长期不同施肥红壤磷素变化及其对产量的影响

目的 定量长期不同施肥红壤磷素的演变特征,研究红壤磷素变化对生产力的影响,为红壤地区磷素管理提供理论依据。方法 利用持续26年的红壤旱地长期定位试验平台（1991—2016年）,比较长期不施磷肥（CK、N、NK）、施用化学磷肥（PK、NP、NPK）、化肥配合秸秆还田（NPKS）和化肥配施有机肥及有机肥（1.5NPKM、NPKM、M）土壤Olsen-P和全磷含量变化,分析土壤磷素对磷盈亏量的响应,采用不同模型拟合作物产量对有效磷的响应曲线,计算土壤有效磷农学阈值。结果 长期施用磷肥显著提高了土壤全磷和有效磷含量,提升了土壤磷素活化系数（PAC）。化肥配施有机肥及有机肥处理（1.5NPKM、NPKM、M）的PAC高于化肥配合秸秆还田（NPKS）和施用化学磷肥（PK、NP、NPK）。红壤地区土壤全磷和有效磷变化量与土壤磷盈亏量呈正相关关系（P＜0.01）,土壤每累积盈余100 kg P·hm ^-2,土壤Olsen-P含量上升3.00—5.22 mg·kg ^-1,全磷上升0.02—0.06 g·kg ^-1。土壤每累积亏缺磷100 kg P·hm ^-2,不施磷肥处理（CK、N、NK）土壤Olsen-P分别下降1.85、0.40、1.76 mg·kg ^-1。化肥配施有机肥及有机肥处理（1.5NPKM、NPKM、M）的小麦和玉米产量显著高于化肥配合秸秆还田（NPKS）以及施用化学磷肥（PK、NP、NPK）,显著高于不施磷肥（CK、NK、N）。化肥配施有机肥及有机肥处理（1.5NPKM、NPKM、M）的产量可持续指数也高于其他处理。3种模型（线性-线性模型、线性-平台模型和米切里西方程）均能较好地拟合作物产量与红壤有效磷含量的响应关系（P＜0.01）。在红壤地区推荐使用拟合度较好的线性-线性模型,其计算出小麦和玉米的土壤Olsen-P农学阈值分别为13.5和23.4 mg·kg ^-1。 结论 在南方红壤地区,化肥配施有机肥更有利于磷素累积和提升磷素有效性。化肥配施有机肥作物产量显著高于其他处理,且稳产性好。线性-线性模型可用于计算红壤地区有效磷的农学阈值。生产上应该根据土壤有效磷含量及其农学阈值调整磷肥施用量。     

长期施肥对黄壤性水稻土磷平衡及农学阈值的影响

【目的】研究长期施肥条件下土壤有效磷（Olsen-P）的演变特征及土壤磷素的累积状况,分析土壤磷素累积与土壤有效磷的响应关系,明确Olsen-P的农学阈值及合理磷肥施用量,为西南黄壤地区科学施用磷肥提供理论依据。【方法】以贵州黄壤肥力与肥料长期定位试验为平台,选择试验中6个处理分别是不施肥（CK）、偏施氮钾肥（NK）、常量氮磷钾肥（NPK）、常量有机肥（M）、减1/2有机肥+减1/2氮磷钾肥（1/2 M +1/2 NPK）和常量有机肥+常量氮磷钾肥（MNPK）。分析西南黄壤性水稻土19年（1995-2013）土壤Olsen-P含量与植株吸磷量,研究土壤Olsen-P的变化规律及土壤累积磷盈亏状况,通过Mitscherlich方程模拟作物相对产量对土壤Olsen-P的响应关系,明确西南黄壤性水稻土的农学阈值,并分析Olsen-P与施肥量之间的关系。【结果】长期施用磷肥处理可显著提高土壤Olsen-P含量,各施磷处理Olsen-P年增长速率在0.72-2.47 mg·kg^-1·a^-1,其中MNPK处理Olsen-P增长速率最大,NPK处理最小,主要与施肥量的高低有关;有机肥配施化学磷肥比单施化学磷肥和单施有机肥更能有效地促进作物对磷素的吸收;不施磷处理土壤磷素一直处于亏缺状态,施磷处理土壤磷素盈余量为176-1 200 kg·hm^-2,其中MNPK处理磷素盈余量最高;土壤累积磷盈余量与土壤Olsen-P增量呈显著线性相关,土壤中磷素每盈余100 kg·hm^-2,NPK、M、1/2M+1/2NPK、MNPK处理Olsen-P含量分别提高4.0、2.0、3.2和2.0 mg·kg^-1;土壤每年磷盈亏和Olsen-P含量与磷肥施用量呈极显著正相关关系,磷肥用量（纯P）17.4 kg·hm^-2时土壤磷盈亏呈持平状态,西南黄壤性水稻土Olsen-P的农学阈值为15.8 mg·kg^-1;对应的施肥量（纯P）为每年37.2 kg·hm^-2·a^-1。【结论】土壤有效磷随土壤磷素盈余而变化,同时与磷素投入量密切相关,当磷肥用量（纯P）为17.4 kg·hm^-2·a^-1土壤磷素呈持平状态。当磷肥用量（纯P）为37.2 kg·hm^-2·a^-1时,可获得较高作物产量,磷肥当季利用率高,且磷素在土壤中累积较少。当磷肥用量（纯P）大于37.2 kg·hm^-2·a^-1时,作物产量对磷肥用量无响应,大量磷素累积在土壤中,增加土壤磷素的流失风险。土壤中累积磷盈余量一定的情况下,西南黄壤性水稻土长期单施化学磷肥提升土壤Olsen-P的速率大于施用有机肥处理。     

