Evaluation of nutrient content,physicochemical and functional properties of desalted duck egg white by ultrafiltration as desalination

In this study, the effects of ultrafiltration technique on the desalination efficiency, nutrient content, physicochemical properties, functional properties, texture profile, and microstructure of salted duck egg white were evaluated. The results showed that ultrafiltration can remove 92.93% salt from salted duck egg white (SDEW) and final salt% of desalted duck egg white (DDEW) was 0.65%. The analysis of nutrient content and amino acid of SDEW and desalted duck egg white powder (DDEWP) sample was significantly lower than those of fresh duck egg white (FDEW). Although emulsifying capacity of SDEW, DDEW, and DDEWP exhibited significantly lower than that of FDEW, an excellent foaming ability was found in those samples. Moreover, the texture profiles (gel strength, hardness and elasticity) of SDEW, DDEW, and DDEWP samples presented lower value than FDEW. The observation of microstructure, DDEWP possessed smooth surface of protein globules with deep hole liked donuts and distribution of a few of salt crystals. While salted duck egg white powder (SDEWP) had a raisin‐like surface formation with salt formed cubic crystals. Overall, both liquid and dried material of desalted duck egg could be used as a good ingredient in baking food due to their excellent foaming capacity.     

Influences of fermentation and ripening temperatures on the enzymatic activity and physicochemical and sensory properties of salted egg white sufu

This study developed a novel form of sufu. Salted egg white sufu (SEWS) was produced by fermenting steamed salted egg white with douchi koji and ripening at 25°C, 35°C, or 45°C for 19 days. The results show that the protease activity of the koji reduced pronouncedly during fermentation, whereas the one in the SEWS initially increased but subsequently decreased. The total nitrogen and amino nitrogen contents and degree of protein hydrolysis increased during fermentation and decreased during preripening. SEWS, particularly processed at 35°C, contained more free amino acids, notably glutamic acid and leucine, than steamed salted egg white did. After processing, SEWS had darker colors, particularly when manufactured at higher temperatures, and hardness and springiness decreased. The 35°C and 45°C SEWS had higher sensory acceptability. In conclusion, ripening at 35°C for 19 days is recommended for producing this novel animal protein‐based sufu.     

秦王川灌区不同绿色覆盖方式预防土壤次生盐渍化效应研究

因灌溉不当和土壤裸露而引发的土壤次生盐渍化问题已成为西部灌区农业可持续发展的主要障碍。通过研究裸地、单作春小麦Triticum aestivum、红豆草Onobrychis viciaefolia和春小麦/毛苕子Vicia villosa 4种处理的土壤可溶性盐分时空动态,分析和对比了它们的动态变化差异。结果表明：在春小麦收获期,3种种植方式对0～20 cm土层均具有明显的抑盐效应,含盐量下降幅度达16.4%～30.5%,其中单作春小麦与单作红豆草和春小麦/毛苕子差异显著,而单作红豆草和春小麦/毛苕子差异不显著;单作小麦使0～80 cm土层积盐14.2%,而春小麦/毛苕子和红豆草使0～80 cm土层脱盐19.7%和23.0%;单作春小麦地土壤含盐量垂直分布表现为中层高（20～60 cm）、上下层（0～20 cm和60 cm以下）低,而单作红豆草和春小麦/毛苕子表现为上层（0～20 cm）低、下层（20 cm以下）高的特征。春小麦收获后,单作春小麦地土壤表层快速积盐,其含盐量甚至高于裸地,而单作红豆草和春小麦/毛苕子地表层盐分变化较小。秦王川灌区若采取春小麦/毛苕子的种植模式,不仅可以预防土壤的次生盐渍化问题,还能多生产36 018 kg/hm2的牧草。     

The occurrence of Clostridium botulinum type E in Finnish trout farms and the prevention of toxin formation in fresh-salted vacuum-packed trout fillets.

The occurrence of C. botulinum on two Finnish rainbow trout farms were studied. C. botulinum type E toxin was detected from samples of fish intestines in 10% and 4% of the samples and in 0% and 100% of dam bottom sediments, respectively. The toxin formation of inoculated C. botulinum type E in three different brands of commercial fresh-salted vacuum-packed trout fillets was also investigated. In the brand with a salt concentration of 2.7% (a w = 0.96) and no nitrate, the toxin was formed in two weeks at 10 and 20 degrees C. If the pH of the product was lowed to 4.90 and NaCl concentration increased to 5.67% (a w = 0.94%) no toxin was formed even without the use of nitrate. By adding 0.1% of sodium nitrate to the curing solution (0.046% nitrate in the product) the toxin formation was brought to an end. According to the results of the study C. botulinum type E presents a potential health risk for man as well as for fish also in Finland. Trout products must be manufactured and stored in such a way that the possibility of toxin formation is eliminated.     

