Organic matter fractions within macroaggregates in response to long-term fertilization in calcareous soil after reclamation

Soil organic carbon(SOC) plays a key role in improving soil quality and optimizing crop yield. Yet little is known about the fate of macroaggregates(0.25 mm) under long-term fertilization and their relative importance in SOC sequestration in reclaimed calcareous soil. Therefore, the effects of mineral fertilizers and organic manure on the mechanisms of organic carbon(OC) stabilization in macroaggregates were investigated in this study. Four treatments were used: unfertilized control(CK), mineral fertilizer(NPK), compost chicken manure alone(M), and mineral fertilizers plus manure(MNPK). Samples from the 0–20 cm layer of soil receiving 11-year-long fertilization were separated into four fractions based on the macroaggregates present(unprotected coarse and fine particulate organic matter, cPOM and fPOM; physically protected intra-microaggregate POM, i POM; and biochemically protected mineral associated OM, MOM) by the physical fractionation method. Compared with the control, the long-term application of NPK had little effect on SOC content, total nitrogen(TN) content, and OC and TN contents of macroaggregate fractions. In contrast, incorporation of organic manure(MNPK) significantly increased SOC(45.7%) and TN(24.3%) contents. Application of MNPK increased OC contents within macroaggregate-extracted fractions of cPOM(292.2%), fPOM(136.0%) and iPOM(124.0%), and TN contents within cPOM(607.1%), fPOM(242.5%) and iPOM(127.6%), but not the mineral associated organic carbon(MOM-C) and nitrogen(MOM-N) contents. Unprotected C fractions were more strongly and positively correlated with SOC increase than protected C fractions, especially for cPOM-C, indicating that SOC sequestration mainly occurred via cPOM-C in the studied calcareous soil. In conclusion, MNPK increased the quantity and stability of SOC by increasing the contents of cPOM-C and cPOM-N, suggesting that this management practice(MNPK) is an effective strategy to develop sustainable agriculture.     

长期施肥紫色水稻土磷素累积与迁移特征

【目的】探讨长期不同施肥对钙质紫色水稻土磷素累积与迁移的影响。【方法】以长期肥料定位试验不同施肥处理的土壤为研究对象,试验处理包括不施肥（CK）、氮肥（N）、氮磷肥（NP）、氮磷钾肥（NPK）、有机肥（M,鲜猪粪）、有机肥+氮肥（MN）、有机肥+氮磷肥（MNP）和有机肥+氮磷钾肥（MNPK）8种施肥方式,研究不同施肥处理条件下钙质紫色水稻土磷素平衡、累积和去向状况,以及不同施肥方式对耕层（0-20 cm）土壤全磷、有效磷演变规律及土壤剖面（0-100 cm）全磷、有效磷迁移特征。【结果】钙质紫色水稻土33年不施用磷肥（CK和N）作物籽粒和秸秆磷素携出总量为613.12 kg·hm^-2,种苗、根茬、雨水及灌溉水带入土壤总磷量为106.61 kg·hm^-2,长期不施用磷肥土壤磷素表现出亏缺状况,年亏缺量为15.35 kg·hm^-2,且土壤磷含量随种植年限延续而下降,土壤全磷含量年均减少量为0.0011 g·kg^-1、有效磷含量年均减少量为0.029 mg·kg^-1;33年单施无机磷肥（NP和NPK）土壤磷素投入总量为1 880.03 kg·hm^-2、作物携出磷量为1 275.40 kg·hm^-2,有机肥处理（M和MN）土壤投入磷量为2 532.68 kg·hm^-2、携出磷量为757.50 kg·hm^-2;有机无机磷肥配施（MNP和MNPK）土壤投入和携出磷量分别为4 305.11和1 436.64 kg·hm^-2;不同施肥处理土壤磷素投入量都明显高于作物携出量,导致单施无机磷肥、单施有机磷肥和有机无机磷肥配施处理土壤磷素年盈余量分别为18.32、53.79和86.92 kg·hm^-2,年未知去向磷量分别为4.99、34.96和59.39 kg·hm^-2,土壤全磷含量年增加量分别为0.015、0.0018和0.018 g·kg^-1,有效磷含量年增加量分别为1.13、0.032和1.17 mg·kg^-1。长期不施用磷肥钙质紫色水稻土全磷含量随土层深度增加而降低,土壤有效磷含量则相反;长期施用磷肥土壤全磷和有效磷含量在土壤剖面都呈现出上下层高、中间低的空间分布格局。施用无机磷肥土壤磷素可迁移至60-80 cm土层,施用有机磷肥或有机无机磷肥配施土壤磷素可迁移至100 cm以下;随着磷肥施用年限持续,土壤磷素迁移深度和迁移量将会更大,有机肥的施用促使磷素向土壤下层迁移。【结论】连续数年施用磷肥后,土壤磷含量达到一定水平时应考虑减少磷肥用量,减少因有机肥过量施用导致的磷素快速积累和淋失。     

