猪早期胚胎体内、外发育规律研究

系统地掌握猪早期胚胎体内外发育规律是进行猪胚胎冷冻、胚胎分割、鲜胚移值、长途运输引种以及基因转移等生物技术研究和应用的基础。本研究包括２个实验，实验１，利用８９头超排母猪和１９头自然发情母猪，于配种后第２、３、４、５、６、７、８、９和１０天手术采得胚胎１６１２枚，系统地观察猪早期胚胎体内发育规律，即：２日龄胚胎中原核胚占７７．３９％（３９７／５１３），３日龄胚胎中４和６细胞胚占７９．０５％（８３／１０５），４日龄胚胎中４～８细胞占４０％（３５／７６），５日龄胚胎多为桑椹和囊胚８３．１２％（６４／７７），６日龄胚多为膨胀囊胚４２．０９％（１８１／４３０）和孵化囊胚３４．１９％（１４７／４３０），７和８、９、１０日龄胚发育到孵化囊胚分别为７６．３４／ｏｏ（７１／９３）和１００％（７７／７７），而自然发情的５日龄胚胎中桑椹和囊胚仅占３２．５％（１３／４０），６日龄胚胎中膨胀囊胚仅占１１．１１％（１７／１５３），孵化胚仅占１９．６１％（３０／１５３）。各发育阶段的胚胎比例均明显低于５、６日龄超排供体（Ｐ＜０．０５）。实地２，将１３８枚囊胚和膨胀囊胚，分别体外培养２４和１２小时，囊胚发育阶段的胚胎５０％（４８／９６）?     

奶牛裸露冷冻半胚移植试验

对以１０％甘油＋１０％葡聚糖（Ｔ－５００）＋０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖／２０％ＦＣＳ－ＰＢＳ液裸露冷冻的奶牛半胚进行了移植试验。移植妊娠率为３９．４％（２８／７１），并获得移植犊牛。试验结果表明，移植单枚或１对半胚的妊娠率无显著差异；在受体牛发情后８～１２ｈ肌注ＬＲＨ－Ａ３４００μｇ，获得５０％的移植妊娠率，极显著地高于对照组（３８．５％～４０％）。此外，移植妊娠率具有随着胚胎发育阶段升高而增高的趋势。     

切割取样后胚胎的冷冻保存技术的研究

研究了切割取样后小鼠胚胎和牛胚胎冷冻-解冻的技术方法。结果表明：（1）分别以10％甘油、10％乙二醇作为冷冻液以及在以上两种冷冻液中分别添加10％葡聚糖＋0．1mol／L蔗糖作为冷冻液常规方法冷冻切割后的小鼠胚胎，冷冻-解冻后体外培养72h总发育率分别为56．9％（259／455）、81．8％（604／738）、84．8％（540／637）和59．5％（308／518）。（2）取样后胚胎体外短暂培养（0-4h）并不能提高切割取样后小鼠胚胎冷冻-解冻体外培养发育率。（3）切割取样小鼠胚胎在25％甘油＋0．25mol／L蔗糖＋20％的血清为冷冻液，在-100～-110℃左右熏蒸2min快速冷冻后体外培养发育率为73．3％（33／45），切割取样牛胚胎快速冷冻-解冻移植妊娠率为57．1％（4／7）。     

绵羊冷冻胚胎移植试验

绵羊冷冻胚胎有枚浆冻前Ａ级胚胎解冻后,胚胎等级有所下降,可用胚率为７７．９％,Ａ、Ｂ级胚移植妊娠率分别为３３．３％（１８／５４）和１６．７％（１／６）,差异不显著（Ｐ〉０．０５）;桑椹胚、早期囊胚、中期囊胚、扩张囊胚移植妊娠率分别为２０．８％（５／２５）、４２．９％（６／１４）、３５．７％（５／１４）５ ３７．５％（３／８）,囊胚期胚胎移植妊娠率较高,但差异不显著（Ｐ〉０．０５）     

