玉米DH系15D969、D1279株高、穗位高的遗传育种效应研究

利用2份低穗位高DH系(15D969、D1279)、5份自交系(A6、PHB1M、B20、PH4CV、PH6WC)进行杂交、回交试验,对株高、穗位高效应进行研究分析。结果表明,DH系15D969所具有的低株高、低穗位高由隐性基因控制。相对于PH6WC×A6,15D969与PH6WC杂交效应不表达;DH系D1279同时具有高株高隐性基因和低穗位高部分显性基因,杂交组合PH6WC×D1279株高、穗位高显著低于先玉335(PH6WC×PH4CV),改良效果显著。     

玉米DH系遗传参数分析和育种效果

利用PH4CV×A6 F1进行单倍体育种,育成336份DH系为父本、以PH6WC为母本组配336个杂交组合,通过2年鉴定淘汰后综合性状较好的14个组合及先玉335(PH6WC×PH4CV)、通育99(PH6WC×A6)进行3次重复鉴定试验,就10个性状加显性效应进行方差、遗传系数和聚类分析。结果表明,株高、穗位高、子粒水分、百粒重和容重存在超高亲、超低亲遗传,粒穗比存在超高亲遗传,穗粒重无超高亲遗传。各性状对穗粒重通径系数影响,正向作用为百粒重穗行数穗长容重株高穗位高,负向作用为子粒水分粒穗比秃尖长(绝对值)。14个DH系可划分为3个群,PH4CV和A6的卡方距离为3.45,D752与A6卡方距离为1.96。单倍体育种实践,D752穗粒重加显性效应达到PH4CV水平,同时兼顾了低株高、低穗位等多数优良性状,改良效率为0.30%(1/336)。     

不同环境下玉米DH系遗传分析及其杂交组合丰产性及稳产性分析

以Reid类群骨干自交系PH6WC、PH09B为基础育成的4份DH系与PH6WC共5份自交系为母本,以Non-Reid、DOM群为基础育成6个DH系为父本,按NCⅡ设计组配30个组合,在长春、松原、响水3个生态区种植,评价新育成的DH系丰产性及稳产性,评选出最优组合。结果表明,3个环境下30个杂交组合产量均存在明显平均优势。组合J1590×J1881、J1590×J1577、J3D130×J1577,3种环境下产量对照优势均优于对照先玉335,均值分别为5.58%、5.28%、3.52%。父本DH系J1577、母本DH系J1590一般配合力高。分析30个组合3个地点的特殊配合力,结果显示,有14个组合SCA效应值为正值,组合J1590×J1881的SCA效应值最高,为13.18。丰产性分析表明,组合J1590×J2239、J1590×J1881高产稳产。综合分析,组合J1590×J1881丰产性、稳产性最好。     

美国优异种质在玉米育种中的利用研究

以10个玉米F1代杂交种和18个玉米自交系为材料,研究玉米出籽率、千粒重和单穗粒重的改良效果和杂种优势等。结果表明,导入PH6WC的改良系在千粒重和单穗粒重方面明显优于未改良系,千粒重、单穗粒重的增幅分别为2.6%~12.3%和4.4%~9.5%;导入PH4CV的改良系在出籽率和单穗粒重方面明显优于未改良系,出籽率、单穗粒重的增幅分别为-0.3%~12.0%和16.8%~34.8%。新组合PH6WC×辽3250、辽3358×PH4CV和PH6WC×辽3258的产量分别为12 731.5、12 485.5、12 396.3 kg/hm2,与对照郑单958相比增产幅度达显著水平,具有较高的利用潜力。F1杂交种的出籽率呈近中亲遗传,千粒重和单穗粒重呈超显性遗传,均表现出正向杂种优势。     

同一基础材料的玉米DH系主要农艺性状配合力分析及应用潜力评价

以高诱5号为诱导系,M54×外引杂交种的F1代材料为基础试材,进行杂交诱导产生单倍体,经过加倍、鉴定、筛选后,获得8个优良DH系。通过不完全双列杂交试验,分析DH系的配合力表现,评价其应用潜力。结果表明,来源于同一基础材料的不同DH系之间一般配合力差异较大,MDH4和MDH8单株产量具有较高的GCA值,容易组配出高产杂交种。综合各农艺性状的GCA表现,DH系MDH4是组配高产优质玉米杂交种的理想亲本,DH系MDH8和MDH5有较大的应用潜力。MDH4×H451、MDH4×S121和MDH8×H451具有较高的TCA值和单株产量,可确定为优良组合,应进行多年多点试验,挖掘其应用潜力。遗传参数分析表明,对株高、穗位高、穗长、穗行数的选择可在早代进行。组配杂交种时,应着重选择在株高、穗位高、穗长、穗粗GCA表现突出的DH系或自交系为亲本,要兼顾双亲穗粗、千粒重和单株产量GCA和杂交种的SCA,改良行粒数应注重SCA的选择。     

