利用RAPD标记分析近交系小鼠的遗传多态性

采用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）标记，分析了BALB／c、57BL／6、DBA／2、C3H／He近交系小鼠的遗传多态性。结果表明，上述小鼠表现出了各自不同的多态性RAPD标记；RAPD可作为近交系小鼠的分子标记， 在DNA水平区别4种近交系小鼠。     

BALB/c近交系小鼠的RAPD分析

采用随机扩增多态 DNA(RAPD)技术 ,分析了 BAL B/c近交系小鼠的基因多态性。结果表明 ,BAL B/c近交系小鼠表现出了多态性 RAPD标记 ,单个随机引物扩增的 DNA片段数目为 2至 11条不等 ,片段大小在 30 0～ 2 30 0 bp之间     

近交系小鼠的遗传监测

近交系小鼠在医学与生物学研究领域占重要地位。近交系小鼠遗传质量影响着相关实验的可信度，监测方法主要包括：一般形态学标记、细胞遗传学标记、免疫学标记、生物化学标记和分子生物学标记等。一般形态学标记、细胞学标记、免疫学标记和生物化学标记都是外在表现型或者遗传物质载体的监测，易受外界因素干扰，并且不能覆盖全部染色体。分子生物学标记包括：限制性片段长度多态性、DNA指纹、随机遗传扩增DNA多态性和串联重复序列。分子生物学标记虽基于DNA水平进行监测，但目前尚无标准遗传背景图可供参考。为高速发展的现代医学服务急需建立标准遗传背景图谱。     

DNA指纹技术对近交系小鼠生产扩大群的遗传检测

采用生物素标记的（GGAT）4寡核苷酸探针对C57BL／6J、BALB／c和DBA／2三种近交系生产扩大群F4代小鼠进行了DNA指纹图分析。结果显示（GGAT）4寡核苷酸探针对上述三种近交系小鼠产生的DNA指纹图的图带数均为10-12条,具有良好的多态性,品系内平均DNA指纹图的相似系教（X）在0．88—0．95的范围内,具有相同指纹图的概率（P）均在0．35以上,极显著地高于品系间的相似系数（0．18—0．31）和相同指纹图的概率（P〈8．4×10^-7）。研究结果表明（GGAT）。寡核苷酸探针可用于制作近交系小鼠生产扩大群的DNA指纹图,以对其进行遗传检测。     

用寡核苷酸探针对近交系小鼠DNA指纹图谱的分析

应用DNA指纹技术，用非放射性标记的寡核苷酸探针(GGAT)。对3个清洁级近交小鼠品系C57、DBA／2、BALB／c进行检测，分析其DNA指纹图谱。结果显示，不同品系近交系小鼠的DNA指纹图谱有明显差异，而品系内小鼠之间的DNA指纹图谱基本一致。证明DNA指纹技术能够较好地检测出近交系小鼠的基因纯合性，反映其遗传质量，可以应用于对近交系小鼠的遗传质量监测。     

河南省4种地方品系鸡的RAPD分析

应用随机扩增多态性DNA(random amplified polymorphic DNA,RAPD) 技术分析河南省4个地方鸡的品系,固始鸡快羽G_K系、固始鸡慢羽G_M系、矮小型绿壳蛋鸡、黄麻羽丝毛乌骨鸡的遗传变异。用186个随机引物对4个鸡种基因组DNA池扩增筛选,40个引物产生多态性。此40个引物经重新优化反应体系后,对120个个体的基因组DNA 进行RAPD分析。40个引物共产生387种扩增片段,扩增产物片段的长度大小在100～2220 bp范围内。利用电泳分析数据分别计算4个品系群体之间的遗传相似系数和遗传距离指数,结果4个鸡种的亲缘关系与它们的引种情况基本一致。同时也证明了RAPD技术可以作为分子标记,很好地检测鸡种群内的遗传变异及区分不同鸡品系。     

DNA指纹技术在近交系动物遗传检测中的研究

采用生物素标记的(GGAT)4寡核苷酸探针对DBA1、DBA2两种近交系小鼠及DBA2×DBA1 F1代小鼠进行了DNA指纹图分析,并与常规生化位点标记分析法进行了比较.结果显示,DNA指纹图具有良好的多态性,不仅可以分辨生化位点标记分析法能够区分的不同品系的近交系动物,而且也能够分辨生化位点标记分析法不能区分的不同品系的近交系动物.研究还表明,用同一方法重复同一基因组DNA的指纹图时,获得相同的实验结果.因此,DNA指纹图法不仅比传统的生化位点检测分析法有更好的分辨力,也具有良好的稳定性.     

