波尔多液营养保护剂对花生黄化症的矫治及生长效应的影响

选用山东省花生主产区的代表性石灰性土壤，通过土培试验的方法，研究了3种不同形态铁的波尔多液营养保护剂BNPP-NFe、BNPP-EFe、BNPP-RFe和美国铜基杀菌剂Kocide 4种可湿性粉剂矫治花生缺铁黄化症，以及对花生生长效应的影响。结果表明，与CK(喷清水)相比，喷施BNPP-NFe后，花生叶绿素、活性铁、全铁含量都有显著提高，并且BNPP-NFe、BNPP-EFe和BNPP-RFe处理的产量比CK分别提高92％～115％、67％～98％以及90％～94％。BNPP-NFe处理与Kocide处理相比，花生叶片活性铁和全铁含量差异显著，分别提高77.12％～139%以及29.01％～120%，产量提高27.5％～37.6％。3种不同的波尔多液营养保护剂以BNPP-NFe效果最好，且优于美国Kocide产品。     

新型波尔多液营养保护剂对土壤某些生化性状的影响

波尔多液营养保护剂(BNPP)是一种新型的传统波尔多液(BDM)替代产品,具有杀菌谱广,无抗药性,使用、运输及存储方便等优点。本文以美国铜基杀菌剂Kocide2000(KCD)在番茄植株上的年推荐使用量为依据,模拟BNPP 10,50,100年的施用量,1次性施入盆栽番茄土壤中,研究其对土壤某些生化性质的影响,并与BDM及KCD相比较。结果表明,BDM,BNPP高浓度处理使微生物生物量碳分别降低38%,27.2%,BDM处理下pH值较对照升高0.360.46个单位,KCD,BNPP和BDM处理下的有效铁、有效锌含量减少,而有效铜含量分别提高436.4,2.624.08,8.552.06倍;施用BNPP和BDM的处理,脲酶活性分别降低2.4.5%,9.8!.95%,而KCD对脲酶的影响却不显著。3种铜制剂中BNPP对土壤某些生化性状的影响与KCD相当,而小于BDM。     

3种铜制剂对土壤生化性质和菠菜生长的影响

采用盆栽试验方法.研究了美国铜基杀菌剂Kocide2000(KCD),波尔多液营养保护剂(BNPP),传统波尔多液(BDM)3种铜制剂及配施有机物料对土壤某些生化性质和菠菜生长的影响.结果表明.铜制剂处理下土壤中有效铜含量较对照增加90～220倍.而有效铁含量显著降低.铜制剂的施用显著抑制了土壤酶活性,BDM对土壤酶活性的抑制率最强,与对照相比,土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性分别减小82.3%,4.1%,73.4%;其次是BNPP处理,3种酶活性较对照分别减少45.4%,3.1%,39.1%;相关分析表明,3种酶活性均与土壤中有效铜含量呈显著性负相关.过量铜制剂还影响了菠菜的生长发育,生物量显著减少,植株体内铜、铁含量明显提高,锌含量减少.增施有机物料可减弱铜制剂对土壤生化性质的影响,其中土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性分别提高了28%～57%和13%～17%,菠菜的生长发育也有所改善.     

铜制剂及有机物料对土壤生化性状的影响

通过盆栽试验，研究了美国铜基杀菌剂Kocide2000（KCD）、新型波尔多液营养保护剂（BNPP）、传统波尔多液（BDM）、五水硫酸铜（CS）四种铜制剂及添加3％有机物料后对棕壤生化性质的影响。研究表明：铜制剂对土壤过氧化氢酶活性有刺激作用，而对脲酶、蔗糖酶活性均有显著抑制作用，尤以BDM对土壤酶活性的抑制率最强，高浓度处理下则未能检测出2种酶活性。施用铜制剂还显著影响了土壤的生物学指标，表现为土壤基础呼吸和代谢熵升高，微生物生物量碳降低。相关分析表明土壤的生物学指标和酶活性均与土壤有效铜呈显著性正相关或负相关。此外，铜制剂的施用增加了土壤中有效铜、锌（BDM除外）含量，而有效铁、锰含量降低。4种铜制剂中BDM对土壤生化性质的影响最大，其次是CS，BNPP与KCD对土壤的影响相当。增施有机物料可缓解铜制剂对土壤生物学和酶活性的影响，但能增加土壤有效态重金属的含量。     

