荣昌猪乳中一组高分子质量蛋白质表达量与乳糖含量的关系

研究采用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶不连续垂直板电泳（SDS—PAGE）对9头荣昌母猪乳中一组高分子质量蛋白质（HMWP）进行研究,分析了荣昌猪乳中一组高分子质量蛋白质的基因表达量（HMWP相对浓度）与乳糖含量的关系。结果表明,荣昌猪乳中高分子质量蛋白质基因表达量与乳糖含量呈极显著正相关（P〈0．01）。     

猪乳中常规成分、胰鸟素和表皮生长因子浓度的动态变化

选择8头3～4胎、产仔9～13头的健康大长北(大约克×长白×北京黑猪)母猪，对其分娩后35d泌乳期内初乳和常乳中的常规成分、胰岛素和表皮生长因子进行了动态分析。结果表明，母猪刚分娩时其初乳中乳蛋白、总固型物、胰岛素和表皮生长因子的浓度均高于常乳(P<0.05)，乳糖和乳脂则随泌乳期延长而增加，分娩后3d内这种变化显著(P<0.05)，而常乳中则变化不明显。     

猪乳中一组高分子量蛋白的多态性及其与繁殖性能关系的研究

采用十二烷基硫酸钠 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶不连续垂直板电泳 (SDS PAGE)对 16 2头二花脸母猪乳中一组高分子量蛋白质 (HMWP)进行了检测 ,计算了该位点的基因型频率、等位基因频率和遗传多样性指数等 ,并运用线性模型统计方法分析了该位点的不同基因型与母猪繁殖性能的关系。结果表明 ,在二花脸猪种群 ,乳中HMWP存在B(M :11480 0± 40 0 )和D(M :10 140 0± 6 0 0 )两种带 ,分别受二个等位基因HB 和HD 控制。BB、BD和DD三种基因型频率分别为 0 6 6 6 7、0 2 716和 0 0 6 17,两个等位基因HB 和HD 频率分别为 0 80 2 5和 0 1975 ,遗传多样性指数为0 3170。在三种HMWP基因型中 ,不同基因型母猪的繁殖性能在活仔数和窝重上存在着显著差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,但在初生仔猪个体重和 2 0日龄窝重上未达到显著水平 (P >0 0 5 )。     

优质蛋白及大豆异黄酮对母猪乳质的影响

选用膘情、胎次、体重相近、健康状况良好、乳头正常的PIC母猪50头,妊娠100天左右,随机分成5组,每组10头猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,其余4个处理组分别在基础日粮基础上添加0.5%动物源性小肽,2%植物源性小肽,1.5%肠膜蛋白替代鱼粉和10ppm大豆异黄酮。结果表明,日粮中添加小肽和大豆异黄酮有提高母猪泌乳量、仔猪断奶重、仔猪血液中IgG含量的趋势(P>0.05)。大豆异黄酮显著提高了常乳乳蛋白率和母猪血液中促乳素的含量(P<0.05),小肽有提高常乳乳蛋白率和母猪血液中促乳素的含量的趋势(P>0.05)。可见,小肽和大豆异黄酮能通过提高母猪血液中促乳素的含量提高母猪泌乳量;通过提高母猪中乳蛋白含量改善乳质,进而提高仔猪断奶重。     

叶酸对初产母猪繁殖性能和宫内发育迟缓仔猪肾脏功能基因表达的影响

本试验旨在研究叶酸对初产母猪繁殖性能和官内发育迟缓(IUGR)仔猪肾脏DNA甲基转移酶-1(DN-MT-1)、p53基因、Bcl-2、Bax和胰岛素样生长因子-I(IGF-1)基因表达的影响.选用24头初产母猪,配种后将母猪随机分为对照组(C,1.3 mg/kg叶酸)和试验组(F,30.0 mg/kg叶酸),每组12个重复,每个重复1头母猪,记录母猪分娩24 h内的繁殖性能指标以及21日龄断奶时的仔猪断奶重;采集母猪妊娠60 d时血清,以及正常出生体重(NBW)和IUGR新生仔猪血清和肾脏,用放射免疫分析法测定血清叶酸浓度;用荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)方法研究DNMT-1、p53基因、Bcl-2、Bax和IGF-1在肾脏中的表达差异.结果表明:母体添加30.0 mg/kg叶酸极显著提高初产母猪和新生仔猪血清叶酸含量(P<0.01),但对初产母猪繁殖性能无显著影响(P>0.05).IUGR+C组DNMT-1表达量显著低于NBW组(P0.05);IUGR组Bax表达量显著高于NBW组(P<0.05);IUGR组IGF-1表达量显著低于NBW组(P<0.05);IUGR组和NBW组的Bax和IGF-1表达量组内差异都不显著(P>0.05).以上结果揭示出:补充叶酸对初产母猪繁殖性能无显著影响,极显著提高初产母猪和新生仔猪血清叶酸含量.通过母体补充叶酸可缓解IUGR对DNMT-1、p53和Bcl-2基因表达的影响.     