利用SSR 标记研究玉米DH 系的类群划分

利用SSR标记从分子水平上对来源先玉335的100份双单倍体纯系(DH系)及其双亲(PH6WC×PH4CV)和15份国内骨干自交系进行遗传关系类群划分。UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,PH6WC划分为Reid群,PH4CV划分为Lancaster群;100份DH系划分为偏母本群、偏父本群和中间群3个类群。100份DH系与17份自交系一起进行聚类分析,117份材料聚为7大类群,先玉335的双亲及其后代DH系聚为一个新的群,类群划分的结果与17份自交系类群划分结果不一致。一定数量同一来源的DH系或新选自交系与骨干自交系放在一起进行聚类分析时,由于材料间的遗传关系相对较近,从而可能形成新的类群。     

玉米DH系产量性状配合力相关分析

以DH系为亲本组配杂交组合为对象,采用数量遗传学方法研究DH系产量相关性状的遗传变异规律。结果表明,诱导DH系的基础材料决定其诱导后代的类型,DH系的穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、百粒重等产量相关性状符合基因加性效应遗传规律。利用DH育种技术可以快速改良自交系的一般配合力(GCA),组配优良的杂交组合。     

基于DH系的种质基础和秋水仙素浓度对玉米单倍体加倍效果的研究

以先玉335为母本、高频孤雌生殖诱导系G5为父本杂交诱导产生的单倍体为实验材料,研究秋水仙素浸芽加倍处理玉米单倍体的最佳浓度和时间。结果表明,秋水仙素浓度为0.7 mg/m L、浸芽8 h处理下的玉米单倍体加倍率最高,高达14.4%;秋水仙素浓度为0.8 mg/m L、浸芽8 h处理下的单倍体加倍率次之,为12.1%。以自交系PHB1M、PH4CV、PH6WC、PHGJ4和DH系Z2、Z8为亲本组配的PHB1M×PH4CV、PHB1M×Z2、PH4CV×DZ2、PH6WC×PHGJ4、PH6WC×Z8、PHGJ4×Z8组合为母本,以G5为父本,研究玉米DH系对杂交后代加倍率的影响,结果表明,PH4CV×Z2(26.2%)、PHB1M×Z2(25.8%)、PHGJ4×Z8(23.3%)和PH6WC×Z8(21.3%)的单倍体加倍率显著高于PHB1M×PH4CV(13.5%)和PH6WC×PHGJ4(8.4%),以DH系为亲本组配选系基础材料可显著提高玉米杂交组合的单倍体加倍率。     

25份引进玉米自交系配合力及利用潜力分析

以国内广泛种植的先玉335双亲为测验种,采用NCⅡ遗传交配设计,对25份国外玉米自交系进行两年配合力测定试验,通过对供试国外玉米自交系的一般配合力、组配杂交组合的特殊配合力及较对照的优势等进行分析,筛选出一般配合力优良的国外玉米自交系,提出其合理利用的方案。结果表明,供试国外自交系中PHWG5、787、78371A、6M502、LH128等产量GCA效应值表现优良,LH194、L139、OS602等宜机收性状GCA效应值表现优良。综合产量、倒伏率和收获时含水量的GCA表现,PHN29、PHM10、PHR32等3份自交系表现较好。杂交组合PHWG5×PH6WC的产量在所有组合中最高,且较4个对照品种增产幅度都较高,可进一步试验。     

玉米自交系郑58×PH6WC二环选系的配合力研究

以郑58×PH6WC为基础试材选育的二环系M5861、M5862、M5864、M5866和M5867作被测系,与不同杂种优势群的PH4CV、丹3140、昌7-2和京92共4个测验系进行NCⅡ杂交,分析主要农艺性状和产量配合力效应。结果表明,被测系M5861和M5866不同性状的一般配合力效应值较高;M5861×PH4CV、M5864×丹3140、M5866×PH4CV和M5866×丹3140这4个组合的特殊配合力效应值较高;M5861×PH4CV、M5861×丹3140和M5866×PH4CV总的配合力效应较高,与实际表现基本一致,总配合力效应更能准确地反应杂交种各性状的综合表现。一定程度上反应出郑58×PH6WC二环系与先锋父本类自交系组配效果较好。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.