长期不同施肥对钙质紫色水稻土重金属累积及有效性的影响

为探讨长期不同施肥对石灰性紫色水稻土重金属累积及有效性的影响,以四川省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所长期定位试验为依托,研究了8种不同施肥条件下[不施肥(CK)、氮肥(N)、氮磷肥(NP)、氮磷钾肥(NPK)、有机肥(M)、有机肥+氮肥(M+N)、有机肥+氮磷肥(M+NP)和有机肥+氮磷钾肥(M+NPK)]土壤理化性质、重金属全量及有效量的变化。结果表明:长期施用氮磷、氮磷钾肥会降低土壤pH、CEC含量,提高土壤有机质、碱解氮及速效磷含量,改善土壤肥力,且与有机肥配施效果更优。长期施用化肥,土壤Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd含量变化不明显,有机肥及其与化肥配施后土壤Fe、Mn、Pb含量变化也不明显,Cd略有增加,Cu、Zn含量显著提高,但均低于我国农用地土壤环境质量风险筛选值(GB 15618—2018)。化肥对Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的有效量影响不明显,磷肥可显著提高有效Fe含量,降低有效Mn含量,而有机肥提高Cu、Pb、Cd有效量,对其有活化效应。相关分析结果表明,土壤重金属有效量与理化性质、元素总量间的相关性因元素的不同而异。研究表明,长期施用化肥及有机肥不会造成石灰性紫色水稻土重金属含量超标的风险。     

长期不同施肥制度对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的影响

通过设置在北京昌平区的长期肥料定位试验,研究16年的长期不同施肥制度下,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的状况。试验设置冬小麦-夏玉米复种连作和小麦-玉米→小麦-大豆复种轮作2种不同种植制度以及长期撂荒处理(CK0),其中冬小麦-夏玉米复种连作种植制度(种植方式Ⅰ)包括4个施肥处理,分别为:对照(CK,不施肥,但种植作物)、氮磷钾(NPK)、氮磷钾+猪厩肥(NPK+M)、氮磷钾+玉米秸秆(NPK+S);小麦-玉米→小麦-大豆复种轮作种植制度(种植方式Ⅱ)包括1个施肥处理为氮磷钾+种植方式Ⅱ(NPKF)。试验结果表明:1)长期撂荒土壤的有机质和全氮的含量、微生物量碳(SMB-C)和氮(SMB-N)均显著高于2种不同种植制度的农田土壤,但土壤微生物生物量磷含量较低;2)2种不同的种植制度中,施肥处理(NPK、NPKM、NPKS和NPKF)农田的土壤养分含量、微生物量生物量碳、氮、磷均高于不施肥但种植的农田(CK),与CK相比,NPK、NPK+M、NPK+S和NPKF处理的微生物量生物量碳增加了26%、70%、36%和46%,微生物量生物量氮增加了92%、251%、130%和159%,以及微生物量生物量磷增加了519%1...     

长期施肥下黄壤性水稻土有机碳组分变化特征

【目的】土壤有机碳具有高度异质性,不同组分的有机碳由于化学性质和存在方式等不同,其生物有效性和肥力功能不同,并反映出不同的稳定机制,所以深入研究土壤有机碳的组分特征,对于更好地了解土壤有机碳的稳定性和肥力机制具有重要意义。本研究以黄壤性水稻土为对象,旨在研究揭示长期施肥对土壤有机碳组分特征的影响并探讨合理培肥模式。【方法】以中国黄壤性水稻土18年长期施肥定位试验为依托,通过田间取样和室内分析,采用土壤有机碳物理-化学联合分组方法,重点研究不同施肥条件下土壤有机碳组分含量及分配比例的变化,并通过定量分析组分碳含量与年均碳投入量的关系,探讨土壤有机碳饱和现象。试验处理包括不施肥对照（CK）、单施化肥（NPK）、单施有机肥（M）、无机肥配施低量有机肥（0.5MNPK）和无机肥配施高量有机肥（MNPK）,碳投入梯度为0.87-6.02 t·hm^-2·a^-1。【结果】与不施肥（CK）相比,单施化肥（NPK）处理显著增加了土壤游离态粗颗粒有机碳、化学保护粉粒组有机碳和生物化学保护粉粒组有机碳含量,总有机碳提升10%;有机肥处理（0.5MNPK、M、MNPK）显著增加了土壤游离态粗颗粒有机碳、物理保护有机碳、化学保护粉粒组、黏粒组有机碳和生物化学保护粉粒组、黏粒组有机碳,增加幅度高于化肥处理,总有机碳提升24%-46%,其中以有机无机肥配施（MNPK）的提升幅度最大;与不施肥（CK）及单施化肥（NPK）处理相比,有机肥处理（0.5MNPK、M、MNPK）土壤物理保护有机碳的分配比例显著升高;模型分析发现,长期施肥条件下土壤游离态粗颗粒有机碳浓度与年均碳投入量呈显著的线性关系,而化学保护态有机碳浓度与生物化学保护态有机碳浓度以及土壤总有机碳含量,均与年均碳投入量呈显著的“饱和曲线效应”的对数函数关系。【结论】有机无机肥配施是提升黄壤性水稻土有机碳水平的最佳培肥措施,并以物理保护有机碳的提升幅度最大,强化了有机碳的物理稳定机制;黄壤性水稻土较稳定的有机碳组分（化学保护态、生物化学保护态）以及总有机碳存在饱和现象,在当前条件下出现饱和限制。     

