury indicators of pear, apricot and jujube in winter. For southern fruit trees, it summarizes the research on high temperature damage indicator of citrus, and the research on freezing damage indicator of citrus, litchi, longan, mango and loquat in winter. At the same time, this paper summarizes the types, construction methods, uses, advantages and disadvantages of the above meteorological disaster indicators of fruit trees in agrometeorological service. Finally, this paper discusses the existing problems and the future development direction of the research on meteorological disaster indicators of fruit trees, from the aspects of indicator composition, indicator construction method, fruit tree species, industrial development needs, and new technology and methods. It is expected that the results of this study can provide reference for the distribution of main fruit trees, industrial optimization, disaster prevention and mitigation, and provide scientific guarantee for the healthy, stable and sustainable development of fruit tree growing industry in China. © 2019 Journal of Fruit Science     

外源物质对干旱复水平邑甜茶抗氧化酶的影响

以苹果砧木平邑甜茶2a生实生苗为材料进行盆栽试验,研究比较了干旱复水条件下外源甜菜碱(GB)、脱落酸(ABA)和硝普纳(SNP,NO供体)对平邑甜茶幼苗抗氧化防护酶活性的影响。结果表明:外源GB、ABA和NO显著降低了干旱胁迫下平邑甜茶幼苗叶片质膜相对透性和MDA含量,重度胁迫时与CK相比,分别降低了13.5%、12.2%、18.4%与32.4%、14.4%、37.6%;外源GB、ABA和NO提高了叶片中SOD、CAT和POD的活性,在田间持水量30%时分别达到最大,与同期CK相比,POD活性分别增加13.5%、13.4%和24.4%,SOD活性分别增加15.3%、13.7%和16.2%,CAT活性则分别增加63.2%、53.7%和95.3%,之后酶活性开始下降。外源GB、ABA处理后GR、DHAR、APX和MDHAR的变化趋势与CAT等趋势相同,同样在田间持水量30%时酶活分别达到最大;NO处理后,GR、DHAR、APX的变化趋势亦相同,虽然NO对MDHAR活性比干旱处理有所升高,但差异不显著。复水后,不同外源物质下植物的抗旱生理指标变化趋势不尽相同。表明喷施外源GB、ABA和NO可有效的提高叶片的抗氧化系统酶的活性,增强平邑甜茶幼苗的抗旱能力。比较GB、ABA和NO处理,NO在提高平邑甜茶抗旱性方面效果最好,GB处理其次,ABA处理最低。     

青海高原核桃果实油脂和生长动态变化分析

以地方核桃为试材,拍照记录果实外观形态变化,并对不同发育时期果实质量、果实纵横径、坚果质量、种仁质量、出仁率、油脂含量和成熟种仁中脂肪酸组分等进行测定,以期明确青海高原核桃果实油脂和生长动态变化。结果表明:随着核桃果实生长发育,果实质量、果实纵横径、坚果质量、种仁质量、出仁率、油脂含量等指标总体呈上升趋势,其中果实质量在成熟后期略有下降,并依据指标建立了核桃果实生长发育的数学模型。7月中旬油脂开始积累,并逐渐增加,至果实成熟时种仁中的油脂含量达到最大值69.4%,种仁中主要脂肪酸是棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量可达91.7%。9月中旬核桃果实充分成熟,且油脂含量最高,是最佳采收时期。可根据核桃果实形态、果实生长曲线和数学模型来判断果实发育时期,采取合理的栽培管理措施,从而提高核桃果实的产量和品质。     

陇东旱塬麦后抢茬夏播繁育马铃薯脱毒种薯

根据陇东旱塬气候和区域特点,从栽培管理、病虫防治和种薯贮藏等方面提出了适于该区域马铃薯脱毒种薯的繁育模式。结果表明,在陇东旱塬区,马铃薯种薯繁育地块应选则塬周通风较好区域;繁育品种选择喜湿热、抗逆性广的中早熟品种;微型薯块要经催芽、包衣和分切处理;播种应抢茬浅种,适当起垄,覆膜催苗,出苗后及时分次培土;主要防治蚜虫、晚疫病和环腐病,要定期加强预防;收获应杀秧早收,严防霜冻和混杂;贮藏期定期进行通风和窖内消毒。     

Mechanism of mesenteric lymph duct ligation against the renal insufficiency in hemorrhagic shock rats