长期施肥紫色水稻土磷素累积与迁移特征

【目的】探讨长期不同施肥对钙质紫色水稻土磷素累积与迁移的影响。【方法】以长期肥料定位试验不同施肥处理的土壤为研究对象,试验处理包括不施肥（CK）、氮肥（N）、氮磷肥（NP）、氮磷钾肥（NPK）、有机肥（M,鲜猪粪）、有机肥+氮肥（MN）、有机肥+氮磷肥（MNP）和有机肥+氮磷钾肥（MNPK）8种施肥方式,研究不同施肥处理条件下钙质紫色水稻土磷素平衡、累积和去向状况,以及不同施肥方式对耕层（0-20 cm）土壤全磷、有效磷演变规律及土壤剖面（0-100 cm）全磷、有效磷迁移特征。【结果】钙质紫色水稻土33年不施用磷肥（CK和N）作物籽粒和秸秆磷素携出总量为613.12 kg·hm^-2,种苗、根茬、雨水及灌溉水带入土壤总磷量为106.61 kg·hm^-2,长期不施用磷肥土壤磷素表现出亏缺状况,年亏缺量为15.35 kg·hm^-2,且土壤磷含量随种植年限延续而下降,土壤全磷含量年均减少量为0.0011 g·kg^-1、有效磷含量年均减少量为0.029 mg·kg^-1;33年单施无机磷肥（NP和NPK）土壤磷素投入总量为1 880.03 kg·hm^-2、作物携出磷量为1 275.40 kg·hm^-2,有机肥处理（M和MN）土壤投入磷量为2 532.68 kg·hm^-2、携出磷量为757.50 kg·hm^-2;有机无机磷肥配施（MNP和MNPK）土壤投入和携出磷量分别为4 305.11和1 436.64 kg·hm^-2;不同施肥处理土壤磷素投入量都明显高于作物携出量,导致单施无机磷肥、单施有机磷肥和有机无机磷肥配施处理土壤磷素年盈余量分别为18.32、53.79和86.92 kg·hm^-2,年未知去向磷量分别为4.99、34.96和59.39 kg·hm^-2,土壤全磷含量年增加量分别为0.015、0.0018和0.018 g·kg^-1,有效磷含量年增加量分别为1.13、0.032和1.17 mg·kg^-1。长期不施用磷肥钙质紫色水稻土全磷含量随土层深度增加而降低,土壤有效磷含量则相反;长期施用磷肥土壤全磷和有效磷含量在土壤剖面都呈现出上下层高、中间低的空间分布格局。施用无机磷肥土壤磷素可迁移至60-80 cm土层,施用有机磷肥或有机无机磷肥配施土壤磷素可迁移至100 cm以下;随着磷肥施用年限持续,土壤磷素迁移深度和迁移量将会更大,有机肥的施用促使磷素向土壤下层迁移。【结论】连续数年施用磷肥后,土壤磷含量达到一定水平时应考虑减少磷肥用量,减少因有机肥过量施用导致的磷素快速积累和淋失。     

