中国CDM林业碳汇项目的管理政策研究

气候变化是当前全球面临的共同挑战,《京都议定书》规定了三种灵活机制,以促进发达国家在2008~2012年的第一承诺期内率先采取行动来缓解气候变暖趋势。其中,实施清洁发展机制(CDM)下的造林再造林碳汇项目是发达国家和发展中国家共同应对气候变化的一种选择。文章介绍了林业碳汇项目产生的背景,阐述了国内外对林碳汇概念的不同表述,分析了在我国对林业碳汇政策的研究,提出了我国林业碳汇管理政策的不足。     

Estimation of sequestered carbon in Article-3.4 private planted forests in the first commitment period in Japan

The purpose of this study was to predict the likely amounts of carbon sequestration on a national scale for Japan in the Article-3.4 private planted forests of the Kyoto Protocol during the first commitment period. We regarded the planted forests that had undergone silvicultural practices such as weeding, pruning, and thinning since 1990 as Article-3.4 planted forests in accordance with the definition given by the Forestry Agency of Japan. Regression models were developed to predict the forest areas that had undergone silvicultural practices, employing silvicultural subsidies and forest workers' wages as predictor variables. Then the time series changes in the predictor variables were provided by extending their recent trends, with the result being that the forest areas that have undergone silvicultural practices were predicted on the basis of the three scenarios of the variables. Thus, the Article-3.4 forest area was calculated considering overlaps of silvicultural practices over fixed stands, and the area was converted into the amount of carbon sequestration by multiplying it by coefficients such as a volume table, biomass expansion factor, and others. The result implied that Article-3.4 private planted forests were expected to sequester 8.16–8.87 Mt-C year⁻¹ during the first commitment period. These amounts cover 63%–68% of the carbon sequestration goal by land-use change and forestry activities capped under the Marrakesh Accords. To realize this prediction, it is important to provide a sufficient silvicultural subsidy to last until the end of the first commitment period and to implement silvicultural practices on the forest stands that have not undergone such practices since 1990.     

Increasing carbon sinks through forest management: a model-based comparison for Switzerland with its Eastern Plateau and Eastern Alps

The Kyoto Protocol brought a new forest function into focus: forests as carbon sinks. This new forest function may lead to new conflicts, because on the one hand, Switzerland has decided to account for forest management under Kyoto Protocol (Article 3.4), and on the other hand, Swiss Forestry statistics and the Swiss National Forest Inventory indicate that increasing amounts of wood are being harvested. This trend seems likely to continue. In this study, we used the empirical forest model MASSIMO and the soil model YASSO to analyse four different forest management scenarios. These scenarios basically feature different levels of harvesting frequencies and different rotation length, as well as their impact on regional potentials for carbon sequestration and harvesting amounts. Results were analysed both for the whole of Switzerland and for two very different regions: The Swiss Eastern Plateau and the Swiss Eastern Alps. The results indicate that Swiss forests can provide an increasing amount of harvested wood (+18% in relation to the base year 1996) for approximately 20 years and act as a carbon sink accountable under the Kyoto Protocol (0.5 million tons carbon per year). The corresponding forest management strategy aims for a sustainable and harvestable increment and may, therefore, avoid spurious carbon maximization in forests that can happen by accounting for only forest systems, and not for the effect of substitution of non-wood products and fossil fuels by forest products. The regional results indicate that (1) the carbon sink effect of Alpine forests in Switzerland might be limited, because generally, Alpine forests have low growth and yield and (2) a large increase in harvesting may lead to regional carbon sources and necessitate regional monitoring of increment to avoid overexploitation. As MASSIMO does not include the impacts of climate change, the conclusions of this study cannot be interpreted as actual predictions into the future but portray the impact of the applied management actions on the respective trends in carbon stocks and stock changes. They are, therefore, a contribution to support future management decisions. Further studies should focus on interactions with additional forest functions such as the preservation of biodiversity, increase the consideration of forest damage and account for the effect of climate change.     

