Improvement of soil properties using compost for optimum parsley production in sandy soils

In the warm and wet north Florida climate, growing Italian parsley (Petroselinum crispum [Mill.]) is gaining popularity with small producers as a short duration crop on sandy soil. Application of compost to agricultural land can benefit the low fertile sandy soils in Florida and subsequent crop production, while providing an outlet for recycling municipal solid wastes (MSW) and biosolids. A field study was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications to evaluate the effects of compost (75% MSW:25% biosolids) application in comparison to fertilizer, fertilizer + compost (50:50), and control treatments on: (a) parsley fresh weight (FW), (b) soil and plant tissue nutrient concentrations, and (c) soil bulk density and moisture retention in winter and spring seasons. Soil amended with fertilizer or compost + fertilizer doubled parsley FW from 15.02 Mg ha⁻¹ in the non-amended control plot to 30.75 and 32.67 Mg ha⁻¹ in soils that received fertilizer + compost or fertilizer alone, respectively. Significantly higher total soil carbon (C) levels of 2.16% and 1.95% and nitrogen (N) levels of 0.19% and 0.16% were recorded in compost and fertilizer + compost treatments, respectively. Addition of compost reduced soil bulk density significantly to 1.03 Mg m⁻³ and increased soil moisture retention in simulated drier conditions at 1500 kPa to 0.12 m³ m⁻³ in plots that received only compost at the end of winter growing season. Overall, addition of compost resulted in improvement of both physical and chemical properties as well as increased parsley yields.     

Fertilization regulates soil enzymatic activity and fertility dynamics in a cucumber field

Different fertilizers may affect soil enzymatic activity and soil fertility dynamics. These effects were investigated in a field experiment with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and the relationship with yield and soil nutrient availability was assessed. Soil enzymatic activity, measured as phosphatase, catalase, invertase and urease activities, decreased in the early growth stages of cucumber, but increased in the late ones, when plant were supplied with partially decomposed horse manure. Chemical N fertilizer inhibited soil enzymatic activity but P and K fertilizers enhanced it. Activity of different soil enzymes was positively correlated with soil NH₄⁺–N and available P concentration, but negatively correlated with leaf N and P concentration. Cucumber yield was also positively correlated with the soil enzymatic activity. Our results demonstrate that soil enzymatic activity acted as a useful indicator of soil fertility dynamics.     

Effects of chemical and organic fertilizers on the growth,flower quality and nutrient uptake of Anthurium andreanum, cultivated for cut flower production

Sustainable agriculture has become a concern, due to the pressures of the “energy crisis” and issues of “environmental protection”. The use of organic fertilizer made from agricultural waste regenerates natural resources and reduces the consumption of fossil energy as well as phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) deposits. There is scant information available concerning the use of organic fertilizer as the sole source of nutrients in flower production, especially in the cultivation of flowers in a soilless condition. The objective of this study was to develop an organic fertilization management system to replace the chemical fertilization management of the cut flower production of Anthurium andreanum Lind. cultivated under soilless conditions. Four fertilization treatments were carried out consisting of two chemical fertilizers [controlled release fertilizer (CRF) and a chemical nutrient solution (CNS)], and two organic fertilizers [pea and rice hull compost (PRHC) and cattle dung with tea leaf residue compost (CDTC)]. The effects of the various fertilizations on A. andreanum were evaluated based on plant growth, nutrient uptake, and cut flower quality during the 1-year experimental period. The results show that the growth, yield, and cut flower quality of plants receiving PRHC were the same as those receiving CNS and CRF, indicating that PRHC can substitute for CRF and CNS as a nutrient source for cut flower production of A. andreanum cultivated in soilless condition. The plants that received the CNS and PRHC treatments had a significantly increased leaf number and new leaf growth area than those that received the CRF and CDTC treatments. The plants receiving the CDTC showed the lowest increase in leaf area and number of flowers. The retardant growth of plants treated with CDTC has been explained as being due to less carbon (C) being assimilated, most likely as the result of an insufficient supply of nitrogen (N) and manganese (Mn) toxicity. The petiole and peduncle length of the plants receiving the CRF were the shortest, which might be due to the low level of potassium (K) accompanying the magnesium (Mg) deficiency. Even though there were significant differences in the N and K concentrations of the plants among the different treatments, no significant differences were observed in the cut flower quality. In short, the organic fertilizer PRHC can meet the nutrient requirements of A. andreanum cultivation for the cut flower production under soilless conditions.     