牛胚胎冷冻与移植受胎技术研究

本文进行了牛胚胎冷冻与移植受胎技术研究。摸索出了提高牛冷冻胚胎成活率和移植受胎率的综合配套技术。牛冷冻胚胎解冻成活率达８４．４％（５７／１２２）。其中１９９６年移植受胎率达到５５．６％（２０／３６）。Ａ级胚胎达以７７．８％（２１／２７），并在我国首次获得中国荷斯坦牛冷冻胚胎的二分胚的同孵孪生牛犊。且达到４２．９％（３／７）移植受胎率。     

奶牛分割胚胎移植黄牛效果观察

用便携式分割仪在现场分割7日龄鲜胚。二枚半胚成对移植给172头黄牛受体．受体移植妊娠率50％(86／172），现已有68头受体产犊91头．其中23对为同卵双胎．双胎率33．8％(23／68)。对分割胚胎的移植妊娠率产犊率、妊娠期、季节、黄体状况等多种因素进行了研究和比较，结果表明差异皆不显著。     

牛胚胎冷冻与移植受胎技术研究

进行了牛胚胎冷冻技术研究，重点研究了提高超排效果和冷冻胚胎移植受胎率的方法。头均获可用胚胎数达到７．０－７．４枚，牛冷冻胚胎移植受胎率达到４６．７％（５７／１２２），其中１９９６年达到５５．６％（２０／３６），Ａ级胚胎达到７７．８％（２１／２７）。在我国首次获得中国荷斯坦牛冷冻胚胎二分胚的同卵孪生牛犊，二分胚移植受胎率达到４２．９％（３／７）。     

非繁殖季节胚胎因素对绵羊胚胎移植影响的研究

在非繁殖季节（6月份）利用进口绵羊胚胎，手术法移植。通过胚胎类型、冷冻胚胎解冻后停留时间以及胚胎发育阶段对绵羊胚胎移植效果的分析。得出以下结论：①鲜胚移植妊娠率和产羔率显著高于冻胚：鲜胚为61.11％（11/18）和50.00％（9/18），冻胚为48.11％（153/318）和46.86％（149/318）；②随冷冻胚胎解冻后停留时间的延长胚胎移植效果有升高的趋势；③从桑椹胚到囊胚时期胚胎发育阶段对胚胎移植效果没有明显影响。     

奶牛胚胎分割与半胚裸露冷冻保存试验

本试验研究了①Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ三个质量等级胚胎的分割效果；②五种不同冷冻方法冷冻裸露半胚的存活情况；③冻前培养３．０、１．５～２．０、１．０小时的裸露半胚存活率。结果①Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ级胚胎的分割成功率分别为９５．８％（９２／９６）、７且．４％（７０／９８）、３０％（６／２０），三者间差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；②半胚冷冻前以２０％ＦＣＳ－ＰＢＳ液培养３．０小时后，以五种不同冷冻方法冷冻，均未获得存活半胚；③半胚冷冻前培养３．０、１．５～２．０、１．０小时后，以添加１０％而聚糖的１０％甘油＋０．１Ｍ蔗糖／ＰＢＳ液冷冻，分别获得了０％（０／４５）、６８．８％（１１／１６）、７５．０％（９／１２）的存活率。结果表明，胚胎质量是影响胚胎分割成功率的关键因素，半胚冷冻前的培养时间是影响裸露半胚存活的重要因素。     

小鼠桑椹胚简易玻璃化冷冻技术再探讨

本试验继小鼠扩张囊胚玻璃化冷冻保存成功后，在室温（２５℃）下利用不同浓度的ＥＦＳ玻璃化溶液，对小鼠的桑椹胚简易玻璃化冷冻技术进行再探讨。结果是胚胎在１０％ＥＧ溶液中预先处理５分钟，再移入事先配置好含有ＥＦＳ３０的０．２５ｍｌ塑料细管中１分钟平衡后直接投入液氮中冷冻，解冻后获得的发育率最高（９４％）。冻胚移植后妊娠率和产仔率分别为５６％（９／１６）及４２％（４９／１１６）。与对照组相比差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）     