随机扩增多态DNA（RAPD）技术在鹅育种上的应用

本文用4种引物（OPH5、OPH13、OPH16和OPF4）对隆昌鹅、太湖鹅和新太湖鹅进行基因组DNA、RAPD分析。结果表明：三种鹅都有特异性的条带,扩增DNA条带都表现为多态性,条带数为3-12条,大小范围在0.36-0.38kb之间,多态频率为72.14%;RAPD标记可作为一种辅助手段来比较鹅群体的遗传变异性,太湖鹅遗传变异性大于隆昌鹅;OPF-04很可能用作区分隆昌鹅与太湖鹅的标记性引物。     

浅述RAPD分子标记技术在家禽遗传育种中的应用

１９５３年，Waston和Crick提出了DNA分子结构双螺旋模型。１９８０年Botsten等采用DNA限制性片段多态性（RFLP）作为一种遗传标记技术。８０年代中后期PCR（聚合酶链式反应）技术的诞生和９０年代初人类基因组研究，分子标记技术研究和应用得到迅速发展。拾多年来，相继出现了RAPD（随机扩增多态性DNA）标记、SSR（简单序列重复也称为微卫星标记）、AFLP等十几种DNA标记技术。现代分子标记技术已广泛应用于生物基因组研究、生物遗传育种、起源进化、分类鉴定以及疾病诊断等方面。本文着重介绍目前常用的RAPD分子标记技术及…     

微卫星DNA在近交系小鼠遗传监测中的应用

用7对引物对5种不同品系近交系小鼠的微卫星位点进行多态性分析。结果显示,不同品系及同品系不同个体近交系小鼠的扩增产物在7个微卫星位点上均出现一清晰条带,在不同品系小鼠之间筛选出4个（D3Mit22、D6Mitl92、D6Mit36、D6Mitl49）具有多态性的位点;同品系内不同个体之间没有多态性。结果表明,所检测的小鼠符合近交系要求,筛选出的4个微卫星位点可用于国内有关近交系小鼠的遗传背景监测。     

利用二代测序技术进行近交系小鼠品系验证

为了对生产群中的无特定病原体(specific pathogen free,SPF)级近交系小鼠进行遗传质量检测,以确认其品系正确,未发生突变。选取2个品系(Balb/cByJ和C57BL/6J)雌雄各半,共16只小鼠,通过多重靶向多聚酶链反应(PCR),扩增包含112个单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)位点的DNA片段,对其进行二代测序(next-generation sequencing,NGS),获得它们在这些SNP位点的基因型。经二代测序后,得到有效读取数为6118873,每个位点的平均读取数为3631,97个SNP位点在所有的小鼠中都被分型,另外15个SNP位点,至少在1个样本中没有被检出。其中,6个SNP只在一个品系的小鼠中有结果,还有2个SNP只在一种性别的小鼠中有结果。在所有样本中得到的全部SNP分型结果都符合其品系的基因型,且均为纯合子。送检的小鼠遗传特征稳定,利用二代测序技术进行SNP分型,能对近交系小鼠的遗传特性进行快速准确的评估。     

Establishment and characterization of the MSKR inbred strain originated from Japanese wild mice (Mus musculus molossinus)

A new inbred strain, MSKR, originated from Japanese wild mice was established in April, 1998. The MSKR mice were 60% of the C57BL/6N inbred mice in the 60-day body weight. Tail length/head-body length and hind-foot length/head-body length of the MSKR mice were significantly smaller than those of the C57BL/6N mice (0.896 vs 1.061, 0.189 vs 0.204), but ear length/head-body length of the MSKR mice was significantly larger than that of the C57BL/6N mice (0.143 vs 0.137). The age of the first parturition and size of the first litter were 63.20 +/- 2.71 days and 6.20 +/- 0.37, respectively, at the 20th and 22nd inbreeding generations. Genetic characterization of the MSKR strain was performed using 34 microsatellite markers, 29 biochemical markers, 9 immunogenetic markers, 3 coat color markers, and mitochondrial DNA RFLP-haplotypes. The result indicated that this newly established inbred strain has some different gene constitution from already known molossinus and common laboratory strains.     