长期施肥下黑土活性氮和有机氮组分变化特征

【目的】研究长期不同施肥措施下土壤活性氮和有机氮组分特征,探讨土壤活性氮和有机氮组分之间的关系,为评价土壤肥力、制定合理施肥措施提供科学依据。【方法】利用开始于1979年的哈尔滨黑土肥力长期定位试验,选取对照（CK,不施肥）、不施氮肥（PK）、单施化肥（NPK）、单施有机肥（M）、有机无机肥配施（MNPK）5个处理,采用氯化钾浸提-差减法、氯仿熏蒸-K2SO4提取法和Bremner法分别测定不同处理土壤可溶性有机氮、微生物生物量氮和有机氮组分含量。【结果】长期施用化肥对土壤耕层活性氮和有机氮组分含量无显著影响。单施有机肥和有机无机肥配施处理较单施化肥处理可溶性有机氮含量分别增加34.7%和56.2%,微生物生物量氮含量分别增加89.8%和144.7%。与单施化肥相比,长期单施有机肥和有机无机肥配施显著增加了酸解铵态氮、酸解氨基酸氮、酸解氨基糖氮和酸解未知氮的含量,增幅分别在23.3%—29.1%、19.2%—33.2%、30.6%—47.6%和20.2%—32.0%,对非酸解氮无显著影响。不同施肥措施下有机氮各形态的分布趋势为非酸解氮＞酸解氨基酸氮＞酸解铵态氮＞酸解未知氮＞酸解氨基糖氮。与单施化肥相比,长期单施有机肥和有机无机肥配合施用处理酸解有机氮占全氮比例有所提高,增幅达6.4%和9.9%。土壤全氮、可溶性有机氮、微生物生物量氮均与酸解有机氮组分之间均存在显著的正相关关系。在土壤有机氮组分中,酸解氨基酸氮、酸解未知氮和酸解铵态氮对可溶性有机氮和微生物生物量氮的影响最大。【结论】土壤氮素含量的变化与施肥措施密切相关,有机无机肥配施措施能显著增加土壤活性氮和有机氮组分含量,有利于提高土壤氮素供应能力;酸解氨基酸氮、酸解未知氮和酸解铵态氮是土壤活性氮的主要贡献因子。     

Improvement of soil fertility and rice yield after long-term application of cow manure combined with inorganic fertilizers

