12个玉米自交系主要数量性状配合力分析

按(P₁×P₂)不完全双列杂交设计，分析了12个中晚熟玉米自交系的株高、穗位、穗长、秃尖长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、单穗重、单株产量、出籽粒、百粒重11个性状的一般配合力、特殊配合力和配合力的总效应，通过对配合力的分析筛选出5个优良自交系、10个优良组合，并对11个性状的遗传力进行了估算。表明每穗行数、穗粗的遗传力较高，在选育自交系时可在早代选择，而单株产量、每行粒数和单穗重的遗传力低，宜在高世代进行选择。     

引进玉米自交系穗部性状的配合力和遗传力研究

选用6个引进的玉米自交系,按照NCⅡ遗传交配设计配制了9个杂交组合（3×3）,研究了8个穗部性状的配合力和遗传力。结果表明：（1）同一自交系不同性状的一般配合力效应值不同,不同自交系同一性状的一般配合力效应值表现也不相同。穗行数、行粒数、轴粗受母本一般配合力效应均达到极显著水平。穗行、秃尖长、穗粗、轴粗受组合特殊配合力效应也都达到了显著或极显著水平。（2）不同组合同一性状和同一组合不同性状的特殊配合力效应值也不尽相同。一般配合力不能够完全决定组合的特殊配合力,一般配合力都高的双亲配组,得到高特殊配合力组合的概率较大：（3）所研究的8个穗部性状的广义遗传力由大到小顺序是：行粒数、穗行数、千粒重、轴粗、秃尖长、穗长、穗粗、穗粒重。狭义遗传力由大到小的顺序是：穗行数、轴粗、穗粒重、秃尖长、穗长、千粒重、穗粗、行粒数。其中,广义遗传力和狭义遗传力都较高的性状有穗行数和轴粗,均在75％以上,它们可以作为进行早代选择的指标。     

优良玉米自交系丹T138配合力分析

以属于5个杂种优势群的24个常用玉米自交系为母本（P1）,优良玉米自交系T138-1及其秭妹系T138-2为父本（P2）,杂交获得了48个组合。分析了亲本自交系的一般配合力、杂交组合的特殊配合力和总配合力效应,主要结果表明：不同组合各性状配合力存在极显著差异。P1亲本,除出籽率GCA外,其他性状差异显著或极显著。P2亲本,生育期、株高、穗粗、行粒数、穗位、棒三叶面积GCA差异显著或极显著。P1与P2互作间的SCA方差除出籽率和小区产量差异未达显著水平外,其余10个性状的SCA差异均极显著。P1亲本各性状一般配合力差别很大,P2亲本T138-1出籽率一般配合力效应高于T138-2,其它性状GCA值均低于T138-2。穗位高、穗长、穗行数、行粒数、秃尖、百粒重、出籽率SCA值与其性状均值之间达到了正的极显著或显著相关,受环境影响较大。各性状总配合力效应与实际田间表现基本一致,生育期、株高、穗位高、棒三叶面积、穗长、穗粗、行粒数、百粒重总配合力效应与小区产量正相关。     

常用玉米自交系数量性状配合力分析

按 (P1×P2 )不完全双列杂交设计 ,分析了 1 6个玉米自交系的株高、穗位、穗长、穗粗、行数、行粒数、百粒重、单穗重 8个性状的一般配合力和特殊配合力。结果表明 :株高、穗位、穗行数、单穗重主要受加性基因控制 ,而穗长、行粒数、百粒重主要受非加性基因控制。株高、穗位、行数、百粒重、单穗重应注重早代选择 ;穗长、行粒数应注重晚代选择     