模拟降雨下铜基保护剂对茄子生长防病效果的影响

降雨是影响铜制剂喷施效果的重要因素,该文探究模拟降雨条件下喷施铜基保护剂在茄子(Solanum melongena L.)叶片上的淋失情况及其对茄子的生长作用.以传统波尔多液为对照,通过茄子盆栽试验,研究模拟17.1、33.7和58.7 mm/h强度降雨后铜基保护剂在叶片上的淋失率及其对茄子防病效果、产量、生物量和土壤全铜、有效铜含量的影响.结果表明,铜基保护剂的表面张力较清水和传统波尔多液分别降低了37.0%和33.4%(P<0.05),与茄子叶片的接触角度较清水和传统波尔多液显著降低了28.1%和31.2%(P<0.05).在茄子幼苗期、始花期和结果期,17.1 mm/h降雨强度下喷施铜基保护剂的茄子叶片上的淋失率较传统波尔多液处理分别减少了33.2%、10.2%和32.0%(P<0.05),33.7 mm/h降雨强度下分别减少了19.3%、15.2%和19.2%(P<0.05),58.7 mm/h降雨强度下分别减少了15.5%、11.5%和20.9%(P<0.05).在结果期,33.7和58.7 mm/h降雨强度下铜基保护剂处理的灰霉病防治效果较传统波尔多液分别提高了70.8%和181.0%(P<0.05),地上部鲜质量提高了17.2%和17.3%(P<0.05),叶片SPAD值提高了5.1%和4.4%(P<0.05).在结果期无降雨条件下喷施铜基保护剂处理较传统波尔多液的土壤有效铜含量减少了18.8%(P<0.05),在17.1、33.7和58.7 mm/h降雨强度下喷施铜基保护剂处理较喷施传统波尔多液处理的土壤有效铜含量分别减少了23.9%、41.8%和45.3%(P<0.05),土壤全铜含量减少了4.3%、9.1%和18.0%(P<0.05).因此,在3种降雨强度下茄子叶片上喷施铜基保护剂较传统波尔多液显著降低了保护剂的淋失率,提高了灰霉病的防治效果,增加了生物量,减少了土壤中铜的累积量.     

铜基营养叶面肥提高棉花光合特性、产量及其防病效果

【目的】 研究铜基营养叶面肥对棉花光合特性、产量、各器官微量元素积累与分配、防病效果以及对土壤酶活性的影响,为叶面肥在棉花生产上的应用提供理论依据。 【方法】 连续进行了两年的田间试验,共设置6个处理,分别为喷清水 (CK)、传统波尔多液 (含Cu 12.8%,BDM)、美国商品铜制剂Kocide 2000 (含Cu 33.0%,KCD)、铜基营养叶面肥 (含Cu 32.9%,Zn 0.8%,CF)、加铁铜基营养叶面肥 (含Cu 32.9%,Fe 2.7%,CFFe)、加锌硼铜基营养叶面肥 (含Cu 32.9%,Zn 2.7%,B 2.9%,CFZnB),田间随机区组排列。在棉花盛铃期测定了叶片光合特性,始絮期分别测定了根、茎、叶、蕾铃的铜、锌、铁含量及积累量,花铃期测定了土壤酶活性。在蕾期、花铃期、吐絮期调查统计了病情指数。 【结果】 1) 与喷清水对照相比,喷施CFFe、CFZnB、CF、KCD显著增加了棉花叶片叶绿素含量,以CFFe处理增加最多,最高增幅为13.3%,其次为CFZnB处理,增加11.4%;同时显著增加棉花叶片的光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,光合速率以CFFe处理增加最多,增加26.4%,其次为CFZnB处理,增加18.0%;还显著降低了胞间CO₂浓度。2) 喷施BDM、KCD、CF、CFFe、CFZnB显著增加棉花各器官铜含量 (CFZnB处理茎铜含量除外) 及积累量;CFZnB、CFFe处理显著增加棉花各器官全锌含量及积累量;喷施CFFe、CFZnB、CF可以显著增加棉花各器官全铁含量 (CF处理茎全铁含量除外) 及积累量)。3) 与喷清水对照 (CK) 相比,喷施CFFe、CFZnB、CF、KCD及BDM显著降低棉花花铃期和吐絮期的病情指数,5个处理之间无显著差异,因此3种铜基营养叶面肥在防病效果方面均可以取代BDM和Kocide2000。4) 各处理土壤脲酶活性与CK相比差异不显著;BDM处理的土壤过氧化氢酶活性显著低于其他所有处理;各处理土壤蔗糖酶活性均比CK显著增加。5) 喷施CFZnB、CFFe、CF、KCD的皮棉产量在2013和2014年均显著增加,其中以CFZnB处理增产最多,最大增幅为12.3%; 其次为CFFe处理,增幅为8.8%～10.2%。 【结论】 叶面喷施铜基、铁铜基、锌硼铜基叶面肥均可显著增加棉花叶片的叶绿素含量、光合速率及皮棉产量。含微量元素的铜基营养叶面肥既能显著增加棉花产量,又具有一定的防病效果,推荐使用加锌硼铜基营养叶面肥和加铁铜基营养叶面肥。      