Fertilization is an effective technique to improve soil fertility and increase crop yield. The long-term effects of different fertilizers on soil considerably vary. Over 38 consecutive years of different fertilization positioning experiments in a double cropping rice field of Qiyang Red Soil Experimental Station, seven different fertilization treatments including CK (no fertilization), NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer), M (cow manure), NPKM (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium with cow manure), NPM (nitrogen and phosphorus with cow manure), NKM (nitrogen and potassium with cow manure), and PKM (phosphorus and potassium with cow manure) were applied to study the effects on rice yield, soil fertility, and nutrient apparent balance in a paddy field. The results showed that the annual average yields of rice in NPKM, NPM, NKM, PKM, M, NPK and CK treatments ranged from 6 214 to 11 562 kg ha^–1. Yields under long-term organic and inorganic treatments (NPKM, NPM, NKM and PKM) were 22.58, 15.35, 10.53 and 4.41%, respectively, greater than under the NPK treatment. Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN) and available potassium (AK) concentration with long-term organic and inorganic treatment (NPKM, NPM, NKM and PKM) were significantly higher than in inorganic fertilizer (NPK) treatments. Soil total phosphorus (TP) and available phosphorus (AP) contentration with organic fertilizer combined with inorganic N and P fertilizer treatment (NPKM, NPM and PKM) were significantly higher than with inorganic fertilizer alone (NPK treatments). The average annual rice yield (11 562 kg ha^–1), SOC (20.88 g kg^–1), TN (2.30 g kg^–1), TP (0.95 g kg^–1), TK (22.50 g kg^–1) and AP (38.94 mg kg^–1) concentrations were the highest in the NPKM treatment. The soil AN concentration (152.40 mg kg^–1) and AK contentration (151.00 mg kg^–1) were the highest in the NKM treatment. N and P application led to a surplus of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil, but NPKM treatment effectively reduced the surplus compared with other treatments. Soils under all treatments were deficient in potassium. Correlation analysis showed that SOC, TN, AN, TP, and AP contentration was significantly correlated with rice yield; the correlation coefficients were 0.428, 0.496, 0.518, 0.501, and 0.438, respectively. This study showed that the combined application of N, P, and K with cow manure had important effects on rice yield and soil fertility, but balanced application of N, P, and K with cow manure was required.     

Dynamics of organic carbon and nitrogen in deep soil profile and crop yields under long-term fertilization in wheat-maize cropping system

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) are two of the most important indicators for agricultural productivity. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the changes in SOC and N in the deep soil profile (up to 100 cm) and their relationships with crop productivity under the influence of long-term (since 1990) fertilization in the wheat-maize cropping system. Treatments included CK (control), NP (inorganic N and phosphorus (P) fertilizers), NPK (inorganic N, P and potassium fertilizers), NPKM (NPK plus manure), and M (manure). Crop yield and the properties of topsoil were measured yearly from 2001 to 2009. C and N contents were measured at five different depths in 2001 and 2009. The results showed that wheat and maize yields decreased between 2001 and 2009 under the inorganic fertilizer (NP and NPK) treatments. The average yield between 2001 and 2009 under the NP, NPK, NPKM, and M treatments (compared with the CK treatment) increased by 38, 115, 383, and 381%, respectively, for wheat and 348, 891, 2 738, and 1 845%, respectively, for maize. Different long-term fertilization treatments significantly changed coarse free particulate (cfPOC), fine free particulate (ffPOC), intramicroaggregate particulate (iPOC), and mineral-associated (mSOC) organic carbon fractions. In the experimental years of 2001 and 2009, soil fractions occurred in the following order for all treatments: mSOC>cfPOC>iPOC>ffPOC. All fractions were higher under the manure application treatments than under the inorganic fertilization treatments. Compared to the inorganic fertilization treatments, manure input enhanced the stocks of SOC and total N in the surface layer (0–20 cm) but decreased SOC and N in the deep soil layer (80–100 cm). This reveals the efficiency of manure in increasing yield productivity and decreasing risk of vertical loss of nutrients, especially N, compared to inorganic fertilization treatments. The findings provide opportunities for understanding deep soil C and N dynamics, which could help mitigate climate change impact on agricultural production and maintain soil health.     

Carbon cycle in response to residue management and fertilizer application in a cotton field in arid Northwest China

Understanding the influence of farming practices on carbon(C) cycling is important for maintaining soil quality and mitigating climate change, especially in arid regions where soil infertility, water deficiency, and climate change had significantly influenced on agroecosystem. A field experiment was set up in 2009 to examine the influence of residue management and fertilizer application on the C cycle in a cotton field in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of Northwest China. The study included two residue management practices(residue incorporation(S) and residue removal(NS)) and four fertilizer treatments(no fertilizer(CK), organic manure(OM), chemical fertilizer(NPK), chemical fertilizer plus organic manure(NPK+OM)). Soil organic carbon(SOC) and some of its labile fractions, soil CO_2 flux, and canopy apparent photosynthesis were measured during the cotton growing seasons in 2015 and 2016. The results showed that SOC, labile SOC fractions, canopy apparent photosynthesis, and soil CO_2 emission were significantly greater in S+NPK+OM(residue incorporation+chemical fertilizer) than in the other treatments. Analysis of all data showed that canopy apparent photosynthesis and soil CO_2 emission increased as SOC increased. The S+OM(residue incorporation+organic manure) and S+NPK+OM treatments were greater for soil C sequestration, whereas the other treatments resulted in soil C loss. The S+NPK treatment is currently the standard management practice in Xinjiang. The results of this study indicate that S+NPK cannot offset soil C losses due to organic matter decomposition and autotrophic respiration. Residue return combined with NPK fertilizer and organic manure application is the preferred strategy in arid regions for increasing soil C sequestration.     