加拿大林业发展战略

文中首先对温室气体排放市场的形成和特征等做了简要的回顾和描述，并根据市场发展状况，将迄今为止的森林碳汇市场划分为3个阶段。然后，对阻碍森林碳汇市场的政策环境、买方和卖方的相关制约因素进行了讨论。最后，对森林碳汇市场的前景进行了展望。     

日本国有林经营管理特点

本文着重论述了日本国有林的发展阶段及其经营管理的5个特点和经验:(1)确定了发挥森林多种效益的战略指导思想;(2)健全法制,依法治林;(3)建立一套科学的森林计划体系;(4)有一个稳定的林业管理体制;(5)采取扶持政策。最后,对日本国有林今后的发展进行了展望。     

Evaluation of carbon sequestration and thinning regimes within the optimization framework for forest stand management

Due to the urgent demand for thinning in planted forests and the tend towards sustainable forest resource management, the forest stand age class eligible for the thinning subsidy in Japan was expanded during the period from 2000 to 2004. Currently, further expansion is under consideration in line with meeting the Kyoto Protocol target of carbon sequestration. In this paper, we conducted evaluation analyses of carbon sequestration and subsidy effects within the optimization framework for the forest stand management. The optimal forest stand management model called Dynamic Programming model for Kyushu Stand Simulator (DP-KYSS) was utilized for the analysis of the target sugi (Cryptomeria japonia) forest stand in the Kyushu region, Japan. Our results showed that the thinning subsidy was effective to stimulate thinning activities at the eligible age class for the subsidy, and that 20% of the current or proposed payment was appropriate to give an incentive to forest owners for conducting the same optimal thinning regime. The amount of carbon sequestered in remaining trees at final harvest was not always shown to increase over time. Depending upon the subsidy condition, it could decrease. The average annual amount of carbon sequestered under no subsidy showed its maximum at age 35, while under the other subsidy conditions, it was shortened to age 25. The net present value of cost per unit carbon loss associated with subsidy became the highest for the rotation age of 35 years for all subsidy policies considered here.     

Moving forward in collaborative forest management: Role of external actors for sustainable Forest socio-ecological systems

Collaborative Forest Management (CFM) of local forest users and governments promoted to achieve sustainable forest Social-Ecological Systems (SESs) by consolidating strengths of these actors. Although much of the writings on CFM acknowledge its potential to deliver sustainable SESs, knowledge about what specific role of government can strengthen local forest management and utilization is still poor at best. This study aims to fill the gap by analyzing meta-data from International Forestry Resources and Institutions (IFRI) database for 77 SESs (IFRI sites) in seven countries. We used Ordinal logistic regression to model association between government's Forester Department involvement in important forest management activities and sustainability of forest SES. Our result shows that Forester Department involvement in planting, forest maintenance activities and forest benefit sharing among forest users are associated with sustainable SESs while their involvement in monitoring, sanctioning and transfer of local people harvest right are associated with unsustainable SESs. Our finding has important implications for the ongoing local to global level discourse on how to structure appropriate government interventions to achieve positive social and environmental outcomes from local forest management. However, we suggest precaution not to overstretch the implication of our findings as a panacea for CFM.     

时态GIS及版本管理原理在森林资源数据更新中的应用研究

森林资源数据更新和管理一直是森林资源管理工作的重点和难点。分析了时态数据库以及版本管理的相关理论,以景德镇枫树山林场部分数据为基础,结合ARCGIS中版本管理时空数据库的实现方法,提出一种多版本、多用户、多时态的森林资源更新管理模式。     

Discourse as ideology: Neoliberalism and the limits of international forest policy

The term ‘discourse’ can have different applications in the social and policy sciences to refer variously to generalised ideas, beliefs and assertions. In particular there is a clear difference between discourse as knowledge and discourse as ideology. Epistemically the two are very different, with each making different types of claim. The paper examines the influence of an ideological discourse on international forest policy, namely neoliberalism. A variant of classical liberalism, neoliberalism emphasises an increased role for markets, an enhanced role for the private sector and voluntary regulation. It is argued that all three of these principles have systemically penetrated the international soft law on forests that has been negotiated since 1992 and up and including the 2007 Non-Legally Binding Instrument on all Types of Forests. Neoliberal policies also underpin forest certification schemes and the tradeable emission permits systems adopted under the Kyoto Protocol and the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme. Adopting a Foucauldian approach the paper views the construction of neoliberal discourse and its reiteration in the forests issue area as an expression of power that establishes the limits of international forest policy, tending towards certain policies and inhibiting the selection of others. It is argued that contrary to what is often asserted, neoliberalism depends on a strong state, one that introduces market-based disciplines to new areas and creates political space that can be occupied by private sector businesses.     