长期施肥紫色土有效磷变化及其对稻麦轮作产量的影响

【目的】通过总结分析长期施肥处理下紫色土稻麦轮作土壤有效磷的变化特征,以及土壤磷素变化对作物产量的影响,为紫色土稻麦轮作磷素管理提供理论依据。【方法】依托国家肥力监测网紫色土肥力监测试验站27年的稻麦轮作定位试验,选取10种不同施肥处理：CK处理（只种作物不施肥）;N、NP、NK、PK、NPK为不同氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）化肥配施处理;M、NPKS、NPKM、1.5NPK+M为有机肥（M）、秸秆还田（S）及其与化肥配施处理。试验数据涵盖1991—2018年,测定不同施肥处理下土壤有效磷含量和作物产量,计算100 kg籽粒磷素吸收量和磷肥利用率,分析土壤磷素变化对累积磷盈亏的响应,采用不同模型计算土壤磷素农学阈值。【结果】长期施用磷肥能够显著提高土壤有效磷含量,各施磷处理有效磷年均增量为0.80—2.32 mg·kg^-1;而不施磷处理CK、N、NK和单施有机肥处理M的土壤有效磷含量则逐年下降至平稳状态。不施磷处理土壤磷素一直处于亏缺状态,施磷各处理27年后土壤累积磷盈余量为244.8—698.2 kg P·hm^-2,其中1.5NPK+M处理累积磷盈余量最高;施磷处理土壤累积盈余量与土壤Olsen-P增量呈显著线性相关,土壤每盈余磷100 kg·hm^-2,土壤有效磷含量提高4.27—6.5 mg·kg^-1。磷肥施用能显著提升稻麦轮作系统作物产量和吸磷量,100 kg水稻籽粒需磷量为0.17—0.41 kg,100 kg小麦籽粒需磷量为0.25—0.57 kg;试验各处理的磷肥利用率为10.3%—39.7%;4种模型（线性-平台模型、双直线模型、BoxLucas模型和米切里西模型）均能较好地拟合作物产量与紫色土有效磷含量的响应关系,其中双直线模型的拟合度最好,其计算的水稻和小麦的土壤有效磷农学阈值分别为13.28和9.93 mg·kg^-1。 【结论】在紫色土水稻-小麦轮作体系中,合理施用磷肥能显著提高作物吸磷量、产量以及土壤有效磷含量。推荐双直线模型用于计算紫色土稻麦轮作体系下土壤有效磷的农学阈值,生产上应根据土壤有效磷含量及其农学阈值调整磷肥施用量。     

长期施肥下甘薯产量稳定性及品质特性研究

以1980年建立的长期定位试验为基础,研究2002-2015年不同施肥方式对甘薯干物质积累、产量及品质特性的影响,探讨甘薯产量稳定性及品质特性对长期不同施肥方式的响应规律,为指导本区域合理施肥管理及改善农田生态系统提供依据。试验设置不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)、有机无机配施(MNPK)4个处理。结果表明:与CK处理相比,施肥处理(NPK、M、MNPK)显著提高甘薯地上部分和块根干物质积累量、产量及可持续性指数,而施肥处理降低块根产量的变异系数,这说明施肥有利于改善本区域甘薯块根产量稳定性及可持续性,其中以NPK和MNPK处理效果显著。与CK处理相比,MNPK处理显著降低块根干率和糊化特性的回复值和糊化温度,显著提高块根的蛋白质及糊化特性的最高粘度值和崩解值。与NPK处理和M处理相比,MNPK处理糊化特性的最高粘度值和崩解值均有显著提高,回复值和糊化温度有显著降低。有机无机配施是甘薯高产稳产及品质提高的有效栽培措施。     

长期施肥条件下潮土土壤磷素对磷盈亏的响应

【目的】土壤磷素状况是评价土壤养分的重要指标之一。探讨长期施肥条件下土壤有效磷、全磷对土壤磷素盈亏（平衡）的响应,为潮土区施肥管理和土壤培肥提供科学依据。【方法】分析了天津潮土33年（1979-2012）肥料长期定位试验中,不同施肥处理下土壤磷素盈亏与Olsen磷、全磷的变化特征。【结果】长期不施肥（CK）、单施氮肥（N）、氮钾配施（NK）及秸秆与氮肥配施（NS）处理,土壤中磷素常年处于亏缺状态。施磷处理（PK,NP,NPK）和有机肥与氮肥配施（NM）,土壤中磷素均有盈余,PK处理盈余最多,但随试验年限延长（约20年后）,NP,NPK和NM处理土壤中磷素盈余量呈下降趋势。土壤有效磷增加量随磷盈亏而变化,二者呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。施用无机磷肥或有机肥,均可使土壤中的磷素盈余,土壤中每盈余100 kg·hm^-2磷,PK、NP、NPK、NM处理土壤中的Olsen磷分别增加3.59、1.19、1.75和2.40 mg·kg^-1。长期不同施肥,土壤磷平衡与土壤全磷增量间呈正相关,但不同处理下差异较大。单施氮肥（N）和秸秆还田（NS）处理,可认为累积磷平衡对土壤全磷增量无影响。施用无机磷肥或有机肥,土壤中每盈余100 kg P·hm^-2,PK、NP、NPK、NM处理土壤中全磷分别增加0.06、0.07、0.07和0.10 g·kg^-1。【结论】土壤磷素盈亏状况与肥料配施类型密切相关,长期施用化学磷肥或有机肥,土壤有效磷、全磷增加量与土壤磷素盈亏呈显著直线正相关。有机肥与氮肥配施提升土壤全磷的速率大于施用化肥。     