长期施肥对黄泥田碳和氮及氮素利用的影响

 【目的】研究长期施肥下南方黄泥田碳和氮的变异规律及其与硝态氮累积的关系,阐明影响硝态氮累积的主要因素。【方法】以25年定位试验为平台,通过室内分析和统计分析,研究不施肥、施化肥和有机无机肥配施处理条件下黄泥田有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、微生物量碳、微生物量氮和氮素利用率的变化及与硝态氮累积的相关关系。【结果】（1）双季稻区,在提高土壤SOC、TN、碱解氮、微生物量碳和微生物量氮含量方面,有机无机肥配施明显优于单施无机肥,并以配施高量（70%）或低量有机肥（30%）效果最佳。（2）在等养分量条件下,与施无机肥处理相比,配施高量或低量有机肥处理在土壤硝态氮含量和累积量均有显著增加,有机无机肥等比例配施处理的硝态氮含量和累积量有大幅减少,与不施肥处理基本相当。【结论】提高土壤质量以配施高量有机肥效果最好,降低土壤中硝态氮累积量以等比例配施有机无机肥效果最佳。因此,从提高土壤质量和保护生态环境方面考虑,该区域有机无机肥配施应注意配施比例。影响硝态氮累积的因素主要有土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物量碳和微生物量氮,其中最直接的影响因素是土壤微生物量碳。     

施肥对坡地土壤团聚体与磷素赋存形态的影响

紫色土为长江上游农耕区主要土壤,多分布在山地丘陵区,其耕层较薄(30～80 cm),土壤养分质量分数普遍偏低,作物养分利用率低,但目前国内外关于团聚体尺度耕作土壤的磷素分异与循环规律的研究较少.为深入了解紫色土坡耕地长期施肥过程中的磷素养分库容和供应机制,本研究基于2002年开始的长期施肥定位试验,分析研究了西南紫色土区玉米/小麦轮作制度不同施肥方式下土壤团聚体发育特征,并结合碳、氮转化过程探讨紫色土培肥过程中磷素赋存形态及转化规律.结果表明:长期有机无机配合施肥促进大团聚体的形成,不同施肥平均重量直径(MWD)依次为:OMNPKRSDNPKNPKCK;长期施肥均不同程度提高了各粒径土壤团聚体中有机碳、全氮、全磷、速效磷及各形态无机磷(Ex-P, Al-P, Ca-P, Or-P)质量分数,其中主要提高了较大团聚体(2,0.25～2 mm)中养分质量分数.无机肥配施粪肥处理提升有机碳和全氮的效果优于无机肥配施秸秆,而对全磷和速效磷提升效果则相反.长期有机无机配合施用可有效提高各粒径团聚体中Ex-P,Al-P,Ca-P和Or-P质量分数,并促进Al-P,Ca-P向大团聚体转移,提高了土壤对有效磷素的保持能力.有机质添加处理在提高土壤有机碳和有机磷质量分数的同时,也对土壤磷素转化、提高磷素有效性具有重要影响.     

长期有机无机肥配施对红壤性水稻土微生物生物量和有机质结构的影响

为研究长期有机无机肥配施对红壤性水稻田作物产量、土壤微生物生物量及有机碳分子结构的影响,以始于1984年的江西红壤性水稻田长期定位试验为平台,选取的试验处理包括：不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（NPK）和等养分条件下70%化肥配施30%有机肥（NPKM1）、50%化肥配施50%有机肥（NPKM2）、30%化肥配施70%有机肥（NPKM3）,采用固体¹³C核磁共振测定了土壤有机碳组分含量,分析了土壤化学指标和土壤微生物生物量碳（Microbial biomass carbon,MBC）和微生物生物量氮（Microbial biomass nitrogen,MBN）。结果表明,连续34年的不同施肥处理显著影响了水稻产量、土壤微生物生物量及土壤有机碳（SOC）分子结构。与NPK处理相比,有机肥配施（NPKM1、NPKM2、NPKM3）提高了水稻产量,增幅为6.5%~7.7%（P>0.05）,中低有机肥配施比例（30%和50%）稳产效果更优。长期单施化肥使土壤严重酸化,而配施有机肥可减缓土壤酸化。长期施肥处理MBC和MBN较CK处理分别显著提高17.0%~71.1%和104.1%~267.0%,但MBC/MBN下降,有机无机肥配施处理较NPK处理提高了微生物熵。长期单施化肥主要提高了烷基碳的相对含量,而配施有机肥同时提高烷基碳和烷氧碳（甲氧基/含氮烷基碳）含量,有利于土壤活性有机质累积。Pearson相关性分析表明土壤微生物生物量与SOC、氮磷养分指标及甲氧基/含氮烷基碳呈显著或极显著正相关,与芳基碳和羧基碳呈显著负相关。冗余分析显示SOC、有效磷、速效钾及烷基碳等对水稻产量的影响较大。研究表明,在供试条件下,长期实行中低比例有机肥配施化肥有利于提高土壤养分和土壤微生物生物量,并改善土壤有机质结构,是维持作物高产和提升土壤质量的有效施肥措施。     