中国美利奴羊(新疆型)四个品系的RAPD分子标记研究

选用120条随机引物分别对中国美利奴羊（新疆型）毛质好、体格大、毛密和超细4个品系的混合DNA进行RAPD扩增，共筛选出3条特异性多态引物，占产生扩增产物引物总数的3，0％，说明各品系问的遗传变异程度较小。用其中的特异性引物OPF15分别对4个品系的部分个体样品进行分析，同样表现出多态性，并出现混合DNA样品RAPD分析结果中未出现的谱带。其中超细型有94．12％的个体（16／17）都产生一条特异的相同谱带，大小约为826bp，而其他3个品系混合DNA及个体的扩增产物均未获得此大小扩增片段，由此，可将该扩增片段作为中国美利奴羊（新疆型）超细型的一个特征性RAPD标记。     

The developmental ability of vitrified oocytes from different mouse strains assessed by parthenogenetic activation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Assessment of the developmental ability of oocytes following freezing and thawing is an important step for optimizing oocyte cryopreservation techniques. However, the in vitro fertilization of frozen-thawed mouse oocytes is often inefficient because of incomplete capacitation of spermatozoa in the absence of surrounding cumulus cells. This study was undertaken to determine whether the oocyte cryopreservation efficiency of different strains of mice could be assessed from the development of oocytes following parthenogenetic activation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Oocytes were collected from hybrid (C57BL/6 x DBA/2) F1 or inbred (C57BL/6J, C3H/HeN, DBA/2J and BALB/cA) strains and were vitrified in a solution containing ethylene glycol, DMSO, Ficoll and sucrose. In the first series of experiments, oocytes were activated parthenogenetically by Sr(2+) treatment after warming. The oocytes from the inbred strains, but not those of the F1 hybrid, were diploidized by cytochalasin treatment to obtain a sufficient number of blastocysts. In all strains tested, parthenogenetic embryos derived from vitrified oocytes developed into blastocysts at rates between 23 and 68%. In the second series of experiments, vitrified oocytes from each strain were injected with homologous spermatozoa after warming. Normal offspring were obtained from all strains at rates between 5 and 26% per embryo transferred. Thus, the feasibility of oocyte cryopreservation protocols can be assessed easily by in vitro development of parthenogenetic embryos or by in vivo development of ICSI embryos. Moreover, the oocytes of these four major inbred strains of mice can be cryopreserved safely for production of offspring.     

A proximal genomic region of mouse chromosome 10 contains quantitative trait loci affecting fatness

Body weight and fatness are quantitative traits of agricultural and medical importance. In previous genome‐wide quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses, two QTLs for body weight and weight gain at an early postnatal growth period were discovered on mouse chromosome 10 from a gene pool of wild subspecies mice, Mus musculus castaneus. In this study, we developed a congenic strain with an approximately 63‐Mb wild‐derived genomic region on which the two growth QTLs could be located, by recurrent backcrossing to the common inbred strain C57BL/6J. We compared body weights at 1–10 weeks of age, body weight gains at 1–3, 3–6 and 6–10 weeks, internal organ weights and body lengths between the congenic strain developed and C57BL/6J. Unfortunately, no effects of the two growth QTLs on body weights and weight gains were confirmed. However, at least two new QTLs affecting fatness traits were discovered within the introgressed congenic region. The wild‐derived allele at one QTL increased body mass index, whereas at another one it decreased white fat pad weight and adiposity index. Thus, the congenic mouse strain developed here is a useful model animal for understanding the genetic and molecular basis of fat deposition in livestock as well as humans.     

Effects of endotoxin on carbohydrate metabolism in inbred mice.