玉米远缘选系主要性状的遗传及配合力分析

用目前生产上使用的7个骨干自交系为母本,以19个玉米远缘杂交选系为父本,按7×19不完全双列杂交模式配制133个杂交组合,分析其主要性状的配合力效应和遗传参数。配合力效应分析表明,不同材料及其不同性状的一般配合力效应表现复杂。在19个选系中,1183的单株产量、穗粗和穗行数一般配合力(GCA)效应表现突出,均为正向值最大,其次为1164、1157和1193。不同组合及其不同性状的特殊配合力(SCA)效应差异也较大,其中组合K389×1162和156×1193单株产量SCA效应较大。遗传参数研究表明,产量及产量组成性状加性效应远比非加性效应重要,在实践中应注意选用一般配合力效应较高的亲本来配制组合,此类性状中穗粗和穗行数的狭义遗传力最高,达70%以上;穗长和秃尖长相对较低,低于40%,其余性状居中,界于50%～70%。因此在实践中对穗粗和穗行数进行早代选择较为有效。     

墨西哥血缘玉米自交系穗部性状遗传分析

利用5份骨干自交系与墨西哥血缘Pob45、Pob46、Pob69、Pc．b70自选的6份玉米自交系按不完全双列杂交配成30个组合．分析了穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、穗重、百粒重、粒长、秃尖长等主要数量性状的GCA、SCA、TCA和遗传参数,从而筛选出3个优良自交系Pob45QA1、Pob69QC2、Pob70QD2和3个强优势组合Pob45QC1×Mo17（粒长）、Pob70QD2×Mo17（稳重）、Pob70QD2x黄早四（百粒重、穗长）;配合力基因型方差与遗传力估算结果表明．大部分性状的加性方差明显大于显性方差．一般配合力表现出比特殊配合力较大的遗传份量。因此．表现较好的自交系有望成为新的育种材料。     

61份玉米DH系的SSR标记分析及性状遗传研究

采用SSR标记对由玉米自交系四-287×PHBIM组配的杂交F1经"吉高诱3号"诱导以及秋水仙素加倍后筛选所得的61份DH系进行进一步鉴定,并运用NCⅡ设计,将61份DH系与优良自交系L98与PH6WC组配成122个杂交组合,对DH系以及杂交组合的7个性状进行配合力及遗传力分析。结果表明,经SSR分子鉴定,61份DH系未发现偏分离现象;以单穗粒重、百粒重为目标,筛选出9个表现优良的DH系;以单穗粒重为目标,筛选出(M45×PH6WC、M42×PH6WC、M47×PH6WC)3个优良杂交组合。遗传力分析表明,株高、穗长可在早代选择,穗位高和秃尖长在晚代选择。     

7个旅大红骨自交系的配合力分析及评价

本文采用NCII设计方法,按不完全双列杂交设计组配35个杂交组合,分析了株高、穗位、穗长、穗粗、子粒长、秃尖、百穗粒重、出籽率、穗粒重9个性状的GCA、SCA及TCA。结果表明： J344、J390、丹340、丹8415这4个自交系综合性状较优,是组配强优势杂交组合的优良自交系;JL1表现最差,需要改良应用;其它自交系的个别性状表现也较突出,在育种工作中应注意有目的的选择利用。     

几个玉米自交系主要数量性状配合力分析

按(P₁×P₂)不完全双列杂交设计,分析了5个玉米自交系的株高、穗位、秃尖、穗粗、行数、行粒数、轴粗、穗重和单株产量9个性状的一般配合力和特殊配合力。结果表明秃尖、行粒数、轴粗和穗重主要受加性基因影响,其余5个性状加性和非加性基因效应同时存在。     

玉米雌穗主要数量性状遗传特性分析

以9份玉米自交系为试验材料,按不完全双列杂交方法(NCⅡ)组配成18份杂交组合。利用9个亲本和18个Fl代的试验数据对玉米雌穗主要数量性状的遗传组成、遗传力和配合力相对效应值进行分析。结果表明:穗位、穗粗、穗行数宜进行早代选择;秃尖、穗粒数、双穗率宜晚代选择;配合力效应在不同的材料间有差异;自交系2021、2402和2508可作为以提高双穗率为目的性状育种的优良亲本;2508和B73作为矮化穗位育种材料有一定的应用价值。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.