铜基营养保护剂及控释钾肥配合施用对黄瓜产量和品质的影响

通过黄瓜盆栽试验,研究了铜基营养保护剂和控释钾肥对其产量、品质及病害防治的影响。结果表明:喷施铜基营养保护剂和施用控释钾肥显著提高了黄瓜产量,改善了黄瓜营养品质,含硼锌的铜基营养保护剂较清水和传统波尔多液的处理分别增产106.73%和19.81%;施用控释钾肥较不施钾肥和施用普通钾肥的处理分别增产26.61%和6.22%,且显著提高了黄瓜生长后期土壤速效钾含量。铜基营养保护剂和控释钾肥对黄瓜产量和营养品质均有显著的交互作用,且喷施铜基营养保护剂对黄瓜植株白粉病具有很好的防治效果,比传统波尔多液处理降低了铜的积累,增加了锌的含量。因此在黄瓜上施用控释钾肥配合叶面喷施铜基营养保护剂,既能满足黄瓜生育期内对钾素的需求,增加黄瓜产量,又在预防植株白粉病的同时,显著改善果实营养品质。     

石灰和硅肥对非污染土壤Cd有效性和花生Cd含量的影响

本文研究了花生盆栽过程中,不同用量石灰及石灰、硅肥配施对非污染土壤有效态Cd和花生籽仁Cd含量的影响。结果表明：（1）在常规施肥条件下,施用石灰及石灰、硅肥配施均能显著提高土壤pH值,同时使得花生叶片细胞膜透性具有降低的趋势;石灰施用量为0.67g·kg-1土时的土壤有效态Cd含量降低了12.6%（显著低于CK）,而石灰、硅肥配施组合对降低土壤有效Cd含量的作用不显著,可能与硅肥中Cd含量较高有关。（2）不同石灰施用量均有降低花生籽仁中Cd含量的趋势,其中石灰施用量为0.67g·kg-1土时花生籽仁Cd含量比CK降低26.1%;但石灰、硅肥配施对降低花生籽仁Cd含量的作用不显著。（3）花生籽仁Cd含量与土壤有效态Cd含量达正相关显著水平,表明土壤Cd有效性是影响花生籽仁Cd含量的主要原因。     

小麦与花生间作改善花生铁营养的效应研究

采用砂-土联合培养根箱试验装置,模拟田间试验研究石灰性土壤小麦与花生间作改善花生Fe营养的效应结果表明,石灰性土壤高pH和高CaCO3是导致花生缺Fe黄化的主要原因。叶片已发生黄化的花生与小麦间作可明显改善花生缺Fe症状,间作16d后花生根际土壤有效铁含量、花生新叶叶绿素和活性Fe含量均显著提高。小麦与花生间作对改善花生Fe营养的效应可能与缺Fe小麦根分泌的Fe载体对土壤中Fe活化有关。     

酸性根际肥对石灰性土壤pH和铁有效性的影响研究

在无植物栽培的条件下通过肥料在土壤中的扩散试验研究酸性根际肥对石灰性土壤 pH值、有效铁含量的影响 ,利用盆栽试验验证对石灰性土壤上花生缺铁失绿黄化症的矫正效果。结果表明 ,酸性根际肥 (pH 1.0～ 2 .0 )中的酸在土壤中扩散的影响半径可达 6cm ,但对土壤pH降低作用最显著的是在距肥料 2cm内 ;在施肥 2 8d内 ,距肥料 2cm处 ,土壤 pH值降低了 0 .9个单位 ,土壤铁有效性 (DTPA浸提量 )增加了 5 .9mg kg ;施用酸性根际肥可使花生叶绿素SPAD值与叶片活性铁含量显著提高 ,克服了花生缺铁黄化症状 ,使施肥区 (肥料周围 2cm内 )土壤pH值显著降低 ,并显著提高了该区土壤铁的有效性和花生对土壤Fe的吸收量。     