长期施肥下黑垆土有机碳变化特征及碳库组分差异

【目的】阐明长期施肥下土壤有机碳演变规律及碳库组分变化,揭示黄土旱塬土壤固碳效应及培肥模式。【方法】利用32年作物产量和土壤有机碳（SOC）数据分析土壤碳投入、固定及演变特征,采集2010年土样样品,通过物理分组方法得到砂粒、粗粉粒、细粉粒、粗黏粒、细黏粒及大团聚体和微团聚体,分析施肥对碳库组分的影响。【结果】试验中总碳投入从不施肥（CK）的8.10 t C?hm-2增加到秸秆还田（SNP）的69.40 t C?hm-2,耕层土壤SOC贮量施肥之间相差1.82倍,增施有机肥（M、MNP）SOC为21.76—24.04 t C?hm-2,SNP为16.01 t C?hm-2;土壤SOC贮量随碳输入量的增加而提高,有机碳固定率25.80%—36.05%,而秸秆还田只有8.20%;除长期不施肥处理仅靠根茬投入维持稳定的SOC水平外,其余所有肥料处理SOC均随试验年限延长而增加,SNP、M、MNP处理固碳速率依次为0.246、0.326、0.361 t C?hm-2?a-1。MNP和SNP处理砂粒SOC是CK的3.85和2.94倍、N处理的2.41和1.84倍,MNP处理较CK、NP处理SOC总量只增加了32.50%、18.10%,而砂粒中SOC却提高了285.12%、105.74%,砂粒级有机碳对施肥最敏感。施肥提高了活性有机碳（POC）与矿物结合态有机碳（MOC）的比率（W）,MNP、M、SNP处理的W值达18.62%、16.24%、14.41%,单施氮肥（N）和氮磷配施（NP）仅9.11%、9.99%,施肥提高了有机碳活性,改善了土壤有机碳质量。不施肥大团聚体（＞250 µm）SOC是微团聚体（＜53 µm)的9.14倍,施肥提高了15.83—23.84倍,并提高了大团聚体中土壤C/N比,而对微团聚体C/N影响不大。尽管团聚体含碳量随团聚体粒径增加而增加,但微团聚体有机碳含量增加对土壤固碳速率的作用显著高于大团聚体,对土壤碳的固定与物理保护起着重要作用。【结论】长期增施有机肥、秸秆还田提高了黄土旱塬黑垆土的碳固定与积累,且固碳增量主要分布在砂粒和大团聚体中。因此增施有机肥、秸秆还田是环境友好型土壤培肥措施。     

Soil aggregation and aggregate associated organic carbon and total nitrogen under long-term contrasting soil management regimes in loess soil

This study investigated the effects of three contrasting soil management regimes and different nutrient treatments on the distribution of water-stable aggregates(2, 1–2, 0.5–1, 0.25–0.5, and 0.25 mm) and associated soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(TN) content in loess soil. A 21-yr long-term experiment was performed, in which soil management regimes include cropland abandonment(Abandonment), bare fallow(Fallow) and wheat-fallow cropping(Cropping). Under Cropping, the following nutrient treatments were employed: control(CK, no nutrient input), nitrogen only(N), nitrogen and potassium(NK), phosphorus and potassium(PK), NP, NPK, and manure(M) plus NPK(MNPK). Results demonstrated that Abandonment significantly increased the content of soil macro-aggregates(0.25 mm) and mean weight diameter(MWD) at 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil horizons compared with Cropping, whereas Fallow yielded lower values of above two parameters. Abandonment increased SOC and TN contents in all aggregate sizes by 17–62% and 6–60%, respectively, at 0–10 cm soil layer compared with Cropping. Conversely, Fallow decreased SOC and TN contents in all aggregates by 7–27% and 7–25%, respectively. Nevertheless, the three soil management regimes presented similar SOC contents in all aggregates at 10–20 cm soil horizon. Only Cropping showed higher TN content in 0.5 mm aggregates than the two other regimes. Consequently, Abandonment enhanced the partitioning proportions of SOC and TN in 1 mm macro-aggregates, and Fallow promoted these proportions in micro-aggregates compared with Cropping. Under Cropping, long-term fertilization did not affect the distribution of aggregates and MWD values compared with those under CK, except for NPK treatment. Fertilizer treatments enhanced SOC and TN contents in aggregates at all tested soil depths. However, fertilization did not affect the partitioning proportions of SOC and TN contents in all aggregates compared with CK. Comprehensive results showed that different soil management regimes generated varied patterns of SOC and TN sequestration in loess soil. Abandonment enhanced soil aggregation and sequestered high amounts of SOC and TN in macro-aggregates. Long-term amendment of organic manure integrated with NPK maintained soil aggregate stability and improved SOC and TN sequestration in all aggregates in loess soil subjected to dryland farming.     