商品有机肥替代部分化肥对玉米生长、产量及土壤肥力的影响

【目的】研究商品有机肥替代部分化肥施用后对玉米生长、产量、土壤肥力及经济效益的影响,为玉米生产中有机肥替代部分化肥的应用提供可行性依据。【方法】设3个处理,不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(NPK)、有机肥替代部分化肥(MNPK)(等养分条件下,氮、磷和钾替代比例分别为10.0%、18.3%和15.0%),设田间小区试验与室内分析。【结果】商品有机肥替代部分化肥(MNPK)较常规施肥(NPK)和不施肥(CK),提高了玉米各生育期株高、茎粗、叶片数和叶片SPAD值;改善了玉米的穗部性状和产量构成;玉米产量增加83.47%、14.94%,净收益增加419.58元/hm²;土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质含量分别增加13.08%～39.29%、71.97%～95.70%、13.29%～45.13%、20.00%～23.26%,提高含水量,降低土壤pH和土壤容重。【结论】商品有机肥替代部分化肥是促进玉米生长、增产增效和培肥土壤的一种经济可行的施肥方法。     

不同施肥条件下农田土壤动物群落组成及多样性变化

[目的]研究不同施肥条件下农田土壤动物群落组成及多样性变化。[方法]设对照(CK)、施氮(N)、施氮磷钾(NPK)、施氮磷钾+秸秆(SNPK)和施氮磷钾+有机肥(MNPK)5种处理,探讨不同施肥条件下农田土壤动物群落组成及多样性变化。[结果]调查发现各类土壤动物4 027头。从土壤动物类群来看,5种施肥处理中,MNPK>SNPK>CK>NPK>N;从土壤动物的数量分布来看,MNPK>SNPK>CK>NPK>N;从多样性指数来看,MNPK>SNPK>NPK>CK>N。各施肥条件下的土壤动物群落表现为中等相似。[结论]农田增加有机肥及秸秆还田有利于土壤动物生存和发展,改善土壤结构,增加农作物产量。     

Organic matter fractions within macroaggregates in response to long-term fertilization in calcareous soil after reclamation

Soil organic carbon(SOC) plays a key role in improving soil quality and optimizing crop yield. Yet little is known about the fate of macroaggregates(0.25 mm) under long-term fertilization and their relative importance in SOC sequestration in reclaimed calcareous soil. Therefore, the effects of mineral fertilizers and organic manure on the mechanisms of organic carbon(OC) stabilization in macroaggregates were investigated in this study. Four treatments were used: unfertilized control(CK), mineral fertilizer(NPK), compost chicken manure alone(M), and mineral fertilizers plus manure(MNPK). Samples from the 0–20 cm layer of soil receiving 11-year-long fertilization were separated into four fractions based on the macroaggregates present(unprotected coarse and fine particulate organic matter, cPOM and fPOM; physically protected intra-microaggregate POM, i POM; and biochemically protected mineral associated OM, MOM) by the physical fractionation method. Compared with the control, the long-term application of NPK had little effect on SOC content, total nitrogen(TN) content, and OC and TN contents of macroaggregate fractions. In contrast, incorporation of organic manure(MNPK) significantly increased SOC(45.7%) and TN(24.3%) contents. Application of MNPK increased OC contents within macroaggregate-extracted fractions of cPOM(292.2%), fPOM(136.0%) and iPOM(124.0%), and TN contents within cPOM(607.1%), fPOM(242.5%) and iPOM(127.6%), but not the mineral associated organic carbon(MOM-C) and nitrogen(MOM-N) contents. Unprotected C fractions were more strongly and positively correlated with SOC increase than protected C fractions, especially for cPOM-C, indicating that SOC sequestration mainly occurred via cPOM-C in the studied calcareous soil. In conclusion, MNPK increased the quantity and stability of SOC by increasing the contents of cPOM-C and cPOM-N, suggesting that this management practice(MNPK) is an effective strategy to develop sustainable agriculture.     