土壤水分对花生根际分泌物中低分子量有机酸的释放及根质外体中铁的积累的影响

A three-compartments rhizobox was designed and used to study the low-molecular-weight organic acids in root exudates and the root apoplastic iron of “lime-induced chlorosis“ peanut grown on a clacareous soil in realtion to different soil moistrue conditions.Results showed that chlorosis of peanuts developed under condition of high soil mositure level(250 g kg^-1),while peanuts grew well and chlorosis did not develop when soil moisture was managed to a normal level(150 g kg^-1).The malic acid maleic acid and succinic acid contents of chlorotic peanut increased by 108.723,0.029,and 22.446ug cm^-1 ,respectively,compared with healthy peanuts.The content of citric acid and fumaric acid also increased in root exudates of chlorotic peanuts.On Days 28 and 42 of peanut growth,the accumulation of root apoplastic iron in chlorotic peanuts was higher than that of healthy peanuts.From Day 28 to Day 42,the mobilization percentages of chlorotic peanuts and healthy peanuts to root apoplastic iron were almost the smae,being 52.4% and 52.8%,respectively,indicating that the chlorosis might be caused by the inactivation of iron within peanut plant grown on a calcareous soil under soil moisture conditions.     

外源钙缓解花生亚低磷光合障碍的机制

  【Objectives】  The phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the main factors limiting photosynthetic carbon fixation and high-quality yield in peanut production. Calcium can enhance peanut growth and yield in low to medium yielding farmlands. Therefore, we explored the effects of exogenous calcium on alleviating P deficiency-induced photosynthetic inhibition in peanuts.  【Methods】  Peanut cultivar ‘Liaoning Baisha’ was used in a pot experiment conducted in an artificial climate chamber. The P deficiency treatment was imposed by adjusting the P concentration in Hoagland nutrition solution to 0.5 mmol/L (–P) from the normal level of 1 P mmol/L. The treatments were normal P + spraying ddH₂O (CK), –P + spraying ddH₂O, –P + spraying CaCl₂, and –P + spraying trifluoperazine (TFP, a calmodulin inhibitor). We measured the photosynthetic functions, plant growth and thylakoid membrane integrity at 9 and 10 days after treatment imposition in peanuts.   【Results】  Compared with CK, P deficiency reduced the dry matter weight, total leaf area, relative chlorophyll concentration and limited the growth and development of peanuts. The P deficiency reduced the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance of peanut leaves. It also reduced the efficiency of PSⅠ and PSⅡ of peanuts by 18% and 5.4%, respectively. Compared with –P treatment, exogenous Ca2+ enhanced the dry matter weight and total leaf area of peanuts under P deficiency by 26.7% and 31.9%, respectively. Exogenous Ca2+ alleviated P deficiency inhibition based on photosynthetic level and enhanced the net photosynthetic rate and the stomatal conductance of peanut leaves under P deficiency. Compared with –P treatment, exogenous Ca2+ enhanced the efficiency of PSⅠ and PSⅡ, alleviating the photoinhibition in peanut leaves under P deficiency. Exogenous Ca2+ enhanced the size of the PQ pool, the rate of cyclic electron flow, and the activity of ATP synthase. However, it reduced the ?pH of thylakoid in peanut leaves under P deficiency. TFP increased the thylakoid membrane damage, reduced cyclic electron flow rate, and ATP synthase activity in P deficiency stressed peanuts compared with –P treatment.  【Conclusions】  P deficiency limited the growth and development of peanuts, reduced the activity of ATP synthase of thylakoid, Y(Ⅰ), Y(Ⅱ), and caused peanut photoinhibition. Exogenous Ca2+ alleviated inhibition of the dry matter weight, total leaf area, and relative chlorophyll concentration of peanuts. Exogenous Ca2+ ralleviated the Y(Ⅰ) and Y(Ⅱ) inhibition. The peanut CaM (Ca2+-modulin) acceptor for exogenous calcium (Ca2+) played an important role in the nutritional signalling of Ca2+, alleviating photosynthetic inhibition under P deficiency.     