京郊露地菜田施肥状况与土壤有效养分年际变化调研

以北京市1996~2014年郊区露地菜田1184份调研报告和161个土壤样本数据为基础,分析了京郊露地菜田施肥种类、施肥量、养分平衡、土壤有效养分的年际变化。结果表明:与20世纪90年代相比,现阶段露地菜田施用的有机肥由以厩肥、鸭粪和牛粪为主转为以鸡粪为主,化肥投入品种单一,偏施大量元素肥,缺少中微量元素补充;与20世纪90年代相比,尽管现阶段年施肥量明显减少,年养分盈余程度明显减轻,但养分投入量仍与作物吸收规律不符,N、P、K三大元素投入比例不合理,氮磷养分盈余的现象仍存在。经评价现阶段露地菜田土壤碱解氮缺乏,速效磷含量过高,有效钾适宜。     

不同用量生物有机肥对苦瓜枯萎病防治及 土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

将生防菌剂与腐熟有机肥混合制成生物有机肥（BOF）,采用盆栽的试验方法,研究了不同
用量的生物有机肥对苦瓜枯萎病的防效和对土壤微生物及酶活性的影响。结果表明,施用生物有机肥可显
著降低枯萎病的发生,对照CF 的防病效果指定为0 时,BOF1、BOF2、BOF3 处理的防病效果分别达到
22.21%、38.91% 和44.45%;在有效养分相同的条件下,BOF2 处理的茎粗、叶长、叶宽和植株干质量均
显著高于CF 处理,表现出了显著的促生效果。施用生物有机肥后土壤细菌和放线菌数量增加、真菌和尖
孢镰刀菌数量减少,均与对照CF 差异显著;在本试验条件下,生物有机肥的施用量越大,其防病和促生
效果越明显。BOF 处理的土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和蔗糖酶的活性均高于CF 处理,并随着生物有机肥用量的增
加而更明显,而过氧化氢酶活性变化则不明显。表明生物有机肥的施用可以改善土壤微生物区系,提高土
壤酶活性,改善苦瓜生长的土壤环境条件,减少枯萎病的发生。     

福建柑桔园营养施肥状况及其施肥改进建议

以福建省永春等10县（市）70片（≥3．5hm2）柑桔示范园为代表,通过土壤、叶片分析及施肥状况的综合诊断得出的结果表明：84％的示范园土壤显著酸化（pH＜5．5）,主要是施用N、P、K化肥造成的;营养失调也普遍存在于示范围中,其中主要元素缺Ca、P吸收障碍及微量元素B、Cu的过量尤为普遍;施肥中有机肥不足,P、N肥滥用,Ca、Mg、K肥欠缺;叶片K、Mg并不简单受其土壤有效成分的影响,叶片K与土壤"全N／有效K"、"水解N／有效K",叶片Mg与土壤"代换Mg／代换Ca"呈极显著相关（P＜0．01,r=-0．36、-0．39、0．49）。据此,对以红壤为主要土壤类型的福建柑桔产区的施肥提出了改进建议。     

特定土壤条件下“新温185”核桃根施氮磷钾肥细根根长密度效应研究

以"新温185"核桃(Juglans regia'Xinwen185')为试验材料,通过"3414"肥料效应田间试验,采用根钻取样法和图像扫描分析法,研究了特定土壤养分条件下根施氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)肥对"新温185"核桃细根根长密度的影响,以期为"新温185"核桃土壤养分的科学管理提供依据。结果表明:"新温185"核桃细根根长密度(C)的正平方根(Sqrt C)同P肥与K肥的交互作用(P×K)、N肥的施用量(纯氮量,N)、N肥施用量的自乘(N^2)存在极显著(P=0.000)的线性相关关系,即■。特定土壤条件下(碱解N 77.7 mg·kg^-1,有效P 14.3 mg·kg^-1,速效K 77.3 mg·kg^-1),根施P、K肥对核桃的细根根长密度效应不显著,P、K肥的交互作用对细根根长密度存在负效应,当N肥施用量(纯量)小于1.34 kg·株^-1时,对"新温185"核桃细根根长密度存在正效应,反之则存在负效应。     