阴外动脉灌注氨基酸、葡萄糖混合物对奶山羊血浆总蛋白、白蛋白及相关激素受体mRNA表达量的影响

本试验旨在研究阴外动脉乳成分前体物浓度的变化对奶山羊乳腺吸收及相关激素受体mRNA表达量的影响.选用2～3岁,体重、产奶量相近、安装有阴外动脉和腹部皮下静脉血插管的关中奶山羊3只,由阴外动脉灌注氨基酸和葡萄糖混合物,在灌注前后分别采集动静脉血浆、乳腺组织,测定动静脉血浆中总蛋白、白蛋白的含量及乳腺组织β-酪蛋白、催乳素受体、生长激素受体和类胰岛素生长因子Ⅰ的mRNA表达量。结果表明,与灌注前相比,乳成分前体物含量及乳腺对其的摄取量均提高(P<0.05).乳腺组织中β-酪蛋白、生长激素受体和类胰岛素生长因子Ⅰ的mRNA表达量显著提高(P<0.05),催乳素受体的mRNA表达量极显著提高(P<0.01),说明阴外动脉灌注氨基酸、葡萄糖混合物可以显著地提高乳成分前体物的浓度,有效地刺激血液中激素发生变化,提高乳腺组织中相关受体mRNA的表达.     

添加缬氨酸和异亮氨酸对哺乳母猪及其仔猪生产性能的影响

本试验旨在探讨在哺乳母猪日粮中添加缬氨酸和异亮氨酸对母猪及其仔猪生产性能、母猪采食量和乳成分的影响.试验选用健康、体况、预产期相近的第2胎法系JALAX母猪144头,分成3个处理组,即对照组、试验A组和试验B组,每个处理48头母猪.对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验A组饲喂添加低水平支链氨基酸日粮(基础日粮 缬氨酸0.26% 异亮氨酸0.06%),试验B组饲喂添加高水平支链氨基酸日粮(基础日粮 缬氨酸0.36% 异亮氨酸0.14%).试验从母猪妊娠108 d进产房开始,到仔猪21日龄断奶时结束.试验结果表明:(1)添加缬氨酸和异亮氨酸提高了仔猪的断奶窝重、断奶窝增重、平均日增重和21日龄仔猪成活率,但以试验A组的效果较好,和对照组比,上述指标分别提高了23.10%(P<0.01)、30.45%(P<0.01)、19.26%(P<0.05)和7.16%(P<0.05);(2)添加缬氨酸和异亮氨酸提高了哺乳母猪哺乳11～15 d,16～21 d以及哺乳全期的采食量,试验A组比对照组分别提高了35.61%(P<0.01)、27.72%(P<0.01)和24.21%(P<0.01),试验B组虽然与对照组之间差异不显著(P>0.05),但有提高的趋势;(3)添加缬氨酸和异亮氨酸极显著提高了泌乳第1天、第7天和第15天乳中乳脂、乳蛋白、总固形物、非乳脂固体的含量(P<0.01),极显著降低了乳糖的含量(P<0.01),但以试验A组的效果最好;(4)添加缬氨酸和异亮氨酸极显著提高了初乳(泌乳第1天)的总必需氨基酸、总非必需氨基酸以及总氨基酸的含量(P<0.01),但对第7天和第15天乳中氨基酸含量影响不显著.因此,日粮中添加缬氨酸和异亮氨酸可以提高哺乳母猪的日采食量和改善母猪乳品质,从而提高哺乳仔猪的生长性能.     