OPS玻璃化冷冻对小鼠四倍体胚胎体外发育的影响

为探究开放式拉长细管(OPS)玻璃化冷冻对四倍体胚胎发育的影响,本实验利用2-细胞胚胎电融合法制备四倍体胚胎,再对四倍体胚胎进行OPS玻璃化冷冻,分别观察记录二倍体胚胎、四倍体胚胎以及冷冻解冻后四倍体胚胎的发育情况。结果表明:2-细胞胚胎电融合效率为96.1%;二倍体胚胎组与电融合后四倍体胚胎组的囊胚率和孵化囊胚率差异不显著;冷冻解冻后四倍体胚胎的囊胚率(100%)与四倍体新鲜组(93.3%)差异不显著,其孵化囊胚率(72.3%)较新鲜组(64.9%)显著增高(P<0.05);四倍体冷冻解冻组的囊胚细胞数(31.96)与新鲜组(32.54)无显著差异;冷冻解冻后的四倍体早期囊胚进行体外培养时其发育速度比对照组更快。可见,冷冻对小鼠四倍体胚胎的囊胚率和囊胚细胞数均无显著影响,但孵化囊胚率显著提高,且OPS玻璃化冷冻后使四倍体胚胎的发育速度更快。     

山羊胚胎分割及同卵双生试验

选择山羊晚期桑椹胚、囊胚、孵出囊胚和孵出增大胚泡,用简化分割法二分。将19对裸半胚移植于18只受体羊,结果有12只妊娠,其中两只胚胎消失,两只流产,其余8只足月分娩,共产半胚羔11只。晚期桑椹胚、囊胚、孵出囊胚和孵出增大胚泡各组的半胚发育为羔羊的发育率分别为12.5％(1/8)、20％(2/10)、25％(3/12)和62.5％(5/8)。前三组均未获得同卵双生羔羊。在第四组,将4对裸半胚移植于4只受体,有3只妊娠,足月分娩半胚羔5只,其中两对为同卵双生。本研究证明,对称分割山羊孵出增大胚泡,不仅其半胚在体内仍可继续发育形成正常胎儿,而且不装透明带移植其裸半胚,仍能获得较高的同卵双生率。山羊孵出增大胚泡更适宜用简化分割法分割。     

应用生物技术提高黄牛双犊率试验报告

本文通过对低剂量PMSG、FSH、AI ET鲜胚移植和冻胚移植的试验,得出应用三种激素试验结果。FSH试验组受胎率、双犊率分别比低剂量PMSG试验组提高4％和6．6％,比PMSG试验提高4％和8．6％。AI ET试验组双犊率高2％,比冻胚移植双犊率高8％。     

Vitrification of Boer Goat Morulae and Early Blastocysts by Straw and Open-Pulled Straw Method

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different vitrification solutions [EFS30 or EFS40 contains 30% (v/v) ethylene glycol (EG), 40% (v/v) EG; EDFS30 or EDFS40 contains 15% (v/v) EG and 15% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 20% (v/v) EG and 20% (v/v) DMSO], equilibrium time during vitrification (0.5-2.5 min) and vitrification protocols [one-step straw, two-step straw and open-pulled straw (OPS)] on in vivo development of vitrified Boer goat morulae and blastocysts after embryo transfer. In the one-step straw method, the lambing rates of vitrified embryos in EFS30 (37.5%), EFS40 (40.5%) or EDFS30 (38.2%) group were similar to that of fresh embryos (57.5%) and conventional freezing method (46.7%) when the equilibrium time was 2 min. In the two-step straw method, the highest lambing rate was obtained when embryos were pretreated with 10% EG for 5 min and then exposed to EFS40 for 2 min (51.4%), showing similar lambing rates compared with fresh embryos (56.1%) or the embryos cryopreserved by conventional freezing method (45.2%). In the OPS method, the lambing rate in EFS40, EDFS30 or EDFS40 groups were similar to that (57.1%) of fresh embryos, or to that (46.0%) of embryos cryopreserved by conventional freezing method. The highest lambing rate (51.4%) of the group of OPS was obtained when the embryos were vitrified with EDFS30. In conclusion, either the two-step straw method in which embryos were pretreated in 10% EG for 5 min and then exposed to EFS40 for 2 min, or the OPS method in which embryos were pretreated in 10% EG + 10% DMSO for 30 s and then exposed to EDFS30 for 25 s was a simple and efficient method for the vitrification of Boer goat morulae and blastocysts.     