几种微生物菌肥对连作黄瓜生长及土壤理化性状的影响

通过盆栽方法研究了4种微生物菌肥（连茬王、多功能木霉菌肥、金宝贝和护根宝）对连作黄瓜生长及土壤理化性状的影响。结果表明：4种微生物菌肥均能明显促进连作黄瓜生长,其中护根宝处理的黄瓜株高、叶片数、叶干质量、植株总干质量及叶面积指数分别比对照增加54.8%、40.0%、96.0%、94.9%、73.2%,差异均达显著水平,处理效果最好。除金宝贝外,其余3种微生物菌肥均能显著增加黄瓜叶片总叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量,以连茬王效果最好,增加幅度分别为34.0%、28.0%。多功能木霉菌肥处理下的黄瓜连作土壤容重显著降低,土壤孔隙度显著提高。4种微生物菌肥均能有效改善黄瓜连作土壤化学性状,多功能木霉菌肥处理下土壤pH值及有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、有效钾含量分别比对照增加4.3%、14.3%、21.5%、14.1%、14.8%,差异均达显著水平。总体来看,4种微生物菌肥对黄瓜连作障碍抑制效果依次为：多功能木霉菌肥＞护根宝＞连茬王＞金宝贝。     

大蒜配方施肥对肥料利用率的影响

研究了普通复合肥处理、习惯施肥处理、配方施肥处理下,大蒜对N、P、K肥的利用率以及大蒜产量的变化。研究结果表明,配方施肥可以提高大蒜对N、P、K肥的利用率,且N、P、K收支均基本平衡并有盈余,还可以提高大蒜产量,增加收益,培肥地力。     

河北省昌黎县赤霞珠葡萄产区土壤养分及施肥状况分析

试验采用实地调查和土壤测定的方法,研究了河北省昌黎县赤霞珠葡萄产区土壤养分和施肥状况。结果表明,在施足氮肥和磷肥的基础上,加大有机肥和钾肥的投入对提高酿酒葡萄的产量和品质作用较大;各调查点土壤养分含量之间的差异与施肥量和土壤质地有关。     

Compost addition,but not tillage,affects establishment of urban highway plantings

Establishment of roadside plantings is often limited by adverse site conditions, particularly poor soil physical and chemical properties. We compared plant establishment of shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and grasses in response to addition of compost and/or tillage before planting in replicated plots at two locations along an interstate highway near Detroit, MI, USA. Plots at each location received one of four site preparation treatments: control (no treatment), compost only (top-dressed with 8 cm of municipal compost), tillage only (soil tilled to 20 cm) or compost + tillage (8 cm of compost added and tilled to 20 cm). Within each site preparation plot, we established sub-plots of 16 selections of shrubs, perennials, and ornamental grasses. Compost addition, plant selection, and location affected (P ≤ 0.05) plant survival, height growth, and % plant cover two years after planting. Tillage did not affect (P > 0.05) plant establishment. Similarly, the interaction of tillage × compost was not significant, indicating that surface application of compost was as effective as tilling compost into the soil. Improved plant establishment with the addition of compost was associated with improved soil and plant nutrition and reduced soil pH and soil bulk density. Within each plant group (i.e., shrubs, perennials, grasses) plant establishment varied widely. Overall, the results indicate that compost addition can improve establishment of diverse roadside plantings, which was associated with improved soil fertility. In contrast, tillage provided comparatively little benefit to plant performance in this trial.     