母猪妊娠后期和泌乳期饲粮中添加小麦水解蛋白对初乳中氨基酸含量、生长因子和仔猪肠道发育的影响

本试验旨在研究母猪妊娠后期和泌乳期饲粮中添加小麦水解蛋白(HWG)对初乳中氨基酸含量、生长因子和仔猪肠道发育的影响,为其在母猪饲粮配制中的应用提供试验依据。试验选用3～4胎次、预产期相近的妊娠母猪33头,随机分为3组,每组11头母猪。对照组母猪饲喂基础饲粮,试验组母猪于妊娠第90天至泌乳第21天在基础饲粮中分别添加1%和2%HWG,所有饲粮均等能等氮。结果发现:1)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加1%和2%HWG显著提高了15～21日龄仔猪的平均日增重和仔猪21日龄时的断奶体重(P0.05),添加1%HWG显著提高了仔猪平均初生重(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加1%和2%HWG显著提高了初乳中组氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸和胰岛素生长因子-I含量(P0.05),添加1%HWG显著提高了初乳中天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、色氨酸和酪氨酸含量(P0.05),添加2%HWG显著提高了初乳中甘氨酸、丝氨酸、胰岛素和表皮生长因子含量(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加1%和2%HWG显著降低了断奶仔猪血清中的氨含量以及空肠中炎性细胞因子[白细胞介素(IL)-8、IL-6、IL-1β和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)]和回肠中炎性细胞因子(IL-8和TNF-α)的mRNA相对表达量(P0.05),并显著提高了断奶仔猪十二指肠、空肠、回肠的绒毛高度和隐窝深度的比值(P0.05);添加2%HWG显著提高了断奶仔猪血清中白蛋白含量(P0.05),显著降低了断奶仔猪回肠中炎性细胞因子IL-6的mRNA相对表达量和回肠的隐窝深度(P0.05)。4)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加1%HWG显著提高了断奶仔猪空肠紧密连接蛋白-4 (claudin-4)的表达(P 0. 05),添加2%HWG显著提高了断奶仔猪空肠紧密连接蛋白-3 (claudin-3)、claudin-4和闭合蛋白(occludin)的表达(P 0.05)。综上所述,母猪妊娠后期和泌乳期饲粮中添加HWG可提高初乳中氨基酸和生长因子水平以及蛋白质的利用效率,改善仔猪的肠道健康和促进生长发育。     

日粮添加硒代蛋氨酸对母猪生产性能、血清及乳中硒含量和抗氧化指标的影响

本试验旨在测定日粮添加硒代蛋氨酸对母猪生产性能及血清和乳中硒含量和抗氧化指标的影响.试验选取胎次相同、妊娠后期的长×大母猪12头,随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每重复1头,分别设为对照组(亚硒酸钠组)和试验组(DL-硒代蛋氨酸组),均在基础日粮中(硒的实测值为0.04 mg/kg)添加0.3 mg/kg硒.试验分妊娠后期(32 d)和泌乳期(28 d)2阶段,试验期共计60 d.结果表明:与亚硒酸钠比,DL-硒代蛋氨酸使断奶窝重、断奶个体重和泌乳力分别提高了8.00%(P<0.05)、9.78%(P<0.05)和9.95%(P<0.05);使母猪泌乳期血清总抗氧化能力增强(P<0.05),丙二醛含量下降(P<0.01);使初乳和第7天、第14天、第21天和第28天常乳中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力和总抗氧化能力增强(P<0.05),丙二醛含量下降(P<0.05);使泌乳期母猪血清、初乳和常乳硒含量增高(P<0.05).上述结果提示:DL-硒代蛋氨酸较亚硒酸钠能提高母猪乳和血清中硒含量,增强母猪的抗氧化能力,促进乳猪生长.     