Interaction of soil microbial communities and phosphorus fractions under long-term fertilization in paddy soil

Understanding the impact of biological activities on the soil phosphorus (P) distribution under long-term fertilizer application can facilitate better soil P fertility management. Therefore, the primary objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of long-term (since 1981) fertilizer application on the soil P fractions and microbial community and to evaluate correlations between the microbial community structure and P distribution. The following treatments were implemented in a long-term field trial: no fertilization (CK), inorganic N and K (NK), inorganic P and K (PK), inorganic N, P and K (NPK) and manure+NPK (MNPK) fertilization. The study showed that the soil pH, soil organic carbon and total and available N and P concentrations were considerably higher in the MNPK treatment than in the CK treatment. The soil microbial biomass C, N and P concentrations were also significantly higher in the MNPK treatment than in the CK treatment. Among fertilization treatments, the β-1,4-glucosidase, α-1,4-glucosidase, urease, acid phosphatase and phosphodiesterase activities were the highest in the MNPK treatment. Compared to inorganic fertilization, the MNPK treatment increased the labile soil P fractions and decreased the residual soil P concentration. Continuous fertilization significantly affected the soil microbial composition. The total phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) concentrations in the NK, PK, NPK and MNPK treatments were 23.3, 43.1, 48.7 and 87.7% higher, respectively, than in the CK treatment. A significant correlation was observed between the microbial community and soil P fractions. Moreover, the aggregated boosted tree (ABT) model showed that among the various soil biochemical properties, the total PLFA concentration was the factor that most influenced the active P pool, accounting for 35.4% of the relative influence of all soil biochemical properties examined. These findings reveal that combined manure and inorganic fertilizer application is a better approach than applying inorganic fertilizer alone for sustaining long-term P fertility by mediating soil biological activity.     

Response of soil Olsen-P to P budget under different long-term fertilization treatments in a fluvo-aquic soil

The concentration of soil Olsen-P is rapidly increasing in many parts of China, where P budget(P input minus P output) is the main factor influencing soil Olsen-P. Understanding the relationship between soil Olsen-P and P budget is useful in estimating soil Olsen-P content and conducting P management strategies. To address this, a long-term experiment(1991–2011) was performed on a fluvo-aquic soil in Beijing, China, where seven fertilization treatments were used to study the response of soil Olsen-P to P budget. The results showed that the relationship between the decrease in soil Olsen-P and P deficit could be simulated by a simple linear model. In treatments without P fertilization(CK, N, and NK), soil Olsen-P decreased by 2.4, 1.9, and 1.4 mg kg~(–1) for every 100 kg ha~(–1) of P deficit, respectively. Under conditions of P addition, the relationship between the increase in soil Olsen-P and P surplus could be divided into two stages. When P surplus was lower than the range of 729–884 kg ha~(–1), soil Olsen-P fluctuated over the course of the experimental period with chemical fertilizers(NP and NPK), and increased by 5.0 and 2.0 mg kg~(–1), respectively, when treated with chemical fertilizers combined with manure(NPKM and 1.5 NPKM) for every 100 kg ha~(–1) of P surplus. When P surplus was higher than the range of 729–884 kg ha~(–1), soil Olsen-P increased by 49.0 and 37.0 mg kg~(–1) in NPKM and 1.5 NPKM treatments, respectively, for every 100 kg ha~(–1) P surplus. The relationship between the increase in soil Olsen-P and P surplus could be simulated by two-segment linear models. The cumulative P budget at the turning point was defined as the "storage threshold" of a fluvo-aquic soil in Beijing, and the storage thresholds under NPKM and 1.5 NPKM were 729 and 884 kg ha~(–1)P for more adsorption sites. According to the critical soil P values(CPVs) and the relationship between soil Olsen-P and P budget, the quantity of P fertilizers for winter wheat could be increased and that of summer maize could be decreased based on the results of treatments in chemical fertilization. Additionally, when chemical fertilizers are combined with manures(NPKM and 1.5 NPKM), it could take approximately 9–11 years for soil Olsen-P to decrease to the critical soil P values of crops grown in the absence of P fertilizer.     