Effects of different organic apple production systems on seasonal nutrient variations of soil and leaf

An organic apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) orchard was established to study the interaction effects of ground cover management systems (GMS) and nutrient sources (NS) on soil and tree nutrients in the Southern U.S.A. GMS mulches as follows: green compost (GC), wood chips (WC), shredded paper (SP), and mow-and-blow (MB). Across GMS, one of three NS treatments was applied: commercial organic fertilizer (CF), poultry litter (PL), and no fertilizer (NF). GC-treated plots had greater soil solution nitrate concentrations in year 3. GC plots also maintained greater seasonal soil organic matter and macronutrient concentrations during 3 years compared with the other GMS. Seasonal foliar nutrient concentrations grown under GMS in year 3 tended to follow nutrient concentration patterns similar to those observed in conventional apple orchards. GC and WC trees had overall greater leaf area, dry weight, and total foliar nutrient contents in year 3 than the SP and MB trees.     

Effects of conventional and organic nitrogen fertilizers on soil microbial activity,mycorrhizal colonization,leaf antioxidant content,and Fusarium wilt in highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)

A study was conducted in the greenhouse to determine the effects of conventional and organic nitrogen (N) fertilizer on Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium solani, in northern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L. ‘Legacy’). Root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi, soil microbial activity, and leaf antioxidants content was also measured the treatments. Plants grown with organic N fertilizer exhibited a lower incidence of Fusarium wilt than those grown with conventional N fertilizer (5% and 30% by the end of the experiment, respectively). Organic fertilizer also increased the soil biota activity, mycorrhizal colonization, and leaf antioxidant content relative to conventional N source. The results suggest that organic N fertilizer may improve the tolerance of blueberry to soil pathogens, such as F. solani.     

不同施肥处理对土壤养分变化的影响

以土壤周年养分变化为研究的对象,探讨了不同施肥处理,特别是磷肥的合理施用对土壤养分变化的影响。结果表明:对含有速效钾养分较高的土壤,合理施用有机肥和无机氮肥及磷肥,是土壤肥力水平、土壤生产能力、土壤可持续利用性的根本保证。     

不同施肥处理对水稻产量及其构成因素的影响

试验探索了前作（冬季）种植蔬菜的情况下,不同氮磷肥施用量与配施植物/土壤调理剂对水稻产量和产量性状的影响。研究结果表明,水稻产量与N、P肥施用量呈抛物线型关系,土壤植物调理剂在提高水稻N、P肥吸收利用率方面效果显著。本试验条件下,667m2施N5.9kg＋P2O54.1kg＋K2O5kg＋土壤植物调理剂33kg,能获得高产。对于高需N、P品种,在合理施肥的同时配合使用土壤植物调理剂能充分发挥其产量优势。     

袋控缓释肥对桃幼树生长发育的影响

袋控缓释肥根据果树树体较大的特性,结合果树养分需求特性,采用纸塑材料做成的控释袋包裹掺混肥料,袋上针刺微孔,利用微孔控制养分释放,达到供肥和养分需求相一致。大田试验结果表明,施肥后袋控缓释处理土壤Nmin比撒施稳定,土壤Nmin含量维持在60mg/kg左右,养分释放缓慢、平稳,能满足幼树生长发育需要;1次撒施处理施肥2周后土壤Nmin含量达100mg/kg,随后急剧下降,8周后降至不施肥水平;2次撒施处理每次施肥2周后土壤Nmin含量达80mg/kg,即2个高峰。袋控缓释处理桃树根系含有大量的毛细根,与其它处理差异显著,但不施肥处理根系分布范围最广。袋控缓释处理桃树地上部树势中庸,不旺长;撒施处理在第2次施肥前以1次撒施地上部长势最旺,第2次施肥后以2次撒施地上部长势最旺。袋控缓释处理2007年开花观察时,开花数和坐果量均最高;2008年休眠期观察时,单位枝条长度花芽数量最多。     

A comparison of the application of different waste products to a lettuce crop: Effects on plant and soil properties