盐胁迫对NHC牧草IAA、ABA、CaM及NADKase的动态变化

研究NewHy Crested Wheatgrass牧草(NHC)盐胁迫下部分胞间胞内信号分子的变化及部分耐盐机理,将为改良辽宁营口沿海产业基地NaCl型盐碱地奠定基础。以Hoagland培养液培养NHC牧草,3周后对幼苗进行NaCl溶液和土壤盐溶液胁迫处理,并测定吲哚乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、钙调蛋白(CaM)及NAD激酶(NADKase)活性。结果表明：在100、200 mmol/L NaCl盐及土壤盐处理条件下,IAA含量无差异,但比对照极显著升高;其他各生理指标均随浓度升高而极显著升高。由此可见,NHC牧草通过ABA和IAA含量的变化,激活钙信号系统,增加CaM含量,激活NADKase活性,调节细胞代谢活力,从而提高耐盐胁迫能力。NHC牧草耐盐临界浓度分别为土壤盐浓度200 mmol/L、NaCl浓度 300 mmol/L。同样浓度条件下,土壤盐溶液对NHC牧草的伤害比NaCl溶液更大。     

Sexual Maturation in the Bull

In this review, we describe the process of sexual maturation in the bull calf. The testes of the bull grow relatively slowly until approximately 25 weeks of age and then a rapid phase of growth occurs until puberty, at 37–50 weeks of age. During the early postnatal phase of slower growth of the testis pre-spermatogonia and some spermatogonia are established, adult Leydig cells appear and undifferentiated Sertoli cells are produced. The rapid testicular growth, after 25 weeks of age, consists of marked increases in the diameter and length of the seminiferous tubules, dramatic proliferation and differentiation of germ cells, with mature spermatozoa occurring between 32 and 40 weeks of age. The adult Leydig cell population is largely in place by 30 weeks of age and that of Sertoli cells by 30–40 weeks of age. Serum concentrations of LH increase from 4 to 5 weeks of age, to an early postnatal peak at 12–16 weeks of age, followed by a decline to 25 weeks of age. Serum FSH concentrations are high postnatally, declining to approximately 25 weeks of age. Serum testosterone concentrations increase during the phase of rapid testicular growth. Hypothalamic opioidergic inhibition may abate transiently to allow the early postnatal increase in LH secretion, while testicular androgenic negative feedback probably contributes to the decline in gonadotropin secretion to 25 weeks of age. Several lines of study have led us to suggest that early postnatal gonadotropin secretion is pivotal in initiating the process of sexual maturation in the bull calf.     

Fecal excretion of alcohols and organic anions in neonatal dairy calves

To clarify colonic fermentation during the perinatal period, 22 dairy calves less than 6 weeks old were used. They were given a milk replacer following colostrum feeding. A total 100 samples of normal feces including meconium were collected from the rectum of the calves. Fecal pH, alcohols, lactate and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were analyzed. Higher ethanol and n -propanol concentrations were found in many fecal samples particularly in the first 2 weeks after birth, but these metabolites showed consistently lower concentrations thereafter. By contrast, higher concentrations of methanol were observed in some samples for all ages examined. Fecal VFA increased abruptly within a few days of birth, and mainly consisted of acetate and n -butyrate. During the first 2 weeks, the proportion of n -butyrate in VFAs decreased and that of propionate increased gradually. Proportions of VFAs were almost stable at 3–6 weeks of age (acetate, propionate and n -butyrate in increasing order). Higher concentrations of lactate and lower pHs were observed in the fecal samples during the first 2 weeks, and concentrations decreased thereafter. Accelerated colonic production of ethanol and n -propanol was confirmed during the early 2 weeks, in addition to organic acid fermentation as reported previously.     