长期施用不同肥料塿土PLFA指纹特征

【目的】土壤微生物群落结构的组成与活性的变化是衡量土壤肥力的重要指标,研究长期不同施肥和土壤管理方式对塿土微生物群落结构的影响,对于指导塿土施肥和土壤管理,实现农田可持续利用具有重要意义。【方法】以陕西杨凌“国家黄土肥力与肥料效益监测基地”长期肥料定位试验为基础,运用磷脂脂肪酸标记法（PLFA）,研究了塿土长期不同施肥及土地利用方式下土壤微生物群落结构及其与土壤理化性质的关系。处理包括：长期不施肥（CK）、单施氮肥（N）、长期配合施用氮钾（NK）、磷钾（PK）、氮磷（NP）、有机肥和氮磷钾（MNPK）以及长期休闲（FL）和撂荒（AB）。【结果】与对照相比,MNPK、NP和撂荒处理土壤总PLFA分别增加218.8%、73.9%和74.3%,细菌分别增加188.3%、80.8%和82.6%,真菌分别增加了315.8%、111.5%和167.0%,放线菌分别增加了23.7%、21.3%和16.3%,同时也显著增加了真菌/细菌比;N、NK和PK土壤总PLFA、细菌、真菌差异不显著,但PK显著降低放线菌的含量;与农田施肥相比,休闲和撂荒显著降低G+和G-含量。多样性指数结果表明,长期有机无机配施明显提高土壤微生物群落的Shannon-Winner多样性指数、Simpson优势度和Pielou均匀度指数,撂荒和NP也能显著增加Shannon-Winner多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数,而长期休闲处理均明显降低了这些指数。主成分分析表明,MNPK、NP、撂荒和休闲土壤微生物群落结构发生较大变化;MNPK显著提高G-（18:1ω5c,cy19:0ω7c）、细菌（16:0,10Me22:0饱和脂肪酸）及真核生物（18:3ω6c,16:3ω6c,22:2ω6c）的多度值,撂荒（AB）和NP显著提高细菌（15﹕0,18﹕0,22﹕0,17﹕0饱和脂肪酸）的多度值。RDA分析表明,土壤理化性质对微生物菌群影响的重要性依次为有机质＞全氮＞含水量＞速效磷＞pH＞容重＞速效钾,这些理化因子均是微生物生长的关键因子。【结论】长期有机无机肥配施、氮磷配施和撂荒提高了土壤微生物群落结构多样性,从而改善了土壤生态环境,而长期休闲不利于土壤生态系统的稳定和健康。     

长期施肥对红壤旱地磷组分及磷有效性的影响

为提高红土红壤磷的有效性和肥料磷的利用率，设立长期定位试验，研究了红壤旱地不同施肥条件下土壤磷素的变化规律。结果表明：长期施磷，特别是磷肥和有机肥配合施用能明显提高土壤全磷（PT）、无机磷、有机磷、Olsen-P和Bray-P含量。在施磷的条件下，土壤磷的积累主要表现为Ca2-P,Ca8-P和Al-P增加。土壤中Olsen-P和Bray-P含量与土壤中各磷组分的相关性以Ca2-P最好，Al-P和Ca8-P次之，O－P最差，土壤Olsen-P和Bray-P含量与作物产量显著正相关。     

长期施肥对洞庭湖区水稻土物理性状及团聚体中有机碳积累的影响

基于27年长期试验,采集0~20 cm和20~40 cm两土层原状土样,研究施氮磷钾化肥及配施有机肥对洞庭湖区典型水稻土物理性状及团聚体中有机碳积累的影响。结果表明:与不施肥相比,长期施肥后两土层内土壤总孔隙度、田间持水量分别提高2.6%~8.3%、-3.0%~23.5%,土壤容重则降低3.0%~11.6%,其影响效应随土层加深而减弱,在0~20 cm土层均达显著水平(P<0.05)。长期施肥后粒径>5 mm具不良孔性的团块结构数量明显减少,两土层中0.5~2 mm和2~5 mm大团粒结构体比例则较不施肥处理分别显著提高57.3%~94.3%和25.8%~103.8%(P<0.05),土壤物理结构得以改善。随粒径减小,团聚体中有机碳含量和储量分别呈现逐渐增加和降低的变化趋势,长期施肥均显著提高两土层特别是0~20 cm层土壤及各级团聚体中有机碳含量(P<0.05)。施肥主要影响且显著提升粒径<5 mm特别是0.5~2 mm和2~5 mm团聚体中有机碳储量。研究表明,氮磷钾化肥配施有机肥改善土壤物理性状和增强团聚体固碳能力的效应较氮磷钾化肥单施更为突出,且随有机肥施用比例增加,其效应愈趋明显。     