A romaine-type lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was cultivated during three successive crop seasons in an agricultural land near the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) of Alcázar de San Juan. Four fertilization treatments were compared, including: two different organic fertilizer treatments consisting of (i) air-dried sewage sludge (SS), and (ii) municipal solid waste compost (MSWC), (iii) an inorganic treatment of commercial fertilizer (FER), and (iv) a control treatment in which no fertilizer was applied (CONT). The highest yield was observed in the SS treatment in all crop seasons. In the organic treatment plots there was an increase in macronutrients and organic matter in the soil. An accumulation of heavy metals in the soil was not observed but there was an increase in microbial population in the organic treatment plot, especially in the SS treatment plot. In plant tissue, the continued addition of fertilizers did not produce an accumulative effect of macro- and micronutrients. Low heavy metal content (Cr, Cd, Pb and Hg) was observed in all treatments and crop seasons. Microbiological content was more numerous in the first crop season in SS-treated plants, mainly in lettuce leaves but also in the soil.     

葡萄枝条堆肥化过程中的生物化学变化和物质转化特征

以葡萄枝条为原料,采用好氧静态堆肥箱法(体积为0.25 m3),分别在添加无机N素和不添加无机N素条件 下进行为期122 d的堆肥实验,结合常规化学分析、感应耦合等离子体发射光谱分析(ICPAES)和傅里叶变换红外光 谱(FTIR)分析技术研究了其堆肥化进程中的生物化学变化和物质转化特征。结果表明:添加无机N素和不加无机N 素处理的材料最高温度分别在堆肥后3 d和4 d达到76℃和65℃,堆肥高温(≥50℃)持续时间分别为21 d和7 d。干 物质变化明显分为初期(0-30 d)的快速分解阶段和中后期(30-122 d)的缓慢分解阶段,添加无机N素处理的分解速 度快于不加无机N素的。全C、全N及C/N不断下降,但全N相对含量上升,以添加无机N素处理最为明显。在整个 堆肥过程中,OH、CH3和CH2基化合物相对减少,CO基化合物相对增加,COO化合物以羧酸盐、PO化合物以磷酸盐 的形式出现。标志着脂肪族化合物减少,芳香族化合物增加以及有机物发生了明显的矿化作用。添加无机N素比不 加无机N素能更快地获得成熟稳定和富含作物所需营养的优质生态有机肥或土壤改良剂。     

西瓜需肥特点与平衡施肥研究

西瓜在整个生育期中吸收K最多,N次之,P最少。吸肥量以发芽期最少,幼苗期较少,抽蔓期增多,果实膨大期达高峰,成熟期又缓慢减少。K施量达180kg/hm2时,产量和品质最高,超过此量均有下降趋势。N肥以底施加追施的方法单产最高;K肥中以K2SO4底施单产最高,追施使瓜瓤含糖量增高;对高、中、低肥力的土壤,N、P最佳施用量(kg/hm2)分别为126、61.5;174、73.5;210、124.5。低肥力地块,地力(不施肥)生产率和有机肥、N、P、K肥生产率分别为41.9％、11.5％、28.0％、13.3％、5.3％。     

不同施肥深度对酿酒葡萄叶片养分和产量及品质的影响

以贺兰山东麓典型区御马酿酒葡萄基地6年生赤霞珠为供试材料,研究了酿酒葡萄叶片、产量及品质对3种施肥深度(20、40、60cm)下N、P、K配方施肥方式的响应。结果表明,酿酒葡萄叶片中氮含量远高于叶柄,叶片中氮素含量随着生育期的延长逐渐降低,而叶柄中氮含量随施肥深度增加和生育期延长而产生的变化很小,40cm的施肥深度能显著增加叶片中氮素含量;叶柄磷素平均含量高于叶片,全生育期叶片磷含量变化很小,而施肥60cm深度显著促进了叶片和叶柄中磷含量的提高;叶柄中钾含量远高于叶片,施肥深度对叶柄和叶片中钾含量未产生明显影响,但生育后期追施钾肥显著提高叶片钾含量;施肥深度达到40cm时酿酒葡萄的产量最高,而60cm的施肥深度产量显著下降。化肥适度深施到40cm有改善酿酒葡萄糖分的积累且增加糖酸比的趋势;而60cm的施肥深度总糖和糖酸比显著下降。由此说明,适度深施化肥到40cm左右的深度有利于提高肥料的利用率,从而促进葡萄的营养生长,提高产量且改善品质。