AIM: To observe the effect of mesenteric lymph duct ligation on free radical and inflammatory mediator in serious hemorrhagic shock rats at different periods, and explore the mechanism of intestinal lymphatic pathway on renal insufficiency. METHODS: 78 male Wistar rats were divided into the sham group, shock group, and ligation group. The model of serious hemorrhagic shock was established in shock group, ligation group, and mesenteric lymph was blocked by ligating mesenteric lymph duct in ligation group after resuscitating. All rats were executed and kidneys were taken out for making homogenate of 10 percent to determine levels of MDA, SOD, NO, NOS, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) at time points after shock 90 min, after transfusion and resuscitate 0 h, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA in kindey was detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS: The contents of MDA, NO, NOS, TNF-α, IL-6, MPO and iNOS expressions in renal homogenate of shock group were increased after transfusion and resuscitation, and were higher at 6 h and 12 h, and was significantly higher than that in sham group. The acvitity of SOD was significantly lower than that in sham group (P<0.01, P<0.05). The contents of MDA, NO, NOS, TNF-α, IL-6, MPO and iNOS expression in renal homogenate of ligation group after transfusion and resuscitation 6 h, 12 h and 24 h were significantly lower than those in shock group at same points, and the SOD activity was higher (P<0.01, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that the ligation of mesenteric lymph duct can antagonise the development of renal failure in serious hemorrhagic shock rats, and its mechanism might relate to reduce the PMN sequestration, decrease the levels of TNF-α and IL-6, inhibit NO production and expression of iNOS mRNA, suppress the release of free radical and consumption of SOD.     

氮磷缺乏对薏苡生长及其生理特性的影响

以贵州省黔西南州兴仁县薏苡为试材,采用沙培盆栽方式设置对照(全素营养)、缺氮、缺磷、缺氮磷4个处理,测定分析了薏苡生长前期各形态指标、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶系统及可溶性糖的含量,探讨氮磷元素缺乏对薏苡生长及生理特性的影响,以期提高薏苡的产量及品质。结果表明:1)缺氮、缺磷、缺氮磷均显著降低薏苡株高、根长、总叶片数、比叶面积及叶绿素含量,导致总生物量较对照分别降低80.65%、77.88%、91.24%;2)缺氮、缺磷、缺氮磷显著增加丙二醛(MDA)含量及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,缺氮时过氧化物酶(POD)活性降低14.29%,缺磷、缺氮磷时活性升高;3)薏苡可溶性糖含量在缺磷时较对照显著增加102.00%,缺氮和缺氮磷时可溶性糖含量分别较对照显著降低54.35%、34.59%。缺素处理总体上抑制了薏苡的生长,且缺氮磷比单独缺氮、缺磷对薏苡生长及生理的抑制作用更明显。     

伴生分蘖洋葱对番茄根际微生物群落结构的影响

以分蘖洋葱和番茄为材料,采用高通量测序研究伴生分蘖洋葱对番茄根际土壤细菌和真菌群落的组成和结构的影响。结果表明:与番茄单作相比,分蘖洋葱伴生处理改变了番茄根际土壤细菌和真菌群落的组成,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)为优势细菌门,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、接合菌门(Zygomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)为优势真菌门;在纲水平上,分蘖洋葱伴生处理显著提高了具有有益潜力的α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)的相对丰度,显著或极显著降低了粪壳菌纲(Sordariomycetes)和散囊菌纲(Eurotiomycetes)的相对丰度;在目水平上,分蘖洋葱伴生处理显著提高了鞘脂单胞菌目(Sphingomonadales)和丙酸杆菌目(Propionibacteriales)的相对丰度,显著或极显著降低了小囊菌目(Microascales)、散囊菌目(Onygenales)和炭角菌目(Xylariales)的相对丰度;在科水平上,分蘖洋葱伴生处理显著或极显著提高了类诺卡氏菌科(Nocardioidaceae)、微杆菌科(Microbacteriaceae)、鞘脂单胞菌科(Sphingomonadaceae)、Blrii41和毛球壳科(Lasiosphaeriaceae)的相对丰度,显著或极显著降低了小囊菌科(Microascaceae)和爪甲团囊菌科(Onygenaceae)的相对丰度;在属水平上,分蘖洋葱伴生处理显著降低了具有致病潜力的假霉样真菌属(Pseudallescheria)、Kernia和Wardomyces的相对丰度;但是对根际土壤细菌和真菌群落结构和微生物多样性无显著影响。     

卫河四标段植物应用调查与评析

在景观营造中,科学地选择园林植物并对其进行合理的配置是直接影响工程质量和景观效果的主要因素。为了解河南新乡卫河绿化后的景观效果,对卫河四标段进行了实地调查和分析。结果表明:四标段现有乔灌木及地被种类26科39属51种,其中常绿种类21种,占41.18%;落叶种类为30种,占58.82%。树种结构因子中乔灌比为0.74,常绿比为0.42,树木密度为10.97m2/株;乔木密度25.81m2/株、灌木密度19.07m2/株。群落结构以乔灌草为主,其次是乔草和灌草。     