杜民与长民母猪泌乳性能比较

为研究杜洛克和长白猪与民猪的杂交效果,试验对14头杜民母猪及11头长民母猪整个哺乳期内乳中营养成分(乳蛋白、乳糖、乳脂肪和干物质)和泌乳量进行测定,分析两种母猪泌乳性能的差异。结果表明:杜民与长民母猪间哺乳期内各时间点乳中各种营养成分含量均差异不显著(P0.05)。初乳中乳蛋白和干物质含量处在较高的水平,同时乳脂肪和乳糖含量低于常乳;乳中各营养成分在7 d后基本保持不变;长民母猪哺乳期平均单日泌乳量显著高于杜民母猪(P0.05)。说明长民母猪具有更好的泌乳性能。     

日粮赖氨酸与粗蛋白质比例对哺乳母猪繁殖性能的影响

选用分娩日期相近的长×大二元母猪 6 0头 ,按胎次 ,体重随机分为 5个处理 ,分别饲喂不同赖氨酸和粗蛋白质比例 (4 .8,5 .3,5 .8,6 .3和 6 .8gLys/ 10 0gCP)的日粮。试验结果表明 :随着哺乳母猪日粮赖氨酸与粗蛋白质比例的增加 ,母猪体重与背膘厚度损失呈二次曲线下降 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;母猪 2 1日龄的产奶量呈二次曲线变化趋势 (P <0 .0 1) ;哺乳期间窝平均日增重呈二次曲线变化趋势 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;哺乳母猪产后 14d和 2 1d血清尿素氮的浓度呈线性或二次曲线下降 (P <0 .0 1) ,而血清游离赖氨酸的浓度则呈二次曲线变化趋势 (P <0 .0 5 )。在本试验条件下 ,粗蛋白质为 17%时 ,长×大二元哺乳母猪最佳的赖氨酸和粗蛋白质比例为 6 .3g/ 10 0g。     

热应激对泌乳母猪泌乳量、血液生化指标和免疫指标的影响

本研究旨在探讨热应激对泌乳母猪泌乳量、血液生化指标和免疫指标的影响。泌乳母猪的舒适温度区为16～22℃,因此分别在高温季节(日平均温度28.41℃)和适温季节(日平均温度20.78℃)各对20头长白泌乳母猪(初产母猪6头,经产母猪14头)开展相应的热应激和非热应激试验,检测并分析泌乳母猪在2种不同环境温度下的泌乳量、血液生化指标和免疫指标变化。结果表明:热应激极显著降低了混合胎次所有母猪泌乳期的泌乳量(P<0.01),其中热应激显著降低了初产母猪泌乳第21～24、25～28天的日均泌乳量(P<0.05),并极显著降低了经产母猪泌乳第5～8、9～12、17～20、21～24、25～28天的日均泌乳量(P<0.01);热应激还造成总蛋白含量、谷丙转氨酶活性显著降低(P<0.05),总胆固醇含量极显著降低,而尿素氮含量和乳酸脱氢酶活性极显著增加(P<0.01);热应激对泌乳母猪的免疫性能造成严重影响,导致IgM、补体3、γ干扰素含量显著增加及CD8活性显著增强(P<0.05),IgG和白细胞介素-2含量极显著增加(P<0.01)。综上,持续热应激会导致泌乳母猪泌乳量减少,血液生化指标和免疫指标发生显著改变,从而对泌乳母猪的健康产生不利影响。     

荷斯坦奶牛STAT5A基因的SNPs检测及其与产奶性状的关联分析

根据GenBank公布的牛STAT5A基因的2个SNPs（AJ237937和AF079568）的引物序列,采用PCR-SS-CP方法对758头中国荷斯坦奶牛进行了STAT5A基因多态性检测,并将其与5个产奶性状进行了关联分析。在SNP1的9501碱基处发现A→G突变;SNP2中发现2个连锁点突变,即12 440位T→C和12 550位的CCT插入/缺失;方差分析结果表明：SNP1对乳蛋白率有显著影响（P〈0.05）;SNP2对产奶量有极显著影响（P〈0.01）,对乳脂量、乳蛋白量有显著影响（P〈0.05）;单倍型组合对产奶量和乳蛋白量有极显著影响（P〈0.01）,对乳脂量有显著影响（P〈0.05）。多重比较分析表明SNP2的AB基因型的产奶量、乳脂量和乳蛋白量的最小二乘均数极显著（P〈0.01）或显著（P〈0.05）高于基因型AA;而单倍型组合H1H2的产奶量、乳脂量和乳蛋白量的最小二乘均数显著（P〈0.05）或极显著（P〈0.01）高于其它4种单倍型组合;H3H4对产奶量和乳蛋白量的效应极显著高于其它4种单倍型组合（P〈0.01）。结果提示：STAT5A基因可以作为奶牛产奶性状的候选分子遗传标记。     