Colonization of neonatal puppies by Staphylococcus intermedius

Abstract Cutaneous and mucosal carriage of Staphylococcus intermedius was determined in five Cavalier King Charles spaniel bitches, living in normal domestic environment, and their 18 puppies during the immediate prepartum period and after whelping, over a total of 8 weeks, using quantitative swab techniques. Within 8 h of birth S. intermedius was isolated from each puppy. The nose and mouth were the most frequently colonized mucosal sites (83 and 78%, respectively). At that time S. intermedius was isolated from the abdominal skin in 78% of the puppies. One day postpartum the mucosal populations increased significantly ( P  < 0.001) but fell 6 ( P  < 0.01) and 20 ( P  < 0.001) days later. Populations from abdominal skin reduced during the first and fourth weeks postpartum ( P  < 0.05 for both). This study indicates that in the domestic environment S. intermedius establishes itself soon after birth. The level of colonization by S. intermedius in the bitches seems to influence the colonization by pathogenic staphylococci in puppies.     

盐胁迫对NHC牧草Na+、K+、Pro、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白的影响

为了改良辽宁营口沿海产业基地NaCl型盐碱地,研究了引进美国的NewHy Crested Wheatgrass(NHC)盐胁迫下的渗透调节物质变化及其部分耐盐机理。以1/2 Hoagland培养液培养NHC,3周后对幼苗进行NaCl和土壤盐胁迫处理。结果在100、200 mmol/L NaCl盐及土壤盐处理条件下,除根K+/叶K+值及可溶性糖含量极显著变化外,其他各生理指标均极显著增加。在300 mmol/L NaCl处理条件下,各项指标均极显著波动,在300 mmol/L土壤盐处理条件下,7 d后死亡。试验结果表明,NHC牧草通过增加根Na+/叶Na+值,增加脯氨酸（Pro）、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量,增强耐盐胁迫能力。NHC最大耐受盐浓度分别为土壤盐浓度200 mmol/L, NaCl浓度 300 mmol/L。     

Early postnatal development of central corneal thickness in dogs

Objective To investigate the changes in corneal thickness that occur during maturation of the canine eye over the first months of life. Animals studied Dogs of two different breeds with ages ranging from 14 days to 42 weeks of age. Procedures The central corneal thickness was measured by ultrasonic pachymetry every week for the first month after eyelid opening (around 14 days) and then every month until 42 weeks of age. Segmented regression was applied to capture the two phases observed in the central corneal thickness plotted against age. Breed, eye and gender were also included in the model. Results Mean central corneal thickness (CCT) values initially decreased following eyelid opening, with the lowest point being reached at around 6 weeks of age. Then CCT gradually increased as the dogs matured. Differences between left and right eye were not significant. Breed and gender effects were significant factors in the statistical model. Conclusions Following eyelid opening there is an initial decrease in corneal thickness until approximately 6 weeks of age, which presumably mirrors maturation of corneal endothelial cell function. After 6 weeks of age the CCT increases with age until approximately 30 weeks of age after which there was only a gradual increase over the remainder of the study period. A similar pattern of changes in corneal thickness in humans has been previously recorded.     

不同盐浓度下3种结缕草的耐盐性比较研究

以大穗结缕草、沟叶结缕草和日本结缕草为试材,研究了不同浓度NaCl(0.20%,0.40%,0.60%,0.80%)处理40 d后对3种草坪草叶片中保护酶(POD,SOD,CAT)活性、丙二醛、脯氨酸、叶绿素及可溶性蛋白含量的影响,以确定各自的耐盐性强弱。结果表明,随盐浓度增加,3种草坪草叶片中的保护酶活性、丙二醛、脯氨酸含量呈上升趋势。在0.80%盐浓度下,大穗结缕草叶片中的保护酶活性较高而丙二醛、脯氨酸含量较低;低盐浓度下(<0.40%),3种草坪草叶片的叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量随盐浓度升高而升高,高盐浓度下(>0.60%),随盐浓度升高而下降。在0.80%盐浓度下,大穗结缕草叶片的叶绿素及可溶性蛋白含量较高且下降值较小。表明大穗结缕草具有较高的耐盐性。     

Occurrence of Fusarium strains and their mycotoxins in corn silage. 7. Formation of deoxynivalenol (DON) in a silage corn plot artificially inoculated with Fusarium culmorum and the effect of silaging on the stability of the DON formed

The formation of deoxynivalenol in a maize plot inoculated with Fusarium culmorum was studied over a growing season. Already three weeks after inoculation 4.9 mg/kg of DON were measured in the infected ears. The toxin concentration increased continuously up to harvest after eight weeks to a value of 261 mg/kg. Ensilage experiments in laboratory scale silos have shown that the DON content of naturally contaminated corn-cob-mix was not reduced during the ensilage process. It was concluded that infection of maize plants by toxin-producing Fusarium species followed by DON production in the field seems to be the most probable way of contamination of maize silage with this mycotoxin.     