Effects of endotoxin on carbohydrate metabolism were studied in A/HeJ (endotoxin-sensitive) and C3H/HeJ (endotoxin-resistant) inbred mice. A/HeJ mice developed hypoglycemia within two hours after endotoxin injection, yet liver glycogen content did not differ from controls. Similarly treated C3H/HeJ mice did not develop significant hypoglycemia. Administration of glucagon to endotoxin-treated A/HeJ mice failed to elevate their blood glucose concentrations, while endotoxin-treated mice of the same strain did respond to dibutyryl cyclic AMP with a significant elevation of blood glucose. C3H/HeJ mice on the other hand responded to glucagon and dibutyryl cyclic AMP with elevated blood glucose. Endotoxin-treated C3H/HeJ but not A/HeJ mice were able to carry out gluconeogenesis induced by prednisolone, while both inbred strains showed active glycogenesis after administration of an exogenous glucose load. Administration of glucagon resulted in diminished liver glycogen concentrations in A/HeJ endotoxin-treated mice suggesting no impairment of glycogenolysis. The inability of endotoxin-treated A/HeJ mice to respond to glucagon could be due to impairment of gluconeogenesis. Although endotoxin interfered with the capacity of both inbred strains to respond to glucagon administration with elevation of liver cyclic AMP, the effect was significantly more severe in A/HeJ mice. The susceptibility of A/HeJ mice to the lethal effect of endotoxin may be related to the apparent sensitivity of carbohydrate metabolic pathways to disturbance by endotoxin.     

豫医无毛小鼠分离近交系的繁殖学特征及HLC小鼠近交系的建立

对豫医无毛小鼠和有毛小鼠生殖器官的大体形态、组织学结构及其繁殖能力进行了比较研究。结果表明，无毛小鼠生殖器官的位置、形态、组织学结构及发情周期与有毛小鼠无明显差异；无毛雄鼠明显具有生育能力，但其生育期短；无毛雌鼠有生育能力，但繁殖能力下降，受孕率较低，乳腺功能受损辑性差，不能很好地护理幼仔，幼鼠很难成活，一般1～3d内死亡。杂合子有毛小鼠的生育能力正常。在昆明小鼠繁殖群基础上，采用全同胞兄妹交配方式培育建立了HLC小鼠近交系，应用生化标记检测、皮肤移植试验和毛色基因测试法对育成的HLC小鼠进行遗传监测，证实其基因位点高度纯合；对其基本生物学特性进行研究，结果表明其为具有新特性的近交系小鼠，现已近交繁育30代。     

Effects of experimental inoculation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in different inbred mice lineages: establishment of a murine model for BRSV infection

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), a member of the subfamily Pneumovirinae, family Paramyxoviridae, is a major cause of respiratory disorders in young cattle. A number of studies were conducted to validate a reliable animal model for the infection, since BRSV inoculation on the natural host is costly and often unsuccessful. Unfortunately, after inoculation of BRSV in Balb/C mice, viral replication may be detected; however, evident pathological alterations are absent on the experimentally infected animals. In order to establish a mice model that could be used further for preliminary studies of pathological and immunological aspects of BRSV infection, three mice inbred lineages (Balb/C, A/J and C57BL6), possessing different genetic backgrounds, were tested about its susceptibility to the inoculation with BRSV. Animals were inoculated through the nasal and ocular routes and were observed after inoculation. At 7 days post-inoculation (dpi) animals were necropsied and virological (virus isolation and viral nucleic acid amplification) as well as histopathological examinations were performed. A/J and C57BL6 showed interstitial pneumonia, when compared to the Balb/C group. These findings shows that mice may constitute a suitable model for the study of BRSV infections, depending on the mice strain used for experimental inoculations.     

Lactational performance of Quackenbush Swiss line 5 mice

We evaluated 2 strains of mice for their utility in the investigation of nutritional and molecular regulatory mechanisms of lactation. The lactational performance and milk composition were characterized for an inbred mouse strain, inbred Quackenbush Swiss line 5 (QSi5) selected persistently for fecundity, and a nonselected strain, CBA. The milk yield assessed by changes in BW in response to suckling of sustainable litter sizes for each strain was 3-fold greater (P < 0.001) in QSi5 mice than the CBA strain. The QSi5 mice also produced milk more efficiently (P < 0.001) than CBA mice, despite having the same quantity of mammary tissue per unit of BW. Milk composition did not vary between strains or by stage of lactation, with the exception of lactose concentration, which was greater (P = 0.003) in QSi5 mice. Expression of epsilon-casein was > or = 10-fold greater, and alpha(S1)-casein was > or = 3-fold greater, during mid and late lactation compared with early lactation in both strains, whereas kappa-casein underwent an apparent alteration in posttranslational modifications in both strains from early to mid lactation. Changes in casein composition coincided with an increased susceptibility to proteolytic degradation; hence milk from early lactation may be more readily degraded to facilitate digestion in the neonate. The greater milk synthetic capacity of QSi5 mice over the lactation cycle provides a useful model for studies of nutritional and molecular regulation of lactation.