施肥方式对土壤活性有机碳及碳库管理指数的影响

基于长期田间定位试验,采用田间采样与数理统计法研究不同施肥方式对紫色土活性有机碳及碳库管理指数(CPMI)的影响。施肥方式包括不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、化学氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)、单施有机肥(OM)、有机肥配施化学氮磷钾肥(OMNPK)和秸秆还田配施化学氮磷钾肥(RSDNPK)。结果显示,施肥的各处理均能够提高土壤有机碳及其活性组分含量,以OM和RSDNPK处理的提升效果最佳。相比CK,OM处理的土壤总有机碳(TOC)、易氧化有机碳(PXOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量分别提高91.4%、109.2%、57.5%、35.1%,RSDNPK处理的TOC、PXOC、MBC、DOC含量分别提高142.8%、95.4%、70.8%、46.2%。土壤PXOC、MBC、DOC占TOC的比例(分配比例)分别为36.18%~49.13%、1.64%~2.58%、0.57%~0.94%,其中,PXOC和MBC的分配比例在RSDNPK处理中较CK显著(P<0.05)降低,而DOC的分配比例在各处理间无显著差异。OM和RSDNPK处理的CPMI显著(P<0.05)高于N和NPK处理。土壤PXOC、MBC含量与氮磷养分之间,以及CMPI与MBC、PXOC、TN、AN、AP均呈现显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)正相关性。研究结果说明,有机肥或秸秆还田配施氮磷钾化肥能够提高耕层土壤有机碳储量,改善土壤质量,PXOC与CPMI可用作表征土壤质量变化的敏感指标。     

长期施肥对绿洲农田土壤生产力及土壤硝态氮积累的影响

 在甘肃河西绿洲灌漠土上进行的长期定位试验表明，连续20年不施用任何肥料，导致农田土壤生产能力严重衰退。2001年不施肥的小麦产量仅是试验开始时（1982年）的25.7%，2000年的玉米产量为1984年的28.2%。肥料是影响农田土壤生产力的重要因素，不同肥料的影响程度依次是：氮肥＞有机肥＞磷肥＞钾肥，其平均增产率分别为36.5%、27.3%、24.7%和2.9%。随着试验年限的延长，不施任何肥料的对照产量持续降低，故氮肥的增产效果增加；磷肥增产效果比较平稳；钾肥在试验开始后最初6年（1982～1987年）无显著增产效应，中期具有一定的增产作用（1988～1992年），后期8年（1993～2001年）显著增产。施用有机肥的增产作用随着试验延续呈逐步增加的趋势，表明长期施用有机肥具有明显的残效叠加效应。不同施肥处理对土壤中NO-3-N的积累与分布有显著的影响。施用化肥的处理（NP和NPK）导致NO3--N在土壤剖面中大量积累，尤其是在20～140 cm土层。化肥与有机肥配合施用(MNP 和 MNPK) NO3--N在土壤剖面中的积累显著低于化肥处理。长期连续施用化肥和有机肥均导致土壤剖面中硝态氮的积累；与化肥相比，有机肥导致更深土壤剖面（140～180 cm）中硝态氮的积累，因此，长期有机无机肥配合施用可显著增加绿洲农田土壤生产力，维持和提高土壤质量，但从持续农业发展及保护生态环境等方面考虑，应适当降低施肥量。     

Chemical fertilizers could be completely replaced by manure to maintain high maize yield and soil organic carbon(SOC)when SOC reaches a threshold in the Northeast China Plain