Effects of pre- and postnatal exposure to garlic and aniseed flavour on pre- and postweaning feed intake in pigs

The low nutrient intake shortly after weaning is a major cause of post-weaning problems. Feed intake after weaning is strongly related to feed intake during lactation. Feed intake during lactation, however, varies considerably between litters. We hypothesised that prenatal and postnatal exposure to certain flavours would increase the intake of feed containing the same flavours pre- and postweaning. Multiparous sows did (n = 17) or did not (n = 14) receive 50 g garlic granulate/powder and 25 g aniseed as daily additive to their diet during the last month of gestation and during lactation. From day 14 of lactation, litters were submitted to intermittent suckling: 12 h separation form the sow each day. During lactation, all litters had 40 g garlic and 20 g aniseed per kg added to their creep feed. After weaning, half of the litters had no additive in their diet. Piglets were weaned at 4 weeks (13 litters) or at 6 weeks (18 litters). At 6 weeks of lactation, litters of which the dam received the flavour in her diet, had a higher feed intake (309 ± 43 vs 233 ± 35 g/p/d) than litters of dams without the flavour, although the difference was not significant. Sow diet had no effect on postweaning feed intake, but postweaning piglet diet did. Late (week 6) weaned litters receiving the flavoured feed had a higher feed intake from 3 to 10 days after weaning (833 ± 38 vs 687 ± 58 g/p/d). Weight gain during the first 10 days after weaning was not affected by sow or pig diets. Feed intake and weight gain shortly after weaning were strongly related to feed intake during lactation (overall R = 0.64, P < 0.05 and R = 0.77, P < 0.05). We conclude that early experience with flavours increases later acceptance and improves adaptation to post weaning conditions.     

Pharmacokinetics of zonisamide and drug interaction with phenobarbital in dogs

The purposes of the present study were to elucidate the pharmacokinetics of zonisamide, determine the presence of a drug interaction with phenobarbital, and evaluate how long any interaction lasted after discontinuation of phenobarbital in dogs. Five dogs received zonisamide (5 mg/kg, p.o. and i.v.) before and during repeated oral administration of phenobarbital (5 mg/kg, bid, for 30–35 days). Zonisamide (5 mg/kg, p.o.) was also administered 8, 10, and 12 weeks after discontinuation of phenobarbital. Blood was sampled until 24 h after each zonisamide administration and serum concentrations of zonisamide were determined. Repeated phenobarbital decreased the maximum serum concentration, area under the serum concentration vs. time curve, apparent elimination half-life, and bioavailability of zonisamide. Total clearance increased. Time to maximum serum concentration and volume distribution were not changed. The maximum serum concentration and area under the serum concentration vs. time curve of zonisamide continued to be low until 10 weeks after the discontinuation of phenobarbital. They were restored to the same serum concentration as before phenobarbital administration 12 weeks after the discontinuation of phenobarbital. These data suggested that repeated administration of a clinical dose of phenobarbital enhanced the clearance of zonisamide and the enhanced clearance lasted at least 10 weeks after the discontinuation of phenobarbital. Caution may be necessary when zonisamide is given with phenobarbital and when antiepileptic therapy is changed from phenobarbital to zonisamide.     

生长期内三种结缕草对盐胁迫的响应

试验以大穗结缕草、沟叶结缕草和日本结缕草为试材,研究了不同盐浓度(0,0.2%,0.4%,0.6%,0.8%)对生长期内3种结缕草叶片膜脂过氧化及生长的影响。结果表明,3种结缕草的生物量均随着盐浓度的增加逐渐减小;随着盐浓度的提高及处理时间的延长,3种结缕草的可溶性蛋白含量逐渐降低;相对电导率和丙二醛含量增加,在低盐浓度(0.2%~0.4%)下,两者增加幅度较小,当盐浓度为0.8%时,3种结缕草的相对电导率均达最大值,分别是38.71%,41.32%,40.97%,可溶性蛋白含量均达到最小值,分别为2.08,1.15和1.33 mg/g FW。Pro含量在处理后第10天达最大值,之后逐渐下降,后期变化比较平稳。在低盐浓度(0.2%~0.4%)下,CAT和SOD活性逐渐降低,而高盐浓度(0.6%~0.8%)下,两种酶活性呈上升-下降-上升的趋势。3种结缕草相比,大穗结缕草在高盐浓度胁迫下的相对电导率和丙二醛含量最低,而保护酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量最高。试验证明大穗结缕草抗盐能力最强,沟叶结缕草次之,日本结缕草较差。     