Long-term phosphorus accumulation and agronomic and environmtal critical phosphorus levels in Haplic Luvisol soil,northern China

Sufficient soil phosphorus(P) content is essential for achieving optimal crop yields,but accumulation of P in the soil due to excessive P applications can cause a risk of P loss and contribute to eutrophication of surface waters.Determination of a critical soil P value is fundamental for making appropriate P fertilization recommendations to ensure safety of both environment and crop production.In this study,agronomic and environmental critical P levels were determined by using linear-linear and linear-plateau models,and two segment linear model,for a maize(Zea mays L.)-winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) rotation system based on a 22-yr field experiment on a Haplic Luvisol soil in northern China.This study included six treatments:control(unfertilized),no P(NoP),application of mineral P fertilizer(MinP),MinP plus return of maize straw(MinP+StrP),MinP plus low rate of farmyard swine manure(MinP+L.Man) and MinP plus high rate of manure(MinP+H.Man).Based on the two models,the mean agronomic critical levels of soil Olsen-P for optimal maize and wheat yields were 12.3 and 12.8 mg kg~(-1),respectively.The environmental critical P value as an indicator for P leaching was 30.6 mg Olsen-P kg~(-1),which was 2.4 times higher than the agronomic critical P value(on average 12.5 mg P kg~(-1)).It was calculated that soil Olsen-P content would reach the environmental critical P value in 41 years in the MinP treatment,but in only 5-6years in the two manure treatments.Application of manure could significantly raise soil Olsen-P content and cause an obvious risk of P leaching.In conclusion,the threshold range of soil Olsen-P is from 12.5 to 30.6 mg P kg~(-1) to optimize crop yields and meanwhile maintain relatively low risk of P leaching in Haplic Luvisol soil,northern China.     

氮肥及其与秸秆配施在不同肥力土壤的固持及供应

【目的】在有机物料和无机氮肥的配施条件下,研究氮素在土壤中的固持与释放过程,以期达到土壤供氮与作物需氮相一致的目的。【方法】以长期定位试验不同施肥处理土壤（不施肥,NF;施用氮磷钾化肥,NPK;厩肥与化肥配施,MNPK）为研究对象,采用盆栽试验研究化学氮肥及其与秸秆配施在不同肥力土壤中的固持与供应。【结果】与未施氮肥（对照）相比,单施尿素对NF处理土壤小麦籽粒产量无显著影响,而显著提高了NPK和MNPK处理土壤小麦籽粒产量;MNPK处理土壤氮肥利用率（67%）显著高于NPK（56%）和NF（19%）处理土壤。与施用氮肥处理相比,秸秆与尿素配施显著降低了小麦产量和氮素利用率,但MNPK处理土壤小麦产量及氮肥利用率（11%）仍显著高于NPK处理（7%）;秸秆与尿素配施降低了当季小麦对施入氮素的吸收利用,小麦收获时不同施肥处理土壤有79%-88%施入的氮素未被吸收利用。【结论】有机肥与化肥长期配施在协调土壤氮素供应,提高作物产量及氮肥利用率方面具有突出作用。     

有机无机肥配施比例对红壤稻田水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响

 【目的】综合评价中国南方双季稻地区化肥有机肥配合施用下水稻产量及土壤肥力效应。【方法】在江西双季稻区进行连续25年的田间定位试验,比较不施肥（CK）、施用化肥（NPK）、等养分条件下70%化肥配合施用30%有机肥（70F＋30M）、50%化肥配合施用50%有机肥（50F＋50M）、30%化肥配合施用70%有机肥（30F＋70M）的水稻产量和土壤肥力变化。【结果】有机无机肥配施,早晚稻平均产量比不施肥（CK）增产幅度为65.4%－71.5%（P＜0.05）,比施化肥（NPK）增产幅度为3.9%－7.8%（P＜0.05）,其中,以30F+70M处理产量最高,年产量达 12 346.90 kg?hm-2。高量有机肥配施处理与化肥处理、低量有机肥配施处理的产量差均呈逐步增加趋势。对土壤肥力的研究表明,长期不施肥会降低土壤肥力,长期平衡单施化肥（NPK）具有明显培肥地力的作用,有机无机肥配施培肥地力作用更明显。【结论】红壤稻田系统的增产和稳产性能均以有机无机肥配施最好,高量有机肥更有利于稻田持续增产,有利于红壤稻田土壤培肥。     