Comparison of Different Cryopreservation Techniques: Higher Survival and Implantation Rate of Frozen–Thawed Mouse Pronuclear Embryos in the Presence of Beta‐Mercaptoethanol in Post‐Thaw Culture

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of beta‐mercaptoethanol (β‐ME) on post‐thaw embryo developmental competence and implantation rate of mouse pronuclear (PN) embryos that were cryopreserved after slow freezing, solid surface vitrification (SSV) or open‐pulled straw (OPS) vitrification methods. Mouse PN embryos were cryopreserved by using slow freezing, SSV and OPS methods. After cryopreservation, freeze–thawed PN embryos were cultured up to blastocyst stage in a defined medium supplemented without or with 50 μm β‐ME. The blastocyst formation rate of embryos that were cryopreserved by slow freezing method (40.0%) or vitrified by OPS method (18.3%) were lower than those vitrified by SSV method (55.6%) and fresh embryos (61.9%) in the absence of 50 β‐ME in the culture media (p < 0.05). The blastocyst formation rate of embryos that were cryopreserved by slow freezing method (53.1%) or by OPS method (41.9%) were lower than those vitrified by SSV method (79.5%) and that of fresh (85.7%) in the presence of β‐ME in the culture media (p < 0.05). The embryos transfer results revealed that the implantation rate of blastocyst derived from mouse PN embryos vitrified by SSV method (31.9% vs 51.2%) was similar to that of the control (39.0% vs 52.5%), but higher than those cryopreserved by slow freezing (28.2% vs 52.0%) and by OPS method (0.0% vs 51.2%) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of β‐ME in an in vitro culture medium was shown to increase survival of embryo development and implantation rate of frozen–thawed mouse PN embryos after different cryopreservation protocols.     

不同冷冻和解冻方法对小鼠桑椹胚发育的影响

本试验以2种程序化冷冻液和2种玻璃化冷冻液对昆明白系小鼠的桑椹胚进行细管法冷冻保存,比较程序化冷冻-管外解冻和玻璃化冷冻-管内解冻对胚胎体内、外发育的影响。胚胎体外培养结果表明:玻璃化冷冻组及程序化冷冻组胚胎发育率(95.3%￣95.8%,98.9%)无显著(P>0.05)差异。将程序化冷冻、EFS30玻璃化冷冻以及新鲜的胚胎各168枚移植给假孕受体鼠,妊娠受体产活仔率各组间相比(50.8%,58.3%,54.9%)无显著性(P>0.05)差异。结果证明,玻璃化冷冻保存的胚胎管内解冻效果好,为生产中家畜的胚胎移植提供了理论和技术参考。     