补饲发酵芦笋下脚料对母猪粪便形态和乳汁质量的影响

本研究旨在探讨给妊娠后期和哺乳期母猪补饲发酵芦笋下脚料对母猪粪便形态和乳汁质量的影响。将15头膘情、胎次和预产期相近的妊娠母猪随机分配到Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组,每组5个重复,每个重复1头猪。Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组母猪每头每天分别补饲0、0.25和0.50 kg发酵芦笋下脚料。试验从母猪妊娠期的第85天开始到产后第21天结束。结果表明:1)给母猪补饲发酵芦笋下脚料能改善母猪的粪便形态。2)Ⅲ组母猪初乳中乳蛋白质、生长激素、胰岛素和免疫球蛋白G水平显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05),肿瘤坏死因子-α水平显著低于Ⅰ组(P0.05)。3)Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组母猪第10天乳汁中总超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05),而第21天乳汁中总超氧化物歧化酶活性则极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01);Ⅲ组母猪第21天乳汁中丙二醛、白细胞介素-1β、白细胞介素-6和肿瘤坏死因子-α水平分别显著低于Ⅰ组(P0.05)。由此得出,补饲发酵芦笋下脚料能减少妊娠后期和哺乳期母猪便秘的发生,并不同程度地改善母猪乳汁质量。     

Phenylalanine requirement of the lactating sow

Six mature Yorkshire X Landrace sows were randomly assigned to a 6 X 6 Latin-square experiment on d 3 of lactation to determine the phenylalanine (Phe) requirement in the presence of excess tyrosine (Tyr). A control diet of corn sugar, cornstarch, whey, L-glutamic acid, solka floc, soybean oil, amino acids, minerals and vitamins was supplemented with L-Phe to provide .175, .250, .325, .400, .475 and .550% Phe and .47% Tyr. Each diet was fed to a maximum of 5.5 kg/d within each of six 7-d periods. Sow milk yield and average pig weight gain decreased (cubic, P less than .01) with increasing time period. Feed intake and average pig weight gain were depressed (quadratic, P less than .05) on the lowest Phe diet, but milk yield was not significantly affected. Daily nitrogen (N) intake was depressed (quadratic, P less than .01) when sows consumed the .175% Phe diet, but percent fecal N was not affected. Percent urine N decreased (quadratic, P less than .001) and percent N retained (without milk) increased with increasing Phe to .288 and .296%, respectively. Daily secretion of milk N as a percentage of N intake was not affected by diet. Percent overall N balance (with milk) increased with increasing Phe to .307%. Urea N decreased with increasing dietary Phe in both plasma (linear, P less than .01) and urine (quadratic, P less than .001) to a breakpoint at .285% Phe. A sharp rise (quadratic, P less than .01) in plasma Phe occurred at .299% dietary Phe. Plasma Tyr increased (quadratic, P less than .05) as dietary Phe increased, but no clear inflection point was obtained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

亮氨酸对早期断奶湖羊瘤胃发育及细菌菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加亮氨酸对早期断奶湖羊瘤胃发育及瘤胃细菌菌群组成的影响。选用36只5日龄的湖羊羔羊,依据体重相近原则随机分成对照组(C,0 g/d)、亮氨酸低剂量添加组(L,0.66 g/d)和高剂量添加组(H,1.33 g/d),每组4个重复,每个重复3只羔羊。于30日龄断奶当天每组每个重复取1只羔羊屠宰以获得瘤胃组织及内容物样品(n=4)。结果表明:H组瘤胃乳头的长度较C组显著增加(线性,P<0.01);添加亮氨酸可使瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸水平显著提高(二次,P=0.05),但并未改变乙酸、丙酸和丁酸的摩尔比例(P>0.05);与C组相比,L与H组的瘤胃氨态氮浓度均显著降低(线性,P<0.05;二次,P>0.05);L组羔羊瘤胃内容物中微生物蛋白含量显著高于C组(二次,P=0.05);亮氨酸的添加并未改变瘤胃细菌物种丰富度和多样性指数,但对菌群组成有一定影响;L组瘤胃内最多的是厚壁菌门(49.5%);H组拟杆菌门(51.4%)显著高L和C组(二次,P=0.05);H组的普雷沃氏菌属最多(线性,P>0.05;二次,P>0.05),而L组的巨型球菌属最多(二次,P <0.01);与C组相比,L组的双歧杆菌属(二次,P<0.05)和光岗菌属显著增加(二次,P<0.05)。由此可见,添加亮氨酸可促进羔羊瘤胃发育,改变瘤胃细菌菌群组成。     