The combined use of chemical and organic fertilizers is considered a good method to sustain high crop yield and enhance soil organic carbon(SOC),but it is still unclear when and to what extent chemical fertilizers could be replaced by organic fertilizers.We selected a long-term soil fertility experiment in Gongzhuling,Northeast China Plain to examine the temporal dynamics of crop yield and SOC in response to chemical nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium(NPK) fertilizers and manure,applied both individually and in combination,over the course of three decades(1980-2010).We aimed to test 1) which fertilizer application is the best for increasing both maize yield and SOC in this region,and 2) whether chemical fertilizers can be replaced by manure to maintain high maize yield and enhance SOC,and if so,when this replacement should be implemented.We observed that NPK fertilizers induced a considerable increase in maize yield in the first 12 years after the initiation of the experiment,but manure addition did not.In the following years,the addition of both NPK fertilizers and manure led to an increase in maize yield.SOC increased considerably in treatments with manure but remained the same or even declined with NPK treatments.The increase in maize yield induced by NPK fertilizers alone declined greatly with increasing SOC,whereas the combination of NPK and manure resulted in high maize yield and a remarkable improvement in SOC stock.Based on these results we suggested that NPK fertilizers could be at least partially replaced by manure to sustain high maize yield after SOC stock has reached 41.96 Mg C ha~(-1) in the Northeast China Plain and highly recommend the combined application of chemical fertilizers and manure(i.e.,60 Mg ha~(-1)).     

长期施肥对中性紫色水稻土氮素矿化和硝化作用的影响

【目的】揭示长期施肥对中性紫色水稻土生态系统氮素内循环矿化及硝化特征的影响,探索维持紫色水稻土长期供氮潜力的途径。【方法】利用重庆市北碚区21年的中性紫色水稻土长期定位试验,通过淹水密闭培养-间歇淋洗法研究长期施肥对土壤氮素矿化特性的影响,并测定了不同施肥措施下土壤硝化细菌数量、氨氧化潜势及硝化强度的变化。【结果】与长期不施肥对照相比,单施化肥（除单施氮肥）、有机肥或有机无机配施显著提高了土壤累积矿化氮量和氮素矿化势（N0）,氮磷钾肥配施有机肥处理累积矿化氮量最高达164.43 mg•kg-1,氮素矿化势相比CK处理增加了59.29%,而含氯氮磷钾肥配施有机肥增加累积矿化氮量和氮素矿化势幅度显著低于氮磷钾肥配施有机肥处理;不同施肥（除氮磷钾肥与单施有机肥）显著提高了氮素矿化速率常数（k）。施用氮肥处理显著提高了土壤硝化细菌数量,尤其是氮磷钾肥配施有机肥处理最高为CK处理的74.25倍;土壤氨氧化潜势和硝化强度表现出一致的趋势,均是氮磷钾肥配施有机肥处理最高而含氯氮磷钾肥配施有机肥显著低于不施肥对照处理。相关分析表明,土壤氨氧化潜势和硝化强度与土壤pH呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）。【结论】氮磷钾肥配施有机肥是提高紫色水稻土供氮潜力及改善有机氮品质的有效手段,含氯化肥抑制了硝化过程,可充当硝化抑制剂使用。     

不同施肥方式对农田有机碳含量的影响

[目的]研究不同施肥方式对农田有机碳（SOC）含量的影响,为制定农田管理措施以减少碳排放提供科学依据。[方法]收集我国37个试验站资料,分析不同施肥处理下SOC变化。[结果]对照（CK）、有机肥（M）、无机肥（NPK）、无机肥＋秸秆（NPKS）和无机肥＋厩肥施肥（NPKM）处理方式下,SOC含量上升的样本比例分别为37.86%、89.96%、72.24%、97.87%和94.43%。不同施肥处理下SOC的增长量与施肥时间呈显著正相关（P〈0.01）。SOC初始值与不同施肥方式下的SOC含量呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,但与SOC年增长率呈明显或极显著负相关（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。[结论]有机肥和无机肥配施,有助于提高SOC含量,增强土壤养分供贮能力,有利于维持土壤有机质的平衡。     

长期施用化肥或不同有机物对[HT3，4XBS]土[KG-*2]娄[HT3XBS][HT2”XBS]土土壤物理性质的影响

根据18 a的长期定位试验, 探讨不同施肥处理对关中（土娄）土土壤有机碳、导水率、体积质量、总孔隙度、田间持水量和团聚体的影响.结果表明,与对照相比,各施肥处理的田间持水量和总孔隙度均有不同程度提高,土壤体积质量均下降,有机肥和化肥的配合施用效果较好;长期配合施用不同有机物与化肥均有利于提高土壤的持水能力;施用有机肥处理比对照饱和导水率显著增加;长期施用不同有机物配施化肥可以改善土壤的团聚结构,秸秆还田对非水稳性团粒结构的形成有良好作用;长期施用化肥则对土壤团聚体稳定性有一定的负面影响.