山羊冻胚分割试验

将冷冻-解冻后的琼脂包被孵出胚泡分两组,分别置于12％蔗糖液(A)和磷酸缓冲液(B)中进行2分切割。在体外培养12小时后,A、B两组的半胚发育率分别为68.9％(31/45)和58.3％(35/60)。A组的冻胚分割效果显著好于B组(P<0.05)。将早期囊胚、扩张囊胚、孵出胚泡和琼脂包被孵出胚泡冷冻-解冻后,在12％蔗糖液中分割为2(A、B、C、D组)。在体外培养12～24小时后,A、B、C、D4组的半胚发育率分别为47％(14/30)、 50％(15/30)、27％(8/30)和70％(21/30)。D组的冻胚分割效果显著好于A、B两组(P<0.05)极显著地好于C组(P<0.01)。将5枚在冷冻前用琼脂包被的孵出胚泡在12％蔗糖液中分割为二后移植于5只受体,结果有4只妊娠,共产半胚羔6只,其中2对为同卵双生。本研究证明,在蔗糖液中分割冻胚可提高半胚体外成活率;分割从琼脂释放出的解冻孵出胚泡可提高山羊冻胚分割的效果。     

Laser-assisted vitrification of large equine embryos

The major difficulty in providing the benefits of embryo cryopreservation for equine agriculture is the mismatch between the optimal embryo age for collection from the mare (7-8 days after ovulation was detected) and the optimal age for freezing under current methods (6.5 days after ovulation). To overcome this limitation, we tested a method to enhance penetration of cryopreservative across the capsule and trophoblast of day 7 and 8 embryos combined with rapid freezing by vitrification. Six small embryos (<300 μm in diameter) were collected on day 6-7 after ovulation and twelve larger embryos were recovered on day 7-8. In the treatment group, replacement of blastocoelic fluid with cryopreservative solution was facilitated by a laser system used to create a small opening in the embryonic capsule and trophectoderm. All embryos were vitrified using a CryoLeaf freezing support. After recovery from freezing and embryo transfer, three of four small untreated embryos (<300 μm in diameter, 75%) and four of nine large blastocysts in the treatment group (>300 μm in diameter, 44%) resulted in a vesicle as detected by ultrasonography approximately one week after transfer. However, only one recipient mare was still pregnant on day 23, and she delivered a live foal. Further investigation is required to determine why most of the embryos in this experiment were lost between day 13 and day 23 of gestation.     

奶牛四分胚分割研究

用玻璃针四等分7天的奶牛胚胎为四分(1/4)胚。同一胚胎2个四分胚装回空透明带内,另2个四分胚不装带,成对非手术移给受体奶牛。两次试验共分割胚胎(晚桑椹到囊胚期)11枚,得到42个四分胚。移植受体32头,有3头妊娠。最后,一头受体生出一对同卵双胎四分胚母犊,另一头产一四分胚母犊,均由装带四分胚发育而来。还有一头受体产一四分胚公犊,是由未装带的四分胚发育得到的。试验还分割一个8天囊胚,把一个无带四分胚先放在体外培养24小时再移入受体。结果获得一头四分胚母犊。     

影响绵羊冻胚移植妊娠率的因素分析

本研究对胚胎质量、胚胎移植数量、胚胎发育阶段、冷冻方法、移植方法及饲养管理水平等因素对移植产羔率的影响进行研究,以提高绵羊胚胎移植效率。结果表明:采用1.5mol/L乙二醇做冷冻保护剂对胚胎进行常规冷冻,冻前A级胚胎冷冻/解冻后可用胚率、存活率、降级率均高于B级,差异极显著(P<0.01)。移植1枚冷冻解冻后A级、B级或2枚(A+B)胚胎的受体移植产羔率分别为44.48%、46.84%和44.81%。经χ2检验分析,三者之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。移植双胚的受体双羔率为22(%53/241),以胚胎为单位计算,产羔率仅为33.40%。A级囊胚和桑椹胚的产羔率之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。1.5 mol/L乙二醇常规冷冻保存的体内胚胎移植产羔率高于EFS40玻璃化冷冻保存,但经统计学分析,二者无显著差异(P>0.05)。子宫手术移植和腹腔内窥镜法子宫移植之间产羔率不具统计学差异(P>0.05)。在牧场条件下大规模移植的平均产羔率为43.95%,范围在20%￣70%之间,受体饲养管理水平对绵羊移植产羔率有较大影响。