Agroforestry for biomass production and carbon sequestration: an overview

Ever since the Kyoto Protocol, agroforestry has gained increased attention as a strategy to sequester carbon (C) and mitigate global climate change. Agroforestry has been recognized as having the greatest potential for C sequestration of all the land uses analyzed in the Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry report of the IPCC; however, our understanding of C sequestration in specific agroforestry practices from around the world is rudimentary at best. Similarly, while agroforestry is well recognized as a land use practice capable of producing biomass for biopower and biofuels, very little information is available on this topic. This thematic issue is an attempt to bring together a collection of articles on C sequestration and biomass for energy, two topics that are inextricably interlinked and of great importance to the agroforestry community the world over. These papers not only address the aboveground C sequestration, but also the belowground C and the role of decomposition and nutrient cycling in determining the size of soil C pool using specific case studies. In addition to providing allometric methods for quantifying biomass production, the biological and economic realities of producing biomass in agroforestry practices are also discussed.     

浅析日本森林经营管理政策

介绍日本森林资源特点以及森林经营管理体系,重点分析日本大面积的人工林陆续进入成熟期以来森林管理的政策、方针以及经营管理方式。     

Assessing Small-Scale Forestry by Data Base for Forest Owner Analysis

In Sweden, as in other countries with a growing and increasingly diverse population of forest owners, there is an apparent need for more detailed quantitative data of high quality in order to describe and understand present forest conditions and predict and explain future trends. Therefore, the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences has developed a Data Base for Forest Owner Analysis (DBFOA) by combining existing forest measurement statistics, gathered on a regular basis by the Swedish Forest Agency since 1992, with records of the individual forest owners. The database consists of self-reported measurement statistics in terms of cuttings, cleaning, scarification and planting from about 30,000 forest management units. It includes information on the owner age, gender, residential proximity to the management unit and the extent of work undertaken by the owner. From 1999 it also indicates whether the forest is certified. This paper demonstrates the use of the database by presenting results from (1) a comparison of management practices on properties that are certified with those that are not, and (2) an examination of how the area of planting and final felling have changed from 1999 to 2006 in total and between male and female forest owners. Results from the first analysis show that the willingness to certify increases with the size of the forest property and also that harvesting activities are more frequent on certified than non-certified properties. The second analysis, show a higher ratio of final felling during 2003–2006 on properties owned by women than properties owned by men.     

日本、美国、瑞典森林法框架及启示

森林是“地球之肺”,森林资源的重要性不言而喻。日本、美国和瑞典3国不仅森林覆盖率高,而且森林法发展历史悠久,其成功经验值得借鉴。文中总结3国森林法基本架构,结合我国社会经济和林业发展现状,提出关于我国《森林法》修改的几点建议:明确可持续发展的立法精神、制定《国有林经营管理法》、构建森林计划体系、加强公众参与。     

韩国森林火灾及其防控对策

全球气候持续变暖对世界森林火灾动态与格局产生了重要影响, 如何采取有效措施应对森林火灾已成为各国政府关注的热点问题。文中分析了韩国森林火灾的动态特征及其相应的发生背景, 介绍了韩国森林防火的组织管理机构、科学及教育机构以及不同时期的防控对策, 提出了对我国森林防火的几点启示, 以期提高我国森林火灾的防控能力。     

瑞典私有林的发展历程及其借鉴

介绍了瑞典私有林的发展过程、经营利用方式的变迁及其管理体制与机制。     

我国森林资源发展状况与趋势分析

依据《中国林业统计年鉴(2015)》和中国林业数据库,从森林分布、蓄积、起源和灾害等4个方面认真总结了我国森林资源现状。以2003~2015年的《中国林业统计年鉴》和第八次全国森林资源清查统计数据为依据,采用数理统计、文献资料、逻辑分析等方法对有关森林资源状况数据进行了分析,全面回顾了近13年以来我国森林资源发展趋势。同时,结合我国林业发展的实际,对我国森林资源发展趋势进行了展望。     