仿刺参饲用海泥资源质量评价的初步研究

试验测定了盐场沉积海泥的有机质含量与主要细菌类群变化等,并与几种已应用于仿刺参育保苗的商品化海泥产品比较,旨在寻找能够客观反映海泥质量的评价指标,为仿刺参饲用海泥资源的开发利用提供理论依据。采用元素分析仪测定海泥总碳、总氮,灼烧法检测有机质,平板计数法计数6类主要细菌类群(异养菌、弧菌、大肠杆菌、乳酸菌、芽孢菌及酵母)的菌落数量。结果表明,目标区域海泥的总碳、总氮与有机质含量与商品化海泥产品相近;经干燥处理后的海泥,其异养菌总量比商品化海泥显著提高,但大肠杆菌菌落无显著差异,弧菌菌落显著降低,乳酸菌、芽孢菌与酵母等有益菌菌落均显著提高。研究表明,盐场沉积物作为仿刺参饲用海泥具有一定的开发价值,但养殖效果有待验证。     

The effect of chlorocholine chloride (CCC) inclusion in the diets of growing hens on growth rate, oestrogen levels and the onset of lay

A study was conducted to test the effect of chlorocholine chloride (CCC) on growth performance and the onset of laying in hens. One hundred and fifteen 3-week-old chickens were divided into four treatment groups of 39, 33, 31 and 12 chickens. They were placed on four dietary treatments consisting of 0 p.p.m. CCC (control), 5 p.p.m. CCC from 14 weeks of age (5 p.p.m. A), 5 p.p.m. CCC from the beginning (5 p.p.m. B), and 50 p.p.m. CCC from the beginning (50 p.p.m. B). The basal diets were formulated according to the growing period and were iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic. The crude protein content was 17.99% dry matter and 14.63% dry matter during the first 3–8 weeks and 9–20 weeks, respectively. The energy content was 12.7 and 12.75 MJ metabolisable energy (ME)/kg dry matter for the respective two growth phases. Feed intake, bodyweight changes and egg production were measured. Blood samples for oestrogen determination were collected weekly from the 15th week until the first egg was laid. Depressive effects of 50 p.p.m. CCC on bodyweight gain during weeks 3–8 and feed efficiency over the whole period were observed. There were no treatment differences (p > 0.05) on feed intake, bodyweight gain during weeks 9–20 and age at the point of lay. CCC inclusion at 50 p.p.m. significantly (p < 0.05) stimulated the oestrogen concentration at 17 and 18 weeks of age, and was 65% higher than the control at 18 weeks.     

羊草与灰色赖草及其杂交种的耐盐生理特性比较

用不同浓度的复盐(NaCl 60%,Na2SO4 40%)进行根际盐分胁迫处理,研究了羊草(Leymus chinensis)、灰色赖草(Leymus cinereus)及其杂交种的耐盐生理特性.结果表明,在0.2%、1.0%和2.0%盐浓度胁迫处理下,两亲本及其杂交种叶片均表现相对含水量(RWC)逐渐降低,相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性逐渐增加,但亲本羊草和杂交种的SOD酶活性在2.0%盐浓度胁迫下,酶活性开始降低.而且杂交种对盐胁迫的敏感性与亲本灰色赖草接近,小于另一亲本羊草.     

海产品中副溶血弧菌的分离与鉴定

副溶血弧菌（Vibrio Paraaemolyticus)是一种致病性嗜盐菌，常引起人类食物中毒，通过对四种不同海产品的检测，发现该菌检出率很高，其中，海虾中的检出率高达90％，海产鱼为70％，贝类为60％，海蟹为40％，平均检出率为65％，动物试验证实，该菌致病性较强。     

饲粮中添加维生素E和有机硒对攸县麻鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质、血清生化指标及咸蛋蛋黄品质的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加维生素E和有机硒对攸县麻鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质、血清生化指标及咸蛋蛋黄品质的影响.选用200只健康的处于产蛋高峰期的攸县麻鸭,随机分为4个组,每组5个重复,每个重复10只鸭.对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂基础饲粮,3个试验组(Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组)分别在基础饲粮中添加50 IU/kg维生素E、0.2 mg/kg硒、0....