Trends of Yield and Soil Fertility in a Long-Term Wheat-Maize System

The sustainability of the wheat-maize rotation is important to China＇s food security. Intensive cropping without recycling crop residues or other organic inputs results in the loss of soil organic matter （SOM） and nutrients, and is assumed to be non- sustainable. We evaluated the effects of nine different treatments on yields, nitrogen use efficiency, P and K balances, and soil fertility in a wheat-maize rotation system （1991-2010） on silt clay loam in Shaanxi, China. The treatments involved the application of recommended dose of nitrogen （N）, nitrogen and phosphorus （NP）, nitrogen and potassium （NK）, phosphorus and potassium （PK）, combined NPK, wheat or maize straw （S） with NPK （SNPK）, or dairy manure （M） with NPK （M1NPK and M2NPK）, along with an un-treated control treatment （CK）. The mean yields of wheat and maize ranged from 992 and 2 235 kg ha-1 under CK to 5 962 and 6 894 kg ha-1 under M2NPK treatment, respectively. Treatments in which either N or P was omitted （N, NK and PK） gave significantly lower crop yields than those in which both were applied. The crop yields obtained under NP, NPK and SNPK treatments were statistically identical, as were those obtained under SNPK and MNPK. However, M2NPK gave a significant higher wheat yield than NP, and MNPK gave significant higher maize yield than both NP and NPK. Wheat yields increased significantly （by 86 to 155 kg ha-1 yr-1） in treatments where NP was applied, but maize yields did not. In general, the nitrogen use efficiency of wheat was the highest under the NP and NPK treatments; for maize, it was the highest under MNPK treatment. The P balance was highly positive under MNPK treatment, increasing by 136 to 213 kg ha-1 annually. While the K balance was negative in most treatments, ranging from 31 to 217 kg ha^-1 yr^-1, levels of soil available K remained unchanged or increased over the 20 yr. SOM levels increased significantly in all treatments. Overall, the results indicated that combinations of organic manure and inorganic nitrogen, or retuming straw with NP is likely to improve soil fertility, increasing the yields achievable with wheat-maize system in a way which is environmentally and agronomically beneficial on the tested soil.     

长期施肥条件下黑垆土有效磷对磷盈亏的响应

【目的】阐明不同施肥条件下土壤有效磷与土壤磷素累积的响应关系,为黄土高原旱作农区科学施用磷肥提供依据。【方法】分析了黑垆土28年(1979—2007年)肥料长期定位试验中,不同施肥处理下土壤磷素盈亏与土壤有效磷的变化特征。【结果】长期施用化肥(NP)、单施有机肥(M)及化肥与有机配施(NPM),土壤有效磷含量随试验年限的延长呈极显著(P0.01)上升趋势,年均分别增加0.54、0.64和1.11mg·kg-1,而不施肥和单施氮肥处理土壤有效磷含量呈持平或下降趋势。土壤有效磷增加量随磷盈亏而变化,二者呈极显著(P0.01)正相关,施用化学磷肥、单施有机肥和有机无机肥配施,土壤中的磷素均有盈余,土壤中每盈余100kg·hm-2磷所能增加的土壤有效磷分别为3.85、0.29和0.53mg·kg-1。施用化学磷肥土壤有效磷的增加速率是施有机肥的11.6倍。【结论】土壤有效磷随土壤磷素盈余而变化与加入磷素形态密切相关,长期单施化学磷肥提升土壤有效磷的速率显著大于单施有机肥。     

太湖稻麦轮作农田减施磷肥盆栽试验研究

选择江苏常熟富磷、中磷、缺磷三个磷水平水稻土,通过盆栽试验研究稻麦轮作农田稻季不施磷的减磷措施的可行性。实验分四个不同处理:麦季施磷稻季不施磷(PW)、稻季施磷麦季不施磷(PR)、稻麦季均施磷(PR+W,目前农民施肥方式)以及稻麦季均不施磷(Pzero)。四年八季试验结果表明:与PR+W处理相比,无论是富磷、中磷以及缺磷土壤中,PW处理下的作物产量均无显著性差异,却显著提高四年稻麦轮作周期内的磷肥表观利用率(富磷、中磷以及缺磷三种土壤上分别高出4.21%、17.3%、18.5%),同时土壤速效磷含量累积下降20%~60%。然而,与PR+W处理相比,PR处理在缺磷土壤上作物产量下降了75%(P0.05)。四年盆栽试验结果表明,稻麦轮作农田在土壤磷素供应水平中等及以上条件下,通过稻季不施磷的措施来达到稻麦轮作农田减磷的效果在理论上具有可行性,可以保证作物较高产量水平和土壤磷素的环境安全。