境外森林资源合作信息库管理信息系统研建

针对境外森林资源数据管理现状,为实现管理的网络化和功能全面化,在全面分析国家林业局境外森林资源数据管理需求基础上结合现有境外森林资源数据的整理分析,设计开发了一个基于.net、地理信息系统（GIS）和Oracle数据库的境外森林资源管理信息系统.系统主要包括境外森林资源数据管理、林业专题数据统计分析、林业专题图制作和发布、数据结构分析和各国森林资源数量、质量及空间分布的全面展示等功能,并实现属性数据和空间数据的集成管理和关联.本研究以ArcGIS Sever 9.3为系统平台,以Oracle 10数据库为后台,采用C/S和B/S混合系统架构设计方法,以.net语言对WebGIS进行二次开发,使地理信息系统、数据库、硬件设备和应用软件无缝集成,确保异地数据集中管理、共享交互、网上发布;解决网络条件差时数据录入速度慢的问题;实现了森林资源信息的明确化、直观化和可视化,并能与其它林业专题系统的数据交换和功能对接等,构建起一个科学、高效、网络化和功能完善的境外森林资源合作信息库管理信息系统,为我国科学合理地开发利用国外森林资源进行宏观决策、制定对外策略提供专业数据和平台支撑,也为涉外林业企业提供基础资料和政策导向.     

美国林地权属管理制度探析

文中从联邦与州2个层级介绍美国与林地权属相关的主管机构及职责以及不同权属变更的形式、对象、条件及资金管理。研究发现,联邦主管机构主要为内政部的土地管理局、国家公园管理局、鱼类与野生动物保护局,农业部的林务局以及国防和能源部,各州主管机构主要有其自然资源部的自然资源委员会或林业委员会等;林地权属变更的形式主要是出售和交换,变更对象要求任何林地不得出售、交换或捐赠给非美国公民或不受任何州或联邦法律约束的公司;联邦与不同的州关于权属变更的规定详细程度存在差异,而内容却存在一定相似性;联邦与部分州政府建立相关基金或账户,以储存出售或交换土地所获收入并用于购买土地等。     

Advances of study on atmospheric methane oxidation （consumption） in forest soil

Next to CO2, methane (CH4) is the second important contributor to global warming in the atmosphere and global atmospheric CH4 budget depends on both CH4 sources and sinks. Unsaturated soil is known as a unique sink for atmospheric CH4 in terrestrial ecosystem. Many comparison studies proved that forest soil had the biggest capacity of oxidizing atmospheric CH4 in various unsaturated soils. However, up to now, there is not an overall review in the aspect of atmospheric CH4 oxidation (consumption) in forest soil. This paper analyzed advances of studies on the mechanism of atmospheric CH4 oxidation, and related natural factors (Soil physical and chemical characters, temperature and moisture, ambient main greenhouse gases concentrations, tree species, and forest fire) and anthropogenic factors (forest clear-cutting and thinning, fertilization, exogenou saluminum salts and atmospheric deposition, adding biocides, and switch of forest land use) in forest soils. It was believed that OH4 consumption rate by forest soil was limited by diffusion and sensitive to changes in water status and temperature of soil.CH4 oxidation was also particularly sensitive to soil C/N, Ambient CO2, CH4 and N2O concentrations, tree species and forest fire.In most cases, anthropogenic disturbances will decrease atmospheric CH4 oxidation, thus resulting in the elevating of atmos-pheric CH4. Finally, the author pointed out that our knowledge of atmospheric CH4 oxidation (consumption) in forest soil was insufficient. In order to evaluate the contribution of forest soils to atmospheric CH4 oxidation and the role of forest played in the process of global environmental change, and to forecast the trends of global warming exactly, more researchers need to studiesfurther on CH4 oxidation in various forest soils of different areas.     

Population density and range use of sika deer,Cervus nippon, on Mt. Ohdaigahara, central Japan

We investigated the population density and range use of sika deer,Cervus nippon, on Mt. Ohdaigahara, central Japan, from July 1996 to July 1997. The deer population density estimated by the block count was high at 17.5–30.9 deer/km². Although the deer remained this area from spring to fall, they moved out in winter, probably because of deep snow. A spotlight count showed that the deer prefer the eastern area as spring-summer range, where the forest consists of coniferous trees over a floor cover ofSasa nipponica, andS. nipponica grassland. The deer also use dense coniferous forest for cover, especially in summer and fall. Part of this study was presented at the 108th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society (1997). This study was financially supported by the Environment Agency, Japan.