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Effects of dietary glucose inclusion on reproductive performance,milk compositions and blood profiles in lactating sows

Twenty‐four multiparous sows were used to investigate the effects of dietary glucose inclusion on reproductive performance, milk compositions, blood metabolites and hormones during lactation. The sows were randomly assigned to four treatments and each treatment had six replicates (sows). The diets were added with 0%, 1%, 3% or 5% glucose at the expense of corn and fed to sows for 24 days. The loss of backfat thickness during lactation was quadratically decreased (p = 0.008) and the wean‐to‐oestrus interval was shortened (linear, p = 0.013; quadratic, p = 0.009) with increasing levels of dietary glucose supplementation. The reproductive performance was not affected (p > 0.05) by different dietary glucose contents. Increased concentrations of total solid and fat in milk were noted (p < 0.05), whereas there was no difference on colostrum compositions. With increasing levels of dietary glucose inclusion, the concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (p = 0.004) and glucose (p = 0.029) were linearly increased at weaning. The concentrations of insulin were increased at post‐farrowing (linear, p = 0.027; quadratic p = 0.013) and weaning (linear, p = 0.029; quadratic, p = 0.017), respectively. Furthermore, the pulses of insulin and FSH at weaning were linearly (p = 0.049) and quadratically (p = 0.015) increased with the increasing levels of dietary glucose inclusion. In conclusion, this study indicated that inclusion of 3% glucose in lactating diet could reduce backfat loss, increase milk fat and have no negative effect on reproductive performance in multiparous sows.     

Aromatic amino acid requirement of the lactating sow

Six mature Yorkshire X Landrace sows were randomly assigned to a 6 X 6 Latin-square experiment on d 5 of lactation to determine the total phenylalanine (Phe) and tyrosine (Tyr) requirement. A control diet of corn sugar, cornstarch, whey, L-glutamic acid, solka floc, soybean oil, amino acids, minerals and vitamins was supplemented with L-Phe to provide .30 (basal), .45, .60, .75, .90 and 1.05% total aromatic amino acids (TAAA). Each diet was fed to a maximum of 5.5 kg/d within each of six 10-d periods. Feed intake, average pig weight gain and sow milk yield decreased linearly (P less than .01) with increasing period. Sow milk yield was maximized at .75% TAAA (quadratic, P less than .10), but average pig weight gain did not reflect the higher yield. Urea nitrogen decreased quadratically with increasing dietary Phe in both plasma (P less than .05) and urine (P less than .01) to a breakpoint at .56% TAAA. Plasma Phe increased (quadratic, P less than .01) as dietary TAAA increased, but no clear inflection point was obtained. A sharp rise (quadratic, P less than .001) in plasma Tyr occurred at .73% dietary TAAA. Plasma lysine decreased (linear, P less than .001) to a low level at .76% TAAA, but plasma methionine was unaffected by treatment. Urine allantoin/urea X protein intake was maximized at .61% TAAA (quadratic, P less than .01). Nitrogen (N) intake varied among diets (quadratic, P less than .05), but fecal N was not altered by TAAA level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effects of concentrations of cyanocobalamin in the gestation diet on some criteria of vitamin B12 metabolism in first-parity sows