Influence of almond × peach hybrids rootstocks on flower and leaf mineral concentration,yield and vigour of two peach cultivars

Flower and foliar nutrient content of ‘Queen Giant’ and ‘Tebana’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] on six almond × peach hybrids rootstocks (‘Adafuel’, ‘Adarcias’, ‘GF 677’, ‘Cadaman’, ‘Garnem’ and ‘Felinem’) were determined during one season. The mineral elements analysed were: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Na and Cu. Leaf N concentration in ‘Queen Giant’ was the highest on ‘Cadaman’ and ‘GF 677’ and the lowest on ‘Adarcias’. The P, Fe and Zn concentrations in flowers and leaves were significantly correlated. The leaf chlorophyll concentration at 120 DAFB was positively correlated with Fe floral concentration and with K, Zn and Na leaf concentration, in ‘Queen Giant’, and with K and Mn leaf concentration, in ‘Tebana’. In ‘Queen Giant’, the greatest trunk cross-sectional area was exhibited with ‘Felinem’ and ‘Garnem’ and the lowest with ‘Adarcias’. In contrast, the greater yield efficiency was found on ‘Adarcias’. In ‘Queen Giant’, a negative correlation was found between yield efficiency and Ca in leaves and in flowers. A positive correlation was observed between tree vigour and flower Fe, flower Ca and leaf Ca concentration. Correlation was also found between yield efficiency and Mg in ‘Tebana’ flowers. In ‘Queen Giant’, ‘Felinem’ rootstock showed the weakest balanced nutritional values (ΣDOP index) compared with other rootstocks.     

辽宁省果树保护地栽培的现状与建议

辽宁省果树保护地生产,由于在气候、资源、技术等方面具有一定的优势,栽培面积迅速增加,产量和效益显著提高.但还存在设施结构不规范,树种、品种结构不合理,栽培技术不到位,果实质量差,产销脱节,商品化程度低等诸多问题,许多技术难题需要进一步研究和解决.果树保护地生产因制约因素多,应因地制宜,适当发展.不断引进、选择适合保护地栽培的专用品种,实现品种多样化,生产标准化,经营规模化,管理现代化,产品优质化、高档化,以便参与国际市场竞争.     

茄子与平菇、甘蓝、甘薯间作对其长势、产量及根际环境的影响

为避免因茄子连年种植导致的土传病害增加而对茄子生产造成影响,形成健康、生态的解决办法,以茄子不间作为对照,研究分析了茄子与平菇、甘蓝、甘薯3种作物分别间作后对其长势、产量及根际环境的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,茄子与3种作物间作对茄子株高日均生长量、茎粗、单株坐果数、单果质量、667 m²平均产量以及根际土壤干质量、含水量、EC值、碳氮比、有机碳含量、无机碳含量、有机质含量、速效磷含量均未造成显著影响;茄子与甘蓝间作较与平菇、甘薯间作可显著降低土壤干质量和速效钾含量,且较对照分别降低了8.58%和11.11%,这有利于土壤孔隙度的增加,同时较对照极显著提高了茄子根际细菌总量,显著提高了根际真菌总量及根际细菌与真菌总量比值,分别较对照提高114.44%、42.18%和49.56%,这有助于茄子连作障碍的消减及土传病害的防治;茄子与平菇间作极显著降低了根际土壤的pH值,较对照降低5.36%,极显著降低了土壤全碳含量和全氮含量,分别降低16.99%和17.10%,但显著提高了土壤速效氮含量,增幅达36.10%,极显著提高了根际细菌总量和真菌总量,分别提高71.84%和1...     

基于159个品种的苹果鲜榨汁风味评价指标研究

 以159个苹果品种为试材,探讨了鲜榨汁风味、可滴定酸含量、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、固酸比及糖酸比之间的相互关系,明确了苹果鲜榨汁风味的适宜定量评价指标及其分级标准。苹果鲜榨汁风味值、可滴定酸含量、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、固酸比和糖酸比离散度不同,变异系数在12.2% ~ 60.7%;鲜榨汁可滴定酸含量和可溶性固形物含量均符合正态分布,在去掉两个拖尾品种后可溶性糖含量也符合正态分布,风味值近似正态分布;风味值、可滴定酸含量、固酸比和糖酸比之间存在极显著的一元线性关系或幂函数关系,决定系数（R²）高达0.8811 ~ 0.9740;可滴定酸含量、固酸比和糖酸比均为苹果鲜榨汁风味的适宜定量评价指标,其中以可滴定酸含量指标最为简便和准确;鲜榨汁可滴定酸含量、固酸比和糖酸比均可划分为5级（对应的鲜榨汁风味分别为甜、酸甜、酸甜适度、甜酸和酸）,5级的平均品种比例分别为3.35%、20.55%、40.67%、22.64%和12.79%。