Exogenous Nitric Oxide Effects on Physiological Characteristics of a Peanut Cultivar Growing on Calcareous Soil

This study examined the effects of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on physiological characteristics of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) growing on calcareous soil. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was added into slow-release fertilizer (SRF) or sprayed on leaves to supply NO for iron-deficient peanut. The results showed that root application of SNP at 5.63 mg/g and foliar spray of SNP at 1.0 mmol L^?1 significantly enhanced the peanut growth, pod yield, and quality. The soil pH was reduced, and available iron content and iron (Fe³⁺) reductase activity in root were increased, indicating NO application improved the availability of iron in the soil. Additionally, NO increased the chlorophyll and active iron content in young leaves, implying NO enhanced the availability of iron within the plant. Nitric oxide also inhibited the malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation in leaves and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which protected peanut against iron-deficiency-induced oxidative stress. It was concluded that NO might be employed for ameliorating iron-deficient chlorosis of peanut on calcareous soil when added into SRF or sprayed on leaves.     

Iron fertilizers applied to calcareous soil on the growth of peanut in a pot experiment

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted with peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L., Fabceae) to evaluate iron compound fertilizers for improving within-plant iron content and correcting chlorosis caused by iron deficiency. Peanuts were planted in containers with calcareous soil fertilized with three different granular iron nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilizers (ferrous sulphate (FeSO₄)–NPK, Fe–ethylendiamine di (o-hydroxyphenylacetic) (EDDHA)–NPK and Fe–citrate–NPK). Iron nutrition, plant biomass, seed yield and quality of peanuts were significantly affected by the application of Fe–citrate–NPK and Fe–EDDHA–NPK to the soil. Iron concentrations in tissues were significantly greater for plants grown with Fe–citrate–NPK and Fe–EDDHA–NPK. The active iron concentration in the youngest leaves of peanuts was linearly related to the leaf chlorophyll (via soil and plant analyzer development measurements) recorded 50 and 80 days after planting. However, no significant differences between Fe–citrate–NPK and Fe–EDDHA–NPK were observed. Despite the large amount of total iron bound and dry matter, FeSO₄–NPK was less effective than Fe–citrate–NPK and Fe–EDDHA–NPK to improve iron uptake. The results showed that application of Fe–citrate–NPK was as effective as application of Fe–EDDHA–NPK in remediating leaf iron chlorosis in peanut pot-grown in calcareous soil. The study suggested that Fe–citrate–NPK should be considered as a potential tool for correcting peanut iron deficiency in calcareous soil.     

Iron Availability as Affected by Soil Moisture in Intercropped Peanut and Maize

Abstract

Pot and rhizobox experiments were carried out to investigate the iron availability in intercropped peanut and maize as affected by soil moisture. Results from pot experiment showed that the root growth of peanuts were significantly inhibited at 25% soil water content compared to those at 15% soil water content. The chlorophyll content in the new leaves of intercropped peanut decreased and leaves became chlorotic at 25% soil water content. There were no significant differences in the active iron concentration in new leaves of peanut between 15% and 25% soil water content. The soil pH were higher in peanut rhizosphere than in bulk soil at the early, middle, and harvest stages for both 15% and 25% soil water content. The soil bicarbonate content was also higher in peanut rhizosphere than in bulk soil for both 15% and 25% soil water content. There was significant difference in soil bicarbonate of peanut rhizosphere between 15% and 25% soil water content at the harvest stage. The available iron content in both rhizosphere soil and bulk soil were lower than 3.5 mg kg^?1 in all growth stages at both 15% and 25% soil water content. Results from rhizobox experiment showed that citric acid, maleic acid, and fumaric acid in exudates of peanuts significantly increased at 25% soil water content compared to that at 15% soil water content. The apoplastic iron content of peanut roots decreased by 0.216 and 0.409 µmol g^?1 fresh weight^?1 (FW) from the 28th growth day to 42nd growth day at 25% and 15% soil water content, respectively. The mobilizing ability of apoplastic iron in intercropped peanuts at 15% soil water content was 20.1% higher compared to that at 25% soil water content. It is concluded that improvement of iron nutrition of peanuts with intercropping with maize could be affected by soil moisture condition.