In swine nutrition, little is known about the role of vitamin B(12) in the reproductive processes. The current study was undertaken to obtain information on the dose-response pattern of different metabolic criteria related to the homeostasis of vitamin B(12) and homocysteine in gestating sows receiving various concentrations of dietary vitamin B(12) (cyanocobalamin). Homocysteine is a detrimental intermediate metabolite of the vitamin B(12)-dependent remethylation pathway of Met. Forty nulliparous (Large White x Landrace) sows were randomly assigned during gestation to dietary treatments containing 5 concentrations of cyanocobalamin (0, 20, 100, 200, or 400 microg/kg). During lactation, a diet containing 25 microg of cyanocobalamin/kg (as-fed) was given to all sows. During gestation, plasma vitamin B(12) increased as concentrations of dietary cyanocobalamin increased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.01) and the effect persisted during lactation (21 d postpartum) both in plasma (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05) and the liver (linear and quadratic, P < 0.04). Plasma homocysteine decreased with concentrations of cyanocobalamin provided to sows during gestation (linear, quadratic, and cubic, P < 0.01). At parturition, vitamin B(12) in colostrum increased as concentrations of cyanocobalamin increased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.01), but the treatment effect persisted (linear, P = 0.01) only up to 1 d postfarrowing. However, in piglets there was no treatment effect (P = 0.59) on plasma vitamin B(12) before colostrum intake, but a linear effect of concentrations of cyanocobalamin (P = 0.04) was observed 1 d later. Plasma homocysteine in piglets during lactation decreased with increasing concentrations of cyanocobalamin given to sows in gestation (linear and quadratic, P < 0.01). Based on a broken-line regression model, the concentrations of dietary cyanocobalamin that maximized plasma vitamin B(12) and minimized plasma homocysteine of sows during gestation were estimated to be 164 and 93 microg/kg, respectively. The maximal residual responses in sows and piglets during lactation were observed with treatments of 100 or 200 microg of cyanocobalamin/kg. The dietary cyanocobalamin concentration necessary to optimize the response of these metabolic criteria remains to be refined within lower and narrower ranges of cyanocobalamin concentrations (i.e., <200 mg/kg). Moreover, the biological significance of such concentrations of cyanocobalamin needs to be validated with performance criteria by using greater numbers of animals during several parities.     

Effect of a short-term fast on intestinal disaccharidase activity and villus morphology of piglets suckling insulin-like growth factor-I transgenic sows

The objectives of this study were to use transgenic sows that overexpress IGF-I in milk to investigate the effect of a short-term fast on piglet intestinal morphology and disaccharidase activity and to determine how milk-borne IGF-I influences the response to fasting. After farrowing, litters were normalized to 10 piglets. On d 6, piglets (n = 30) suckling IGF-I transgenic (TG) sows and piglets (n = 30) suckling nontransgenic sows (control) were assigned randomly to three treatments: fed piglets (0 h), which remained with the sow until euthanized on d 7, or fasted piglets, which were removed from the sow at either 6 or 12 h before euthanasia on d 7. Serum IGF-I and IGFBP, intestinal weight and length, jejunal protein and DNA content, disaccharidase activity, and villus morphology were measured. Fasting for 12 h resulted in a negative weight change between d 6 and 7 (quadratic response to fasting; P < 0.001). Piglets suckling TG sows tended to have greater intestinal length (P = 0.068), but no effect of IGF-I overexpression was noted for intestinal weight. Fasting, however, resulted in linear (P < 0.001) and quadratic (P = 0.002) decreases in intestinal weight. Serum IGF-I did not differ between control and TG sows, but decreased linearly (P = 0.003) with fasting. Serum IGFBP-4 decreased (linear and quadratic; P < or = 0.02) with fasting, whereas IGFBP-1 increased quadratically (P < 0.001) with fasting. Jejunal villus height, width, and crypt depth were all increased with fasting (linear and quadratic; P < 0.04). Disaccharidase activity was not affected by fed state; however, piglets suckling TG sows had greater jejunal lactase-phlorhizin hydrolase (P < 0.01) and sucrase-isomaltase (P = 0.02) activities than control piglets. In summary, intestinal weight, villus morphology, serum IGF-I, serum IGFBP-1 and -4, and piglet BW change were altered (P < or = 0.02) in response to fasting. Thus, the duration of food deprivation before euthanization should be considered when designing experiments to assess intestinal development or the IGF axis, as the magnitude of differences between the fed and fasted state may exceed those expected